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International Journal of... Oct 2011Adenoids are constantly exposed to viral and bacterial agents as well as to allergens. They play a major role in the upper airways immunity, being effector organs in... (Review)
Review
Adenoids are constantly exposed to viral and bacterial agents as well as to allergens. They play a major role in the upper airways immunity, being effector organs in both mucosal-type and systemic-type adaptive immunity. Because of both their immunological function and their specific location, adenoids are considered to be as reservoirs of viruses and bacteria. Reiterative infections may therefore contribute both to Eustachian tube dysfunction and to tissue hypertrophy. Nasal endoscopy is a key diagnostic tool to detect both adenoid hypertrophy and adenoiditis. Moreover, such a procedure may be very helpful in detecting bacterial biofilms that could justify the concomitant presence of recurrent episodes of otitis media, chronic and occult sinusitis in children. Even though the connection between allergies and adenoidal diseases is not completely clear, allergic diseases cause an inflammatory state that influences adenoidal tissue as well, configuring the picture of allergic adenoiditis, a condition in which adenoid tissue exhibit numerous IgE positive mast cells. Several studies are still needed to better understand the relationship between allergies and infections and the influence they play on adenoids during childhood.
Topics: Adenoids; Child; Endoscopy; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Otitis Media; Sinusitis
PubMed: 22032778
DOI: 10.1177/03946320110240S401 -
Clinical Oral Investigations Apr 2024Craniofacial anomalies are widely discussed as predisposing factors of breathing disorders. Since many more cofactors exist, this study investigated the association...
OBJECTIVE
Craniofacial anomalies are widely discussed as predisposing factors of breathing disorders. Since many more cofactors exist, this study investigated the association between maxillary micrognathia and morphological changes of posterior airway space and adenoids in these patients.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Cephalometric radiographs of n = 73 patients were used for data acquisition. The patients were divided into two groups according to certain skeletal characteristics: maxillary micrognathia (n = 34, 16 female, 18 male; mean age 10.55 ± 3.03 years; defined by a SNA angle < 79°) and maxillary eugnathia (n = 39, 19 female, 20 male; mean age 10.93 ± 3.26 years; defined by a SNA angle > 79°). The evaluation included established procedures for measurements of the maxilla, posterior airway space and adenoids. Statistics included Kolmogorov-Smirnov-, T- and Mann-Whitney-U-Tests for the radiographs. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05.
RESULTS
The cephalometric analysis showed differences in the superior posterior face height and the depth of the posterior airway space at palatal level among the two groups. The depth of the posterior airway space at mandibular level was the same for both groups, just as the size of the area taken by adenoids in the nasopharynx.
CONCLUSIONS
Skeletal anomalies affect the dimension of the posterior airway space. There were differences among the subjects with maxillary micrognathia and these with a normal maxilla. However, the maxilla was only assessed in the sagittal direction, not in the transverse. This study showed that the morphology of the maxilla relates to the posterior airway space whereas the adenoids seem not to be affected.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Maxillary micrognathia is significantly associated with a smaller depth of the posterior airway space at the palatal level compared to patients with maxillary eugnathia.
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; Child; Adolescent; Adenoids; Micrognathism; Nasopharynx; Maxilla; Respiratory System; Cephalometry
PubMed: 38627272
DOI: 10.1007/s00784-024-05657-8 -
Medical Sciences (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2019There are several mechanisms by which the adenoids contribute to pediatric chronic rhinosinusitis (PCRS), particularly with children aged 12 years and younger.... (Review)
Review
There are several mechanisms by which the adenoids contribute to pediatric chronic rhinosinusitis (PCRS), particularly with children aged 12 years and younger. Understanding the role that the adenoids play in PCRS is crucial when attempting to treat these patients. A literature review was performed to address this problem and provide information surrounding this topic. This review will provide a better understanding of how adenoids contribute to PCRS, and also of the medical and surgical treatment options.
PubMed: 30823617
DOI: 10.3390/medsci7020035 -
European Annals of Otorhinolaryngology,... Jun 2016Nasal obstruction is a very frequent symptom in children, with numerous etiologies. Clinical diagnosis is straightforward, but general impact and rare etiologies should... (Review)
Review
Nasal obstruction is a very frequent symptom in children, with numerous etiologies. Clinical diagnosis is straightforward, but general impact and rare etiologies should be explored for. Complementary examinations are guided by diagnostic orientation. Although not usually a severe condition, nasal obstruction may be life-threatening in neonates and infants. An exhaustive list of etiologies is impossible and would not be useful, but it is worth distinguishing infantile nasal obstruction and nasal obstruction in older children, as causes differ greatly. This is the topic of the present update.
Topics: Adenoids; Child; Craniofacial Abnormalities; Foreign Bodies; Humans; Hypertrophy; Meningocele; Nasal Obstruction; Nasal Polyps; Nasal Septum; Nose Neoplasms; Rhinitis; Teratoma
PubMed: 26471039
DOI: 10.1016/j.anorl.2015.09.011 -
Journal of Medical Virology Sep 2022Adenoids and tonsils have gained interest as a new in vivo model to study local immune functions and virus reservoirs. Especially herpesviruses are interesting because...
Adenoids and tonsils have gained interest as a new in vivo model to study local immune functions and virus reservoirs. Especially herpesviruses are interesting because their prevalence and persistence in local lymphoid tissue are incompletely known. Our aim was to study herpesvirus and common respiratory virus infections in nonacutely ill adenotonsillar surgery patients. Adenoid and/or palatine tonsil tissue and nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA) samples were collected from elective adenoidectomy (n = 45) and adenotonsillectomy (n = 44) patients (median age: 5, range: 1-20). Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to detect 22 distinct viruses from collected samples. The overall prevalence of herpesviruses was 89% and respiratory viruses 94%. Human herpesviruses 6 (HHV6), 7 (HHV7), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) were found, respectively, in adenoids (33%, 26%, 25%), tonsils (45%, 52%, 23%), and NPA (46%, 38%, 25%). Copy numbers of the HHV6 and HHV7 genome were significantly higher in tonsils than in adenoids. Patients with intra-adenoid HHV6 were younger than those without. Detection rates of EBV and HHV7 showed agreement between corresponding sample types. This study shows that adenoid and tonsil tissues commonly harbor human herpes- and respiratory viruses, and it shows the differences in virus findings between sample types.
Topics: Adenoids; Child, Preschool; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Herpesviridae; Herpesviridae Infections; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Humans; Palatine Tonsil; Simplexvirus
PubMed: 35488185
DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27818 -
The Medical Clinics of North America Jan 1999Diseases of the adenoids and tonsils are a frequent cause for patients to seek medical attention. A thorough understanding of the disease processes reflected in the... (Review)
Review
Diseases of the adenoids and tonsils are a frequent cause for patients to seek medical attention. A thorough understanding of the disease processes reflected in the adenoids and tonsils and their diagnosis and treatment is an important part of routine care delivery. Diagnostic methodologies and timing of surgical intervention are reviewed along with general considerations relating to the differential diagnosis in adult and pediatric patients.
Topics: Abscess; Adenoidectomy; Adenoids; Adult; Child; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Hypertrophy; Pharyngitis; Tonsillectomy; Tonsillitis
PubMed: 9927961
DOI: 10.1016/s0025-7125(05)70088-2 -
Head and Neck Pathology Mar 2021Lymphoid and histiocytic lesions of the head and neck in pediatric patients is a fascinating topic as most of these lesions are benign, but that the neoplastic cases are... (Review)
Review
Lymphoid and histiocytic lesions of the head and neck in pediatric patients is a fascinating topic as most of these lesions are benign, but that the neoplastic cases are essential to diagnose accurately for appropriate treatment. It is thought that 90% of children will have palpable lymph nodes between the ages of 4 to 8; most, but not all, are non-malignant and some resolve spontaneously without treatment. This paper will look at many of the benign and malignant lesions of both lymphocytic and histiocytic origin that present in the head and neck of children focusing on their diagnostic criteria. There is a very pertinent discussion of nonmalignant lymphoid proliferations, as infections and other reactive conditions dominate the pathology of pediatric lymphohistiocytic head and neck lesions. Discussion of those lymphomas which arise more frequently in the head and neck focuses on those seen in children and young adults such as classic Hodgkin lymphoma and Burkitt lymphoma, as well as new more controversial entities such as pediatric-type follicular lymphoma. Histiocytic lesions, both benign and malignant, are described and may be challenging to diagnose.
Topics: Adenoids; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Histiocytosis; Humans; Lymph Nodes; Lymphoma; Male; Palatine Tonsil
PubMed: 33723759
DOI: 10.1007/s12105-020-01257-6 -
Acta Clinica Croatica Feb 2022Otitis media with effusion (OME) is amongst the most common pediatric diseases and the most common cause of hearing loss in children. It is accepted that adenoid... (Review)
Review
Otitis media with effusion (OME) is amongst the most common pediatric diseases and the most common cause of hearing loss in children. It is accepted that adenoid hypertrophy (AH) is related to OME incidence. Better understanding of the correlation between the relative size of AH and the incidence of persistent OME may provide evidence to support a more standardized approach to the diagnosis and treatment of OME. A retrospective study carried out between April 2016 and April 2018 collected data on 65 children aged 2-12 years, diagnosed with chronic OME and symptoms of AH, where conservative therapy failed. Pre-diagnostic data were collected from patient history, otoscopy, rhinoscopy, and oropharyngoscopy findings. Diagnostic workup included tympanometry, audiometry, and flexible nasal fiberoptic endoscopy. Adenoid grading was performed according to Cassano method after endoscopic visualization. Of the 65 patients, 37 were male and 28 were female. There was no statistically significant difference according to gender or average age. The highest incidence of persistent OME with AH was recorded in the youngest age groups (2-5 and 6-9 years). The most frequent AH grades were grade II (35.38%) and grade III (50.77%), yielding a statistically significant result. The most common presenting symptoms were hearing impairment, snoring, and nasal obstruction (100%, 64.62% and 60%, respectively). Higher AH grades are critical for persistence of OME and may cause conservative therapy failure.
Topics: Adenoids; Child; Child, Preschool; Endoscopy; Female; Humans; Hypertrophy; Male; Otitis Media with Effusion; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 35282481
DOI: 10.20471/acc.2021.60.03.25 -
Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal Aug 2022This article aimed to collectively present the demographic, clinical, radiographic and histopathological features as well as the treatment performed along with its... (Review)
Review
This article aimed to collectively present the demographic, clinical, radiographic and histopathological features as well as the treatment performed along with its outcome for all the cases of adenoid ameloblastoma with dentinoid (AAD) reported in scientific literature till date. Ameloblastoma and adenomatoid odontogenic tumours are the most common odontogenic neoplasms. However, AAD, a hybrid variant of the two lesions, is found to be extremely rare. The lesion comprises of characteristic histopathological features of ameloblastoma and adenomatoid odontogenic tumour and shares certain clinical characteristics with either of the entities. AAD may be considered to be present at the more aggressive end of spectrum of benign odontogenic neoplasms. Owing to the frequent tendency of the lesions to be underdiagnosed, careful histopathological screening of submitted biopsies is warranted. With the increase in number of reported cases in the recent years, it is likely to be included as a separate entity in the upcoming World Health Organization classification.
Topics: Adenoids; Ameloblastoma; Biopsy; Humans; Odontogenic Tumors
PubMed: 36072074
DOI: 10.18295/squmj.9.2021.127 -
American Journal of Respiratory and... Apr 2012Obstructive sleep apnea in infants has a distinctive pathophysiology, natural history, and treatment compared with that of older children and adults. Infants have both... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
Obstructive sleep apnea in infants has a distinctive pathophysiology, natural history, and treatment compared with that of older children and adults. Infants have both anatomical and physiological predispositions toward airway obstruction and gas exchange abnormalities; including a superiorly placed larynx, increased chest wall compliance, ventilation-perfusion mismatching, and ventilatory control instability. Congenital abnormalities of the airway, such as laryngomalacia, hemangiomas, pyriform aperture stenosis, choanal atresia, and laryngeal webs, may also have adverse effects on airway patency. Additional exacerbating factors predisposing infants toward airway collapse include neck flexion, airway secretions, gastroesophageal reflux, and sleep deprivation. Obstructive sleep apnea in infants has been associated with failure to thrive, behavioral deficits, and sudden infant death. The proper interpretation of infant polysomnography requires an understanding of normative data related to gestation and postconceptual age for apnea, arousal, and oxygenation. Direct visualization of the upper airway is an important diagnostic modality in infants with obstructive apnea. Treatment options for infant obstructive sleep apnea are predicated on the underlying etiology, including supraglottoplasty for severe laryngomalacia, mandibular distraction for micrognathia, tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy, choanal atresia repair, and/or treatment of gastroesophageal reflux.
Topics: Adenoids; Adult; Age Factors; Combined Modality Therapy; Craniofacial Abnormalities; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Hypertrophy; Incidence; Infant; Laryngomalacia; Larynx; Male; Micrognathism; Palatine Tonsil; Polysomnography; Risk Assessment; Severity of Illness Index; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 22135346
DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201108-1455CI