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Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G,... 2011Ultrasonography is a very useful technique for diagnosing the cause of colic in cows. It allows visualisation of abnormal reticular contour and occasionally of abnormal... (Review)
Review
Ultrasonography is a very useful technique for diagnosing the cause of colic in cows. It allows visualisation of abnormal reticular contour and occasionally of abnormal contractility in cows with reticuloperitonitis. In right-displaced abomasum, the dilated abomasum can be detected between the right abdominal wall and the liver. Fluid ingesta are seen ventrally and a gas cap of varying size dorsally. Dilated loops of small intestines that are almost always static are the main diagnostic criterion for ileus of the small intestine, but the cause of the ileus can only rarely be determined. Cholestasis can almost always be diagnosed by imaging a dilated biliary system. With obstruction at the level of the hepatic portal, only the intrahepatic biliary ducts are dilated, while a dilatation of the entire biliary tract, including the gallbladder, occurs in the case of an obstruction near the duodenal papilla. Urinary tract diseases cause colic in cows when concrement or inflammatory products become lodged in a ureter. The importance of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of diseases causing colic in cows varies. For example, with colic attributable to ileus of the small intestines, cholestasis or urinary tract disease, ultrasonography is a very useful diagnostic tool. On the other hand, for diagnosis of left or right displacement of the abomasum or caecal dilatation, ultrasonography is generally not required, but it is helpful in difficult cases to confirm or rule out a tentative diagnosis and to avoid an unnecessary exploratory laparotomy.
Topics: Abomasum; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Cholestasis; Colic; Female; Gastritis; Ileus; Peritonitis; Reticulum; Ultrasonography; Urologic Diseases
PubMed: 22134602
DOI: No ID Found -
The Cornell Veterinarian Jul 1987Simultaneous auscultation and percussion of the bovine abdomen is a standard physical diagnostic tool employed to detect gas and fluid distention within an organ such as...
Simultaneous auscultation and percussion of the bovine abdomen is a standard physical diagnostic tool employed to detect gas and fluid distention within an organ such as a displaced abomasum or dilated cecum. Such distension results in an area of tympanic resonance or ping. A previously unreported condition--rumen collapse--may also cause a left-side abdominal ping that can easily be misdiagnosed as left displacement of the abomasum. Associated medical problems causing complete anorexia may lead to the rumen collapse syndrome in cattle. Differentiation of rumen collapse from displacement of the abomasum is important since cattle with rumen collapse require only medical therapy, and surgical intervention is not necessary.
Topics: Abomasum; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Diagnosis, Differential; Digestive System Diseases; Female; Rumen
PubMed: 3677707
DOI: No ID Found -
PloS One 2014The administration of exogenous β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB), as well as fasting and caloric restriction, is a condition associated with β-HB abundance and decreased...
The administration of exogenous β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB), as well as fasting and caloric restriction, is a condition associated with β-HB abundance and decreased appetite in animals. Increased β-HB and decreased appetite exist simultaneously in some diseases, such as bovine left displaced abomasums (LDA) and human chronic gastritis. However, the effects of β-HB on stomach injuries have not been explored. To elucidate the possible effects of exogenous β-HB on the stomach, mice were injected intraperitoneally with β-HB, and bovine abomasum smooth muscle cells (BSMCs) were treated with different concentrations of β-HB. We found that β-HB induced BSMCs endoplasmic reticulum- and mitochondria-mediated apoptotic cell death. β-HB promoted Bax expression and caspase-12, -9, and -3 activation while blocking Bcl-2 expression. β-HB also promoted AIF, EndoG release and p53 expression. β-HB acted on key molecules in the apoptotic cell death pathway and increased p38 and c-June NH2-terminal kinase phosphorylation while inhibiting ERK phosphorylation and PCNA expression. β-HB upregulated P27 and P21 mRNA levels while downregulating cyclin and CDK mRNA levels, arresting the cell cycle. These results suggest that BSMCs treated with β-HB can induce oxidative stress, which can be prevented by intracellular calcium chelators BAPTA/AM but not antioxidant NAC. Additionally, these results suggest that β-HB causes ROS generation through a Ca2+-dependent mechanism and that intracellular Ca2+ levels play a critical role in β-HB -induced apoptotic cell death. The impact of β-HB on programmed cell death and oxidative stress in vivo was confirmed in murine experiments. For the first time, we show oxidative stress effects of β-HB on smooth muscle. We propose that β-HB is a possible cause of some stomach diseases, including bovine LDA.
Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Abomasum; Animals; Apoptosis; Calcium; Cattle; Cell Cycle Checkpoints; Cells, Cultured; Cyclins; Egtazic Acid; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Female; Mice; Mitochondria; Myocytes, Smooth Muscle; Oxidative Stress; Phosphorylation; Reactive Oxygen Species; Stomach; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53
PubMed: 24801711
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096775 -
American Journal of Veterinary Research Jan 2002To determine effects of management, feeding, and treatment on clinical and biochemical variables in cows with displaced abomasum (DA).
OBJECTIVE
To determine effects of management, feeding, and treatment on clinical and biochemical variables in cows with displaced abomasum (DA).
ANIMALS
374 cows that received 470 treatments for DA.
PROCEDURE
Blood and milk samples were obtained from 139 affected cows for analysis; for all cows, clinical data, management, feeding, and treatments were evaluated.
RESULTS
Multiparous cows were more predisposed to DA than primiparous cows were, and Swedish Friesians were more predisposed than Swedish Red and Whites were. Eighty percent of cows had left-sided DA, and 20% had right-sided DA. In > 50% of affected cows, clinical signs appeared just before calving to 2 weeks after calving. Incidence of twin calves and periparturient diseases was significantly higher in affected cows than in the overall Swedish cow population. Content of neutral detergent fiber in the silage was low in herds with DA. Feeding a total mixed ration was a risk factor for DA. Treatment by surgical methods gave a significantly higher recovery rate than nonsurgical methods.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Displaced abomasum is a periparturient nutritional disease. Feeding roughage with low neutral detergent content is a more important causative factor than the amount of concentrates fed at the time of calving. The basic principle for prevention of DA is to maintain good ruminal filling before and at calving. The amount of high-quality roughage fed before and at calving should be kept to a minimum. By changing routines for periparturient feeding, it should be possible to reduce the incidence of DA.
Topics: Abomasum; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Risk Factors; Stomach Diseases
PubMed: 16206795
DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.137 -
BMC Veterinary Research Feb 2018The natural incidence of left displacement of abomasum (LDA) in dairy cows was high. The diagnosis of LDA usually relies on characteristic physical exam findings but...
BACKGROUND
The natural incidence of left displacement of abomasum (LDA) in dairy cows was high. The diagnosis of LDA usually relies on characteristic physical exam findings but that transabdominal ultrasound is a useful technique that has been applied to the diagnosis of gastrointestinal diseases of dairy cows in equivocal cases.
METHODS
Forty dairy cows with LDA were clinically and ultrasonographically examined to determine the position and the echogenic property of the abomasum. The cows were examined ultrasonographically on the left side, from the 9th intercostal space (ICS) to the 12th ICS as well as the ventral left abdomen before and after reposition surgery.
RESULTS
The vital signs were within normal range in most of the cows and the 'pinging' were clearly heard in 37 cows. The abomasal gas cap was visualized from the 9th to 12th ICS in 37 cows and characterized by reverberation artifacts. The abomasal ingesta appeared as homogeneous hypoechoic fluid with scattered hyperechoic foci and were mainly visible in the median region and ventral region of the 9th to 11th ICS in 35 cows. The pyloric canal was detected from the ventral left abdomen wall in 30 cows and appeared as a loop with hypoechogenic wall and echogenic luminal contents in cross section.
CONCLUSION
These typical ultrasonograms, including reverberation artifacts, homogenous hypoechoic structures, are important diagnostic feature in ultrasonography of LDA. Furthermore, the circular acoustic image structure of the pyloric canal is an important characteristic of LDA, so it can be used as an important diagnostic basis of LDA.
Topics: Abomasum; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Female; Stomach Diseases; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 29433480
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1358-7 -
Parasites & Vectors Jan 2022Due to increased anthelmintic resistance, alternative methods to drugs are necessary to control gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs). Some of the most promising...
BACKGROUND
Due to increased anthelmintic resistance, alternative methods to drugs are necessary to control gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs). Some of the most promising alternatives are based on the immune response of the host, such as the selection of genetically resistant breeds or the use of vaccines against these parasites. Given the limited information available on the immune response against GINs in goats, this study investigated the local immune response of goat kids of an indigenous Canary Islands breed (Majorera breed) experimentally infected with Teladorsagia circumcincta, one of the most pathogenic and prevalent GIN species.
METHODS
For this purpose, the relationship between different parasitological (number of mature and immature worms, worm length, and number of intrauterine eggs) and immunological parameters at the local level (related to both the humoral and cellular immune response) was analyzed at early (1 week post-infection [wpi]) and late (8 wpi) stages of infection.
RESULTS
Primary infection of goat kids with T. circumcincta infective larvae (L3) generated a complex immune response that could be defined as Th2 type, characterized by increased infiltration in abomasal tissues of several effector cells as well as a progressive presence of specific antibodies against parasitic antigens in the gastric mucus. Cellular responses were evidenced from 1 wpi onward, showing an increase in antigen-presenting cells and various lymphocyte subsets in the gastric mucosa.
CONCLUSIONS
The complexity of the host response was evidenced by statistically significant changes in the number of all these subpopulations (MHCII, CD4, CD8, γδ, CD45R, IgA, and IgG), as well as in the evolution of the relative cytokine gene expression. From a functional point of view, negative associations were observed between the number of most of the immune cells (CD4, IgA, IgG, and CD45R cells) and parameters that could be related to the fecundity of worms, a phenomenon that was especially evident when the number of IgG and CD45R cells or the specific IgA levels of the gastric mucus were compared with parasitological parameters such as the female worm length or fecal egg counts at 8 wpi.
Topics: Abomasum; Animals; Feces; Female; Gastric Mucosa; Goat Diseases; Goats; Parasite Egg Count; Spain; Trichostrongyloidea; Trichostrongyloidiasis
PubMed: 35033166
DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05145-y -
PloS One 2024Abomasal ulcers are recognized in sheep of all ages, but research regarding therapeutic interventions is limited. Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) such as pantoprazole, are...
Abomasal ulcers are recognized in sheep of all ages, but research regarding therapeutic interventions is limited. Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) such as pantoprazole, are clinically used with a paucity of evidence regarding efficacy in mature sheep. Intravenous and subcutaneously administered pantoprazole dosed at 1.0 mg/kg in adult sheep will increase the pH of abomasal fluid compared to pre-administration baseline. The objectives were to assess the effect of pantoprazole, after single and multiple administration, on abomasal fluid pH in adult sheep. A third objective was to describe the pharmacokinetic parameters of IV and SC pantoprazole. Four clinically healthy adult Southdown ewes previously fitted with a gastrostomy tube in the abomasum were utilized in this randomized, 2-way cross-over trial. Ewes received pantoprazole (1.0 mg/kg) as a single and 3-dose regimen (every 24 hours). After a 10 day washout period the reverse treatment was applied. Blood for analysis of pantoprazole concentration was collected intermittently for 24 hours, and abomasal fluid pH was measured at intervals for a 96-hour period. The pH of the abomasal fluid was higher in pantoprazole treatments for up to 24 hours after dosing. Following intravenous administration of pantoprazole to study ewes, elimination half-life, volume of distribution, and clearance of pantoprazole was estimated as 3.29 hours, 0.35 L/kg, and 65.26 mL/hr/kg respectively. After subcutaneous dosing, maximum concentration, time to maximum concentration, half-life of elimination, and volume of distribution, were estimated as 2604 ng/mL, 0.55 hours, 2.48 hours, and 0.37 L/kg. Additionally, the bioavailability was estimated as 83.33%. Pantoprazole administered IV or SC may be useful for treatment or prevention of abomasal ulcers in adult sheep.
Topics: Animals; Pantoprazole; Sheep; Female; Injections, Subcutaneous; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Proton Pump Inhibitors; Abomasum; Administration, Intravenous; Cross-Over Studies; Injections, Intravenous
PubMed: 38865425
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304533 -
Journal of Anatomy Sep 2007The red deer is well suited to scientific study, given its economic importance as an animal to be hunted, and because it has a rich genetic heritage. However, there has...
The red deer is well suited to scientific study, given its economic importance as an animal to be hunted, and because it has a rich genetic heritage. However, there has been little research into the prenatal development of the stomach of ruminants in general, and none for the red deer. For this reason, we undertook histological evaluation of the ontogenesis of the abomasum in red deer. Histomorphometric and immunohistochemical analyses were carried out on 50 embryos and fetuses from the initial stages of prenatal life until birth. The animals were divided for test purposes into five experimental groups: group I [1.4-3.6 cm crown-rump length (CRL); 30-60 days, 1-25% of gestation]; group II (4.5-7.2 cm CRL; 67-90 days, 25-35% of gestation); group III (8-19 cm CRL; 97-135 days, 35-50% of gestation); group IV (21-33 cm CRL; 142-191 days, 50-70% of gestation) group V (36-40 cm CRL; 205-235 days, 75-100% of gestation). In the organogenesis of the primitive gastric tube of red deer, differentiation of the abomasum took place at 67 days, forming a three-layered structure: the epithelial layer (pseudostratified), pluripotential blastemic tissue and serosa. The abomasal wall displayed the primitive folds of the abomasum and by 97 days abomasal peak areas were observed on the fold surface. At 135 days the abomasal surface showed a single mucous cylindrical epithelium, and gastric pits were observed in the spaces between abomasal areas. At the bottom of these pits the first outlines of glands could be observed. The histodifferentiation of the lamina propria-submucosa, tunica muscularis and serosa showed patterns similar to those described for the forestomach of red deer. The abomasum of red deer during prenatal life, especially from 67 days of gestation, was shown to be an active structure with full secretory capacity. Its histological development, its secretory capacity (as revealed by the presence of neutral mucopolysaccharides) and its neuroendocrine nature (as revealed by the presence of positive non-neuronal enolase cells and the neuropeptides vasoactive intestinal peptide and neuropeptide Y) were in line with the development of the rumen, reticulum and omasum. Gastrin-immunoreactive cells first appeared in the abomasum at 142 days, and the number of positive cells increased during development. As for the number of gastrin cells, plasma gastrin concentrations increased throughout prenatal life. However, its prenatal development was later than that of the abomasum in sheep, goat and cow.
Topics: Abomasum; Animals; Biomarkers; Deer; Gastric Mucosa; Gastrins; Gestational Age; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; Immunohistochemistry; Neuropeptide Y; Neurosecretory Systems; Organogenesis; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide
PubMed: 17645454
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2007.00772.x -
Journal of Dairy Science Aug 1975Rumen by-pass of nutrients has improved performance of lactating dairy cows, growing stepers, and sheep. Postruminal supplementation of casein has increased milk... (Review)
Review
Rumen by-pass of nutrients has improved performance of lactating dairy cows, growing stepers, and sheep. Postruminal supplementation of casein has increased milk production 1 to 4 kg per cow per day and milk protein yield by 10 to 15%. Component(s) in casein eliciting the improved performance have not been determined adequately. Glucose, amino acids, hormone secretion, or a combination of these factors may be responsible for the improved performance. Future research to delineate limiting nutrients for postruminal supplementation should prove fruitful and should make a major contribution to improved production by ruminant animals.
Topics: Abomasum; Amino Acids; Animals; Caseins; Cattle; Dietary Proteins; Female; Glucose; Hormones; Lactation; Male; Mammary Glands, Animal; Methionine; Milk; Milk Proteins; Nitrogen; Pregnancy; Rumen; Sheep
PubMed: 1099124
DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(75)84696-0 -
The Journal of Veterinary Medical... Jan 2015The effects of various selective phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors on carbachol (CCh)-induced contraction in the bovine abomasum were investigated. Various selective...
The effects of various selective phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors on carbachol (CCh)-induced contraction in the bovine abomasum were investigated. Various selective PDE inhibitors, vinpocetine (type 1), erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine (EHNA, type 2), milrinone (type 3), Ro20-1724 (type 4), vardenafil (type 5), BRL-50481 (type 7) and BAY73-6691 (type 9), inhibited CCh-induced contractions in a concentration-dependent manner. Among the PDE inhibitors, Ro20-1724 and vardenafil induced more relaxation than the other inhibitors based on the data for the IC50 or maximum relaxation. In smooth muscle of the bovine abomasum, we showed the expression of PDE4B, 4C, 4D and 5 by RT-PCR analysis. In the presence of CCh, Ro20-1724 increased the cAMP content, but not the cGMP content. By contrast, vardenafil increased the cGMP content, but not the cAMP content. These results suggest that Ro20-1724-induced relaxation was correlated with cAMP and that vardenafil-induced relaxation was correlated with cGMP in the bovine abomasum. In conclusion, PDE4 and PDE5 are the enzymes involved in regulation of the relaxation associated with cAMP and cGMP, respectively, in the bovine abomasum.
Topics: Abomasum; Animals; Carbachol; Cattle; Cholinergic Agonists; Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4; Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 5; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Muscle Contraction; Muscle, Smooth; Nucleotides, Cyclic; Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
PubMed: 25319411
DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0248