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Nutrition Journal Sep 2005Childhood obesity has reached epidemic levels in developed countries. Twenty five percent of children in the US are overweight and 11% are obese. Overweight and obesity... (Review)
Review
Childhood obesity has reached epidemic levels in developed countries. Twenty five percent of children in the US are overweight and 11% are obese. Overweight and obesity in childhood are known to have significant impact on both physical and psychological health. The mechanism of obesity development is not fully understood and it is believed to be a disorder with multiple causes. Environmental factors, lifestyle preferences, and cultural environment play pivotal roles in the rising prevalence of obesity worldwide. In general, overweight and obesity are assumed to be the results of an increase in caloric and fat intake. On the other hand, there are supporting evidence that excessive sugar intake by soft drink, increased portion size, and steady decline in physical activity have been playing major roles in the rising rates of obesity all around the world. Consequently, both over-consumption of calories and reduced physical activity are involved in childhood obesity. Almost all researchers agree that prevention could be the key strategy for controlling the current epidemic of obesity. Prevention may include primary prevention of overweight or obesity, secondary prevention or prevention of weight regains following weight loss, and avoidance of more weight increase in obese persons unable to lose weight. Until now, most approaches have focused on changing the behaviour of individuals in diet and exercise. It seems, however, that these strategies have had little impact on the growing increase of the obesity epidemic. While about 50% of the adults are overweight and obese in many countries, it is difficult to reduce excessive weight once it becomes established. Children should therefore be considered the priority population for intervention strategies. Prevention may be achieved through a variety of interventions targeting built environment, physical activity, and diet. Some of these potential strategies for intervention in children can be implemented by targeting preschool institutions, schools or after-school care services as natural setting for influencing the diet and physical activity. All in all, there is an urgent need to initiate prevention and treatment of obesity in children.
Topics: Child; Diet; Dietary Fats; Energy Intake; Energy Metabolism; Environment; Exercise; Food Preferences; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Motor Activity; Obesity; Television
PubMed: 16138930
DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-4-24 -
Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience 2021Hypothalamic hypocretin/orexin neurons have been initially conceptualized as slow, modulatory controllers of behavior. Furthermore, their behavioral effects have been... (Review)
Review
Hypothalamic hypocretin/orexin neurons have been initially conceptualized as slow, modulatory controllers of behavior. Furthermore, their behavioral effects have been assumed to be a secondary consequence of their impact on arousal. However, cellular-resolution calcium imaging and optogenetic studies show that orexin neurons regulate self-generated and sensory-evoked movement on rapid, subsecond timescales. Orexin cell activity rapidly and transiently peaks before and during movements. Optogenetic prevention of this activation reduces the probability of locomotion initiation, and optogenetic mimicry of orexin cell activation rapidly causes locomotion. Neural ensemble calcium imaging experiments reveal that the same orexin cells whose activity underlies movement initiation display subsecond-latency responses to diverse sensory stimuli. These findings establish orexin neurons as rapid and strong sensorimotor controllers that are in many ways operationally similar to classic subcortical movement controllers, such as midbrain dopamine neurons. While a scientific definition of "arousal" is still lacking, the subsecond-scale sensorimotor control by orexin neurons could be viewed as reminiscent of a motor rather than an arousal system.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Hypothalamus; Locomotion; Motor Activity; Neurons; Orexins; Sensation
PubMed: 34052808
DOI: 10.1159/000514957 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Apr 2014Lack of physical stimulation may contribute to metabolic bone disease of preterm infants, resulting in poor bone mineralization and growth. Physical activity programs... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Lack of physical stimulation may contribute to metabolic bone disease of preterm infants, resulting in poor bone mineralization and growth. Physical activity programs combined with adequate nutrition might help to promote bone mineralization and growth.
OBJECTIVES
The primary objective was to assess whether physical activity programs in preterm infants improve bone mineralization and growth and reduce the risk of fracture.The secondary objectives included other potential benefits in terms of length of hospital stay, skeletal deformities and neurodevelopmental outcomes, and adverse events.Subgroup analysis:• Given that the smallest infants are most vulnerable for developing osteopenia (Bishop 1999), a subgroup analysis was planned for infants with birth weight < 1000 g.• Calcium and phosphorus intake may affect an infant's ability to increase bone mineral content (Kuschel 2004). Therefore, an additional subgroup analysis was planned for infants receiving different amounts of calcium and phosphorus, along with full enteral feeds as follows. ∘ Below 100 mg/60 mg calcium/phosphorus or equal to/above 100 mg/60 mg calcium/phosphorus per 100 mL milk. ∘ Supplementation of calcium without phosphorus. ∘ Supplementation of phosphorus without calcium.
SEARCH METHODS
The standard search strategy of the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group (CNRG) was used. The search included the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (2012, Issue 9), MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL (1966 to March 2013), and cross-references, as well as handsearching of abstracts of the Society for Pediatric Research and the International Journal of Sports Medicine.
SELECTION CRITERIA
Randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials comparing physical activity programs (extension and flexion, range-of-motion exercises) versus no organized physical activity programs in preterm infants.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Data collection, study selection, and data analysis were performed according to the methods of the CNRG.
MAIN RESULTS
Eleven trials enrolling 324 preterm infants (gestational age 26 to 34 weeks) were included in this review. All were small (N = 16 to 50) single-center studies that evaluated daily physical activity for three and one-half to eight weeks during initial hospitalization. Methodological quality and reporting of included trials were variable.Four trials demonstrated moderate short-term benefits of physical activity for bone mineralization at completion of the physical activity program. The only trial assessing long-term effects on bone mineralization showed no effect of physical activity administered during initial hospitalization on bone mineralization at 12 months corrected age. Meta-analysis from four trials demonstrated a positive effect of physical activity on daily weight gain (weighted mean difference (WMD) 2.21 g/kg/d, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.23 to 3.19). Data from four trials showed a positive effect on linear growth (WMD 0.12 cm/wk, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.24) but not on head growth (WMD -0.03 cm/wk, 95% CI -0.14 to 0.08) during the study period. Only one trial reported on fractures (this outcome did not occur in intervention and control groups) and complications of preterm birth (no significant differences between intervention and control groups). None of the trials assessed other outcomes relevant to this review.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Some evidence suggests that physical activity programs might promote short-term weight gain and bone mineralization in preterm infants. Data are inadequate to allow assessment of harm or long-term effects. Current evidence does not support the routine use of physical activity programs in preterm infants. Further trials incorporating infants with a high baseline risk of osteopenia are required. These trials should address adverse events, long-term outcomes, and the effects of nutritional intake (calories, protein, calcium, phosphorus).
Topics: Bone Density; Bone Diseases, Metabolic; Calcification, Physiologic; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Motor Activity; Musculoskeletal Manipulations; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Weight Gain
PubMed: 24752440
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005387.pub3 -
Experimental Physiology Nov 2017What is the central question of this study? In the present study, a reproducible model of maternal voluntary physical activity was developed to evaluate the adaptive...
What is the central question of this study? In the present study, a reproducible model of maternal voluntary physical activity was developed to evaluate the adaptive response of physical activity by attenuating the effects of maternal undernutrition on physical features, reflex ontogeny and growth trajectory of offspring during development. What is the main finding and its importance? Maternal physical activity may induce neuronal maturation of sensorimotor connections impacting on the patterns of locomotor activity in malnourished offspring. Thus, physical activity should be considered as a therapeutic means of countering the effects of maternal undernutrition, by providing a useful strategy for enhancing the neuronal activity of children born to mothers who experience a restricted diet during pregnancy. This study evaluated the effects of maternal voluntary physical activity during pregnancy and lactation on somatic growth (SG), reflex ontogeny (RO) and locomotor activity (LA) of rats whose mothers were protein restricted. Virgin female Wistar rats were divided into the following six groups: control, normal protein (C-NP, n = 4); control, low protein (C-LP, n = 4); inactive, normal protein (I-NP, n = 8); inactive, low protein (I-LP, n = 7); very active, normal protein (VA-NP, n = 8); and very active, low protein (VA-LP, n = 6). Voluntary physical activity was recorded daily in dams. The LP groups were fed an 8% casein diet, whereas control groups were fed a 17% casein diet during pregnancy and lactation. Offspring were evaluated in terms of SG (body weight and length, latero-lateral skull axis and anteroposterior head axis) and RO (palmar grasp, righting, free-fall righting, negative geotaxis, cliff avoidance, auditory startle response and vibrissa placing). The LA was evaluated at 23, 45 and 60 days old in the open field. Voluntary physical activity was reduced during pregnancy and lactation independent of the maternal diet. Pups from LP dams showed delayed SG, reflex maturation and patterns of LA when compared with control pups. The C-LP and I-LP pups showed a delayed SG, RO and LA. Pups from VA-LP mothers showed no delay in SG and RO and presented a faster development of patterns of LA. Maternal voluntary physical activity attenuated the effects of LP diet on indicators of neurodevelopment and patterns of LA of offspring.
Topics: Age Factors; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Gestational Age; Lactation; Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Motor Activity; Nervous System; Neurodevelopmental Disorders; Nutritional Status; Physical Conditioning, Animal; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Protein-Energy Malnutrition; Rats, Wistar; Volition
PubMed: 28833822
DOI: 10.1113/EP086400 -
Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) Dec 2009Major health organizations promote the adoption of a healthy lifestyle, composed of sufficient daily physical activity and a balanced diet for the prevention and... (Review)
Review
Major health organizations promote the adoption of a healthy lifestyle, composed of sufficient daily physical activity and a balanced diet for the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease risk. In particular, it is recommended that adults accumulate 30 min of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity on most days of the week. Despite these recommendations, a physically active lifestyle is seldom adopted, and the majority of the North American population remains sedentary. Although the optimal strategy for promoting physical activity in today's environment remains elusive, the evidence for the utility of physical activity in the management of risk factors for T2D and cardiovascular disease is overwhelming. This review examines the influence of aerobic-type physical activity on components of global cardiometabolic risk, that is, the traditional and emerging risk factors for cardiovascular disease and T2D, including visceral obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, atherogenic dyslipidemia, thrombosis, inflammation, and cardiorespiratory fitness. Where possible, specific consideration is given to the independent effects of an acute bout of physical activity vs. chronic physical activity with weight loss vs. chronic physical activity without weight loss.
Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Dyslipidemias; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Life Style; Metabolic Syndrome; Motor Activity; Obesity, Abdominal; Risk; Risk Factors
PubMed: 19927143
DOI: 10.1038/oby.2009.382 -
Scientific Reports Jul 2022Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of lifestyle modification have reported beneficial effects of interventions, compared to control. Whether participation in the control... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of lifestyle modification have reported beneficial effects of interventions, compared to control. Whether participation in the control group has benefits is unknown. To determine whether control group participants experience weight loss during the course of RCTs. After prospective registration (PROSPERO CRD42021233070), we conducted searches in Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane library and Clinicaltrials.gov databases from inception to May 2021 without language restriction to capture RCTs on dietary advice or physical activity interventions in adults with overweight, obesity or metabolic syndrome. Data extraction and study quality assessment was performed by two independent reviewers. Weight loss in the control group, i.e., the difference between baseline and post-intervention, was pooled using random effects model generating mean difference and 95% confidence interval (CI). Heterogeneity was assessed using the I statistical test. Subgroup meta-analysis was performed stratifying by follow-up period, type of control group protocols and high-quality studies. Among the 22 included studies (4032 participants), the risk of bias was low in 9 (40%) studies. Overall, the controls groups experienced weight loss of - 0.41 kg (95% CI - 0.53 to - 0.28; I = 73.5% p < 0.001). To identify a result that is an outlier, we inspected the forest plot for spread of the point estimates and the confidence intervals. The magnitude of the benefit was related to the duration of follow-up (- 0.51 kg, 95% CI - 0.68, - 0.3, for 1-4 months follow-up; - 0.32 kg, 95% CI - 0.58, - 0.07, 5-12 months; - 0.20 kg, 95% CI - 0.49, 0.10, ≥ 12 months). In high-quality studies we found an overall weight loss mean difference of - 0.16 (95% CI - 0.39, 0.09) with a considerable heterogeneity (I = 74%; p < 0.000). Among studies including control group in waiting lists and combining standard care, advice and material, no heterogeneity was found (I = 0%, p = 0.589) and (I = 0%, p = 0.438); and the mean difference was - 0.84 kg (95% CI - 2.47, 0.80) and - 0.65 kg (95% CI - 1.03, - 0.27) respectively. Participation in control groups of RCTs of lifestyle interventions had a benefit in terms of weight loss in meta-analysis with heterogeneity. These results should be used to interpret the benefits observed with respect to intervention effect in trials. That control groups accrue benefits should be included in patient information sheets to encourage participation in future trials among patients with overweight and obesity.
Topics: Adult; Control Groups; Humans; Life Style; Obesity; Overweight; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Weight Loss
PubMed: 35851070
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15770-x -
PloS One 2019To assess the validity of a derived algorithm, combining tri-axial accelerometry and heart rate (HR) data, compared to a research-grade multi-sensor physical activity...
PURPOSE
To assess the validity of a derived algorithm, combining tri-axial accelerometry and heart rate (HR) data, compared to a research-grade multi-sensor physical activity device, for the estimation of ambulatory physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) in individuals with traumatic lower-limb amputation.
METHODS
Twenty-eight participants [unilateral (n = 9), bilateral (n = 10) with lower-limb amputations, and non-injured controls (n = 9)] completed eight activities; rest, ambulating at 5 progressive treadmill velocities (0.48, 0.67, 0.89, 1.12, 1.34m.s-1) and 2 gradients (3 and 5%) at 0.89m.s-1. During each task, expired gases were collected for the determination of [Formula: see text] and subsequent calculation of PAEE. An Actigraph GT3X+ accelerometer was worn on the hip of the shortest residual limb and, a HR monitor and an Actiheart (AHR) device were worn on the chest. Multiple linear regressions were employed to derive population-specific PAEE estimated algorithms using Actigraph GT3X+ outputs and HR signals (GT3X+HR). Mean bias±95% Limits of Agreement (LoA) and error statistics were calculated between criterion PAEE (indirect calorimetry) and PAEE predicted using GT3X+HR and AHR.
RESULTS
Both measurement approaches used to predict PAEE were significantly related (P<0.01) with criterion PAEE. GT3X+HR revealed the strongest association, smallest LoA and least error. Predicted PAEE (GT3X+HR; unilateral; r = 0.92, bilateral; r = 0.93, and control; r = 0.91, and AHR; unilateral; r = 0.86, bilateral; r = 0.81, and control; r = 0.67). Mean±SD percent error across all activities were 18±14%, 15±12% and 15±14% for the GT3X+HR and 45±20%, 39±23% and 34±28% in the AHR model, for unilateral, bilateral and control groups, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
Statistically derived algorithms (GT3X+HR) provide a more valid estimate of PAEE in individuals with traumatic lower-limb amputation, compared to a proprietary group calibration algorithm (AHR). Outputs from AHR displayed considerable random error when tested in a laboratory setting in individuals with lower-limb amputation.
Topics: Accelerometry; Adult; Algorithms; Amputees; Calorimetry, Indirect; Case-Control Studies; Energy Metabolism; Exercise; Exercise Test; Heart Rate; Humans; Leg; Male; Middle Aged; Military Personnel; Motor Activity; Reproducibility of Results; Wearable Electronic Devices; Young Adult
PubMed: 30703115
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209249 -
International Journal of Environmental... Jan 2022The purpose of this study was to verify if a conditioning activity was effective to elicit postactivation performance enhancement (PAPE) and to increase the performance... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
The purpose of this study was to verify if a conditioning activity was effective to elicit postactivation performance enhancement (PAPE) and to increase the performance in vertical jump (VJ) in elite female volleyball players. Eleven national Superliga-2 volleyball players (22.6 ± 3.5 years) were randomly assigned to an experimental and control group. Countermovement jumps (CMJ) were performed on eight occasions: before (Pre-PAPE) and after activation (Post-PAPE), after the match (Pre-Match), and after each of the five-match sets (Set 1 to 5). ANOVA showed significantly increased jump performance for the experiment between baseline (Pre-PAPE) and all the following tests: +1.3 cm (Post-PAPE), +3.0 cm (Pre-Match), +4.8 cm (Set 1), +7.3 cm (Set 2), +5.1 cm (Set 3), +3.6 cm (Set 4), and +4.0 cm (Set 5), all showing medium to large effect size (0.7 < ES < 2.4). The performance of the control group did not show significant increases until Set 3 (+3.2 cm) and Set 5 (+2.9 cm), although jump heights were always lower for the control group than the experimental. The use of conditioning activity generates increased VJ performance in Post-PAPE tests and elicited larger PAPE effects that remain until the second set of a volleyball match.
Topics: Athletic Performance; Control Groups; Culture Media; Female; Humans; Muscle Strength; Volleyball
PubMed: 35010722
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010462 -
Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica... Oct 2012Exercise and physical activity have been studied and suggested as a way to reduce or minimize the effects of pre-eclampsia. Our aim was to evaluate the association... (Review)
Review
Exercise and physical activity have been studied and suggested as a way to reduce or minimize the effects of pre-eclampsia. Our aim was to evaluate the association between exercise and/or physical activity and occurrence of pre-eclampsia. We conducted electronic searches without year of publication and language limitations. This was a systematic review designed according to PRISMA. Different databases accessed were as follows: PubMed®; Latin-American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS); Scientific Electronic Library On-line (SciELO); Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro); and ISI web of Knowledge(SM) . The Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) were as follows: ("exercise" OR "motor activity" OR "physical activity") AND ("pre-eclampsia" OR "eclampsia" OR "hypertension, pregnancy-induced"). Inclusion criteria were studies conducted in adults who were engaged in some physical activity. The selection and methodological evaluation were carried out by two independent reviewers. Risk assessment was made by the odds ratio (OR) and incidence of pre-eclampsia in the population who performed physical activity/exercise. A total of 231 articles were found, 214 of which were excluded based on title and full-text, so that 17 remained. Comparison of six case-control studies showed that physical activity had a protective effect on the development of pre-eclampsia [OR 0.77, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.64-0.91, p < 0.01]. The 10 prospective cohort studies showed no significant difference (OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.93-1.05, p= 0.81). The only randomized clinical trial showed a protective effect on the development of pre-eclampsia in the stretching group (OR 6.34, 95% CI 0.72-55.37, p= 0.09). This systematic review indicates a trend toward a protective effect of physical activity in the prevention of pre-eclampsia.
Topics: Exercise; Female; Humans; Leisure Activities; Motor Activity; Pre-Eclampsia; Pregnancy
PubMed: 22708966
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0412.2012.01483.x -
The Journal of Physiology Dec 2009
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Cardiovascular Diseases; Congresses as Topic; Cytokines; Exercise; Health; Humans; Lactic Acid; Motor Activity; Physical Fitness; Walking
PubMed: 19959553
DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2009.182121