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Australian Dental Journal Jun 2017Dental erosion is an increasingly prevalent problem associated with frequent consumption of acidic foods and beverages. The aim of this study was to measure the food...
BACKGROUND
Dental erosion is an increasingly prevalent problem associated with frequent consumption of acidic foods and beverages. The aim of this study was to measure the food acid content and the erosive potential of a variety of sugar-free confections.
METHODS
Thirty sugar-free confections were selected and extracts analysed to determine pH, titratable acidity, chemical composition and apparent degree of saturation with respect to apatite. The effect of the sugar-free confections in artificial saliva on human enamel was determined in an in vitro dental erosion assay using change in surface microhardness.
RESULTS
The change in surface microhardness was used to categorize the confections as high, moderate or low erosive potential. Seventeen of the 30 sugar-free confections were found to contain high concentrations of food acids, exhibit low pH and high titratable acidity and have high erosive potential. Significant correlations were found between the dental erosive potential (change in enamel surface microhardness) and pH and titratable acidity of the confections. Ten of these high erosive potential confections displayed dental messages on the packaging suggesting they were safe for teeth.
CONCLUSIONS
Many sugar-free confections, even some with 'Toothfriendly' messages on the product label, contain high contents of food acids and have erosive potential.
Topics: Acids; Apatites; Beverages; Candy; Dental Enamel; Dental Enamel Solubility; Food Analysis; Hardness; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Oral Health; Saliva, Artificial; Sugars; Surface Properties; Tooth Erosion
PubMed: 28107545
DOI: 10.1111/adj.12498 -
Thoracic Cancer Oct 2022A high dietary acid load (DAL) can produce metabolic acidosis, which is linked to cancer development through mechanisms of inflammation and cell transformation. There is...
BACKGROUND
A high dietary acid load (DAL) can produce metabolic acidosis, which is linked to cancer development through mechanisms of inflammation and cell transformation. There is limited epidemiological evidence linking DAL and cancer risk; however, none of the published studies focused on DAL and esophageal cancer (EC) risk in particular. Therefore, we sought to explore this association in the present study.
METHODS
A case-control study was performed in 1295 male patients (185 squamous cell EC cases and 1110 age-frequency and urban/rural residence matched controls) through a multitopic inquiry, including a food frequency questionnaire. Food-derived nutrients were calculated from available databases. The DAL was calculated based on two validated measures: Potential renal acid load (PRAL) score and net endogenous acid production (NEAP) score. Odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated by unconditional logistic regression, adjusting for confounders.
RESULTS
We found direct, significant associations between dietary acid load and EC risk: (OR = 2.28, 95% CI: 1.44-3.61, ptrend <0.0001) and (OR = 2.17, 95% CI: 1.38-3.41, ptrend <0.0001) for highest PRAL and NEAP tertiles, respectively. Our data raise the possibility that a high DAL may contribute to EC development. Both acid load scores were directly associated with animal-based foods (mainly meat) and inversely associated with the intake of plant-based foods.
CONCLUSION
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first epidemiological case-control study analyzing associations of DAL and squamous cell EC risk. Further research is warranted to confirm our findings.
Topics: Acids; Animals; Case-Control Studies; Diet; Esophageal Neoplasms; Humans; Risk Factors
PubMed: 36054595
DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.14612 -
Journal of Microbiology and... May 2022The persistence of pathogenic under acidic conditions poses a serious risk to food safety, especially in acidic foods such as kimchi. To identify the bacterial factors...
The persistence of pathogenic under acidic conditions poses a serious risk to food safety, especially in acidic foods such as kimchi. To identify the bacterial factors required for acid resistance, transcriptomic analysis was conducted on an acid-resistant enterotoxigenic strain and the genes with significant changes in their expression under acidic pH were selected as putative resistance factors against acid stress. These genes included those associated with a glutamatedependent acid resistance (GDAR) system and copper resistance. strains lacking GadA, GadB, or YbaST, the components of the GDAR system, exhibited significantly attenuated growth and survival under acidic stress conditions. Accordantly, the inhibition of the GDAR system by 3-mercaptopropionic acid and aminooxyacetic acid abolished bacterial adaptation and survival under acidic conditions, indicating the indispensable role of a GDAR system in acid resistance. Intriguingly, the lack of encoding a transcriptional regulator for copper resistance genes markedly impaired bacterial resistance to acid stress as well as copper. Conversely, the absence of YbaST severely compromised bacterial resistance against copper, suggesting an interplay between acid and copper resistance. These results suggest that a GDAR system can be a promising target for developing control measures to prevent resistance to acid and copper treatments.
Topics: Acids; Copper; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Sigma Factor
PubMed: 35283428
DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2201.01034 -
Nutrients Nov 2020The Western, diet rich in acidogenic foods (e.g., meat, fish and cheese) and low in alkaline foods (e.g., vegetables, fruits and legumes), is deemed to be a cause of... (Review)
Review
The Western, diet rich in acidogenic foods (e.g., meat, fish and cheese) and low in alkaline foods (e.g., vegetables, fruits and legumes), is deemed to be a cause of endogenous acid production and elevated dietary acid load (DAL), which is a potential cause of metabolic acidosis. Multiple authors have suggested that such a dietary pattern increases the excretion of calcium and magnesium, as well as cortisol secretion. In addition, it is associated with decreased citrate excretion. All of these seem to increase blood pressure and insulin resistance and may contribute to the development of cardiometabolic disorders. However, there are inconsistencies in the results of the studies conducted. Therefore, this narrative literature review aims to present the outcomes of studies performed in recent years that investigated the association between DAL and the following cardiometabolic risk factors: blood pressure, hypertension, carbohydrate metabolism and lipid profile. Study outcomes are divided into (i) statistically significant positive association, (ii) statistically significant inverse association, and (iii) no statistically significant association.
Topics: Acids; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Cardiometabolic Risk Factors; Diet; Humans; Hypertension; Lipid Metabolism
PubMed: 33171835
DOI: 10.3390/nu12113419 -
International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2021Peptides inherently feature the favorable properties of being easily synthesized, water-soluble, biocompatible, and typically non-toxic. Thus, boronic acid has been... (Review)
Review
Peptides inherently feature the favorable properties of being easily synthesized, water-soluble, biocompatible, and typically non-toxic. Thus, boronic acid has been widely integrated with peptides with the goal of discovering peptide ligands with novel biological activities, and this effort has led to broad applications. Taking the integration between boronic acid and peptide as a starting point, we provide an overview of the latest research advances and highlight the versatile and robust functionalities of boronic acid. In this review, we summarize the diverse applications of peptide boronic acids in medicinal chemistry and chemical biology, including the identification of covalent reversible enzyme inhibitors, recognition, and detection of glycans on proteins or cancer cell surface, delivery of siRNAs, development of pH responsive devices, and recognition of RNA or bacterial surfaces. Additionally, we discuss boronic acid-mediated peptide cyclization and peptide modifications, as well as the facile chemical synthesis of peptide boronic acids, which paved the way for developing a growing number of peptide boronic acids.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Boron Compounds; Boronic Acids; Bortezomib; Drug Design; Enzyme Inhibitors; Glycine; Humans; Peptides; Protease Inhibitors
PubMed: 34884766
DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312958 -
Nutrients Jul 2021The purpose of this study was to examine the independent and joint associations of acid-producing diets and depressive symptoms with physical health among breast cancer... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The purpose of this study was to examine the independent and joint associations of acid-producing diets and depressive symptoms with physical health among breast cancer survivors. We studied a cohort of 2944 early stage breast cancer survivors who provided dietary, physical health, demographic, and lifestyle information at baseline, year 1, and year 4. We assessed the intakes of acid-producing diets via two commonly used dietary acid load scores: potential renal acid load (PRAL) and net endogenous acid production (NEAP). Physical health was measured using the Rand 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), consisting of physical functioning, role limitation due to physical function, bodily pain, general health, and overall physical health subscales. Increased dietary acid load and depression were each independently and significantly associated with reduced physical health subscales and overall physical health. Further, dietary acid load and depression were jointly associated with worse physical health. For instance, depressed women with dietary acid load higher than median reported 2.75 times the risk (odds ratio = 2.75; 95% confidence interval: 2.18-3.47) of reduced physical function and 3.10 times the risk of poor physical health (odds ratio = 3.10; 95% confidence interval: 2.53-3.80) compared to non-depressed women with dietary acid load lower than median. Our results highlight the need of controlling acid-producing diets and the access of mental care for breast cancer survivors.
Topics: Acids; Adult; Affect; Breast Neoplasms; Cancer Survivors; Depression; Diet; Female; Health Status; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Mental Health; Middle Aged; Prognosis; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Time Factors
PubMed: 34371931
DOI: 10.3390/nu13072422 -
BMC Cardiovascular Disorders Sep 2021Considering the inconsistencies in the cardiovascular effects of dietary acid load and the impact of dietary acidity on the acid-base homeostasis within the body, we...
BACKGROUND AND AIM
Considering the inconsistencies in the cardiovascular effects of dietary acid load and the impact of dietary acidity on the acid-base homeostasis within the body, we aimed to assess the association of dietary acid load and the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in a prospective community-based study.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Participants (n = 2369) free of CVD at baseline (2006-2008) were included from the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS) and followed up for a mean of 6.7 ± 1.4 years. Dietary intakes of the participants were assessed using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The dietary acid load was evaluated by Potential Renal Acid Load (PRAL) and Net Endogenous Acid Production (NEAP) scores. Both scores have used the macronutrient and micronutrient data of the Food Frequency Questionnaires. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to estimate the 6-years incident risk of CVDs across tertiles of PRAL and NEAP scores.
RESULTS
Mean age and body mass index of participants were 38.5 ± 13.3 years and 26.6 ± 4.8 kg/m at baseline. Within 6.7 ± 1.4 years of follow-up, 79 cases of cardiovascular events were reported. NEAP was significantly associated with the incidence of CVDs (HRs = 0.50, CI 0.32-0.96; P for trend = 0.032); however, after adjusting for potential confounders, no significant associations were observed between PRAL and NEAP scores and the risk of CVDs.
CONCLUSIONS
This study failed to obtain independent associations between dietary acid load and the incidence of CVDs among an Asian population.
Topics: Acid-Base Equilibrium; Acids; Adult; Aged; Cardiovascular Diseases; Diet; Female; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Incidence; Iran; Male; Middle Aged; Prognosis; Prospective Studies; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Time Factors
PubMed: 34511069
DOI: 10.1186/s12872-021-02243-8 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2018Amide bonds are the most prevalent structures found in organic molecules and various biomolecules such as peptides, proteins, DNA, and RNA. The unique feature of amide... (Review)
Review
Amide bonds are the most prevalent structures found in organic molecules and various biomolecules such as peptides, proteins, DNA, and RNA. The unique feature of amide bonds is their ability to form resonating structures, thus, they are highly stable and adopt particular three-dimensional structures, which, in turn, are responsible for their functions. The main focus of this review article is to report the methodologies for the activation of the unactivated amide bonds present in biomolecules, which includes the enzymatic approach, metal complexes, and non-metal based methods. This article also discusses some of the applications of amide bond activation approaches in the sequencing of proteins and the synthesis of peptide acids, esters, amides, and thioesters.
Topics: Acids; Amides; Biological Products; Esters; Molecular Conformation
PubMed: 30322008
DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102615 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2019Indole derivatives are associated with a variety of both biological activities and applications in the field of material chemistry. A number of different strategies for... (Review)
Review
Indole derivatives are associated with a variety of both biological activities and applications in the field of material chemistry. A number of different strategies for synthesizing substituted indoles by means of the reactions of indolylboronic acids with electrophilic compounds are considered the methods of choice for modifying indoles because indolylboronic acids are easily available, stable, non-toxic and new reactions using indolylboronic acids have been described in the literature. Thus, the aim of this review is to summarize the methods available for the preparation of indolylboronic acids as well as their chemical transformations. The review covers the period 2010-2019.
Topics: Boronic Acids; Cyclization; Indoles; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Metals; Models, Chemical; Molecular Structure
PubMed: 31569441
DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193523 -
Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2021This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of acid-activated bentonite by focusing on its capability of improving the quality of tap water used during wire...
This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of acid-activated bentonite by focusing on its capability of improving the quality of tap water used during wire electrical discharge machining. Raw bentonite (RB) was activated using sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and phosphoric acid solutions with concentrations of 1, 5, and 10 mol/L, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy images, specific surface area, pore volume, cation exchange capacity, X-ray diffraction patterns, and binding energy of RB and acid-activated bentonites were also evaluated. The specific surface area and pore volume of acid-activated bentonites exceeded those of RB. Conversely, the cation exchange capacity of acid-activated bentonites exhibited an opposite trend. The electrical conductivity of tap water was decreased significantly due to bentonite activated with sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and phosphoric acid solution (removal percentage of approximately 31-39%), as compared to that due to RB. Therefore, the relationship between electrical conductivity and the removed concentration of anion/cation ions was evaluated; the correlation coefficient was -0.950 for the experimental condition in this study. Additionally, the amount of magnesium, calcium, potassium, and sodium ions were decreased after the treatment. These results indicated that acid-activated bentonite can be produced from RB via acid activation and that it can be used to decrease electrical conductivity of tap water.
Topics: Bentonite; Electric Conductivity; Nitric Acid; Particle Size; Phosphoric Acids; Quality Control; Solutions; Sulfuric Acids; Water
PubMed: 33390526
DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c20-00703