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Poultry Science Aug 2017Fowl adenovirus (FAdV) serotype-4 is highly pathogenic for chickens, especially for broilers aged 3 to 5 wk, and it has emerged as one of the foremost causes of economic... (Review)
Review
Fowl adenovirus (FAdV) serotype-4 is highly pathogenic for chickens, especially for broilers aged 3 to 5 wk, and it has emerged as one of the foremost causes of economic losses to the poultry industry in the last 30 years. The liver is a major target organ of FAdV-4 infections, and virus-infected chickens usually show symptoms of hydropericardium syndrome. The virus is very contagious, and it is spread both vertically and horizontally. It can be isolated from infected liver homogenates and detected by several laboratory diagnostic methods (including an agar gel immunodiffusion test, indirect immunofluorescence assays, counterimmunoelectrophoresis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, restriction endonuclease analyses, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), real-time PCR, and high-resolution melting-curve analyses). Although inactivated vaccines have been deployed widely to control the disease, attenuated live vaccines and subunit vaccines also have been developed, and they are more attractive vaccine candidates. This article provides a comprehensive review of FAdV-4, including its epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnostic detection, and vaccine strategies.
Topics: Adenoviridae Infections; Animals; Aviadenovirus; Chickens; Poultry Diseases; Vaccination; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 28498980
DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex087 -
Postepy Higieny I Medycyny... Sep 2013Human adenoviruses belong to the Adenoviridae family and they are divided into seven species, including 56 types. Adenoviruses are common opportunistic pathogens that... (Review)
Review
Human adenoviruses belong to the Adenoviridae family and they are divided into seven species, including 56 types. Adenoviruses are common opportunistic pathogens that are rarely associated with clinical symptoms in immunocompetent patients. However, they are emerging pathogens causing morbidity and mortality in recipients of hematopoietic stem cell and solid organ transplants, HIV infected patients and patients with primary immune deficiencies. Clinical presentation ranges from asymptomatic viraemia to respiratory and gastrointestinal disease, haemorrhagic cystitis and severe disseminated illness. There is currently no formally approved therapy for the treatment of adenovirus infections. This article presents current knowledge about adenoviruses, their pathogenicity and information about available methods to diagnose and treat adenoviral infections.
Topics: Adenoviridae; Adenoviridae Infections; HIV Infections; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes; Organ Transplantation
PubMed: 24088540
DOI: 10.5604/17322693.1066199 -
Nucleic Acids Research Mar 2012For more than half a century, researchers have studied the basic biology of Adenovirus (Ad), unraveling the subtle, yet profound, interactions between the virus and the... (Review)
Review
For more than half a century, researchers have studied the basic biology of Adenovirus (Ad), unraveling the subtle, yet profound, interactions between the virus and the host. These studies have uncovered previously unknown proteins and pathways crucial for normal cell function that the virus manipulates to achieve optimal virus replication and gene expression. In the infecting virion, the viral DNA is tightly condensed in a virally encoded protamine-like protein which must be remodeled within the first few hours of infection to allow for efficient expression of virus-encoded genes and subsequent viral DNA replication. This review discusses our current knowledge of Ad DNA-protein complex within the infected cell nucleus, the cellular proteins the virus utilizes to achieve chromatinization, and how this event contributes to efficient gene expression and progression of the virus life cycle.
Topics: Adenoviridae; Adenoviridae Infections; Cell Nucleus; Chromatin; DNA, Viral; Histones; Humans; Viral Core Proteins
PubMed: 22116065
DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr1076 -
Poultry Science Jan 2024In recent years, the occurrence of fowl adenovirus 2 (FAdV-2) has been on the rise in China, posing a significant threat to the poultry industry. This study aimed to...
In recent years, the occurrence of fowl adenovirus 2 (FAdV-2) has been on the rise in China, posing a significant threat to the poultry industry. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology, phylogenetic relationship, genomic characteristics, and pathogenicity of FAdV-2. The epidemiological analysis revealed the detection of multiple FAdV serotypes, including FAdV-1, FAdV-2, FAdV-3, FAdV-4, FAdV-8a, FAdV-8b, and FAdV-11 serotypes. Among them, FAdV-2 exhibited the highest proportion, accounting for 21.05% (8/38). The complete genomes of these 8 FAdV-2 strains were sequenced. Genetic evolution analysis indicated that these FAdV-2 strains formed a separate branch within the FAdV-D group, sharing 94.60 to 97.90% nucleotide similarity with the reference FAdV-2 and FAdV-11 strains. Notably, the recombination analysis revealed that 5 out of the 8 FAdV-2 strains, exhibited recombination events between FAdV-2 and FAdV-11. The recombination regions involved Hexon, Fiber, ORF19 genes and 3' end. Furthermore, pathogenicity experiments demonstrated that recombinant FAdV-2 XX strain is capable of inducing mortality rate of 66.70% and causing more severe hepatitis hydropericardium syndrome (HHS) in 6-wk-old specific-pathogen-free chickens. These findings contribute to our understanding of the prevalence, genomic characteristics, and the pathogenicity of FAdV-2, providing foundations for FAdV-2 vaccine development.
Topics: Animals; Virulence; Phylogeny; Adenoviridae Infections; Prevalence; Chickens; Aviadenovirus; Genomics; China; Poultry Diseases; Serogroup
PubMed: 37980763
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103177 -
FEBS Letters Dec 2019Small laboratory animals are powerful models for investigating in vivo viral pathogenesis of a number of viruses. For adenoviruses (AdVs), however, species-specificity... (Review)
Review
Small laboratory animals are powerful models for investigating in vivo viral pathogenesis of a number of viruses. For adenoviruses (AdVs), however, species-specificity poses limitations to studying human adenoviruses (HAdVs) in mice and other small laboratory animals. Thus, this review covers work on naturally occurring mouse AdVs, primarily mouse adenovirus type 1 (MAdV-1), a member of the species Murine mastadenovirus A. Molecular genetics, virus life cycle, cell and tissue tropism, interactions with the host immune response, persistence, and host genetics of susceptibility are described. A brief discussion of MAdV-2 (member of species Murine mastadenovirus B) and MAdV-3 (member of species Murine mastadenovirus C) is included. We report the use of MAdVs in the development of vectors and vaccines.
Topics: Adenoviridae Infections; Animals; Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Mastadenovirus; Mice; Species Specificity; Viral Proteins; Viral Tropism
PubMed: 31777948
DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13699 -
Viruses Jul 2023In the present study, 31 samples (12 fecal, 9 nasal and 10 rectal swabs) from 28/92 (30.43%, 10 captive and 18 free-roaming African green monkeys (AGMs, )) apparently...
Detection and Molecular Characterization of Adenoviruses in Captive and Free-Roaming African Green Monkeys (): Evidence for Possible Recombination and Cross-Species Transmission.
In the present study, 31 samples (12 fecal, 9 nasal and 10 rectal swabs) from 28/92 (30.43%, 10 captive and 18 free-roaming African green monkeys (AGMs, )) apparently healthy AGMs in the Caribbean Island of St. Kitts tested positive for adenoviruses (AdVs) by DNA-dependent DNA polymerase ()-, or hexon-based screening PCR assays. Based on analysis of partial deduced amino acid sequences of Pol- and hexon- of nine AGM AdVs, at least two AdV genetic variants (group-I: seven AdVs with a (SAdV-F)/SAdV-18-like Pol and hexon, and group-II: two AdVs with a SAdV-F/SAdV-18-like Pol and a (HAdV-F)/HAdV-40-like hexon) were identified, which was corroborated by analysis of the nearly complete putative Pol, complete hexon, and partial penton base sequences of a representative group-I (strain KNA-08975), and -II (KNA-S6) AdV. SAdV-F-like AdVs were reported for the first time in free-roaming non-human primates (NHPs) and after ~six decades from captive NHPs. Molecular characterization of KNA-S6 (and the other group-II AdV) indicated possible recombination and cross-species transmission events involving SAdV-F-like and HAdV-F-like viruses, corroborating the hypothesis that the evolutionary pathways of HAdVs and SAdVs are intermingled, complicated by recombination and inter-species transmission events, especially between related AdV species, such as HAdV-F and SAdV-F. To our knowledge, this is the first report on detection and molecular characterization of AdVs in AGMs.
Topics: Chlorocebus aethiops; Adenoviridae; Animals; Animals, Wild; Saint Kitts and Nevis; Phylogeny; Adenoviridae Infections; Monkey Diseases; Animals, Zoo
PubMed: 37515291
DOI: 10.3390/v15071605 -
British Medical Journal Aug 1961
Topics: Adenoviridae; Adenoviridae Infections; Child; Humans; Infant; Intussusception; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 13703619
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.5250.495 -
Viruses Sep 2020Virus-host cell interactions include several skirmishes between the virus and its host, and the DNA damage response (DDR) network is one of their important... (Review)
Review
Virus-host cell interactions include several skirmishes between the virus and its host, and the DNA damage response (DDR) network is one of their important battlegrounds. Although some aspects of the DDR are exploited by adenovirus (Ad) to improve virus replication, especially at the early phase of infection, a large body of evidence demonstrates that Ad devotes many of its proteins, including E1B-55K, E4orf3, E4orf4, E4orf6, and core protein VII, and utilizes varied mechanisms to inhibit the DDR. These findings indicate that the DDR would strongly restrict Ad replication if allowed to function efficiently. Various Ad serotypes inactivate DNA damage sensors, including the Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) complex, DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), and Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1). As a result, these viruses inhibit signaling via DDR transducers, such as the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and ATM- and Rad3-related (ATR) kinases, to downstream effectors. The different Ad serotypes utilize both shared and distinct mechanisms to inhibit various branches of the DDR. The aim of this review is to understand the interactions between Ad proteins and the DDR and to appreciate how these interactions contribute to viral replication.
Topics: Adenoviridae; Adenoviridae Infections; Animals; Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins; DNA Damage; Humans; Signal Transduction; Virus Replication
PubMed: 32906746
DOI: 10.3390/v12090996 -
Poultry Science Nov 2020Outbreaks of inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) and adenoviral gizzard erosion have been anecdotally reported in Greece since approximately 2011. However, a relevant...
Outbreaks of inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) and adenoviral gizzard erosion have been anecdotally reported in Greece since approximately 2011. However, a relevant increase in clinical outbreaks compatible with IBH has been described since 2014. Unfortunately, with limited exceptions, only serological assays were performed, and involved strains were not properly characterized. In the present study, 35 outbreaks were investigated in the period between July 2017 and February 2018 in Greece. In addition to clinical and histopathological diagnosis, fowl adenovirus (FAdV) presence was investigated by PCR and sequencing. Thirty-four out of 35 samples tested FAdV positive. Twenty-nine (85.29%) and 5 (14.71%) strains were classified as FAdV-E and FAdV-D, respectively. Fowl adenovirus-E strains were genetically homogeneous and formed an independent cluster of Greek-only sequences, including the sole previously available sequence, suggesting the prolonged circulation of this species in Greece. On the contrary, FAdV-D strains were more heterogeneous and closely related to strains sampled in other European countries, testifying the occurrence of multiple introduction events. The evaluation of phylogenetic relationships, geographic clustering, age of infection, and origin of the broiler breeder flocks suggests that both vertical and horizontal transmission are important in FAdV epidemiology in Greece and highlights the limited efficacy of currently implemented control measures. Of note, a significantly higher mortality was observed in precociously infected flocks, likely because of the higher susceptibility of younger animals. This evidence stresses the need of preventing vertical and/or early infection to limit the economic impact of adenovirus-induced diseases.
Topics: Adenoviridae Infections; Animals; Aviadenovirus; Chickens; Europe; Greece; Molecular Epidemiology; Phylogeny; Poultry Diseases
PubMed: 33142516
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.07.019 -
Poultry Science Dec 2020The diagnosis of a concurrent infection of Avibacterium paragallinarum and fowl adenovirus (FAdV) in an infectious coryza-like outbreak in the outskirt of Beijing is...
The diagnosis of a concurrent infection of Avibacterium paragallinarum and fowl adenovirus (FAdV) in an infectious coryza-like outbreak in the outskirt of Beijing is reported. The primary signs of the infection were acute respiratory signs, a drop in egg production, and the presence of hydropericardium-hepatitis syndrome-like gross lesions. Laboratory examination confirmed the presence of A. paragallinarum by bacterial isolation and a species-specific PCR test. In addition, conventional serotyping identified the isolates as Page serovar A. Fowl adenovirus was isolated from chicken liver specimen and identified by hexon gene amplification. In addition, histopathologic analysis and transmission electron microscopy examination further confirmed the presence of the virus. Both hexon gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis defined the viral isolate as FAdV-4. The pathogenic role of A. paragallinarum and FAdV was evaluated by experimental infection of specific-pathogen-free chickens. The challenge trial showed that combined A. paragallinarum and FAdV infection resulted in more severe clinical signs than that by FAdV infection alone. The concurrent infection caused 50% mortality compared with 40% mortality by FAdV infection alone and zero mortality by A. paragallinarum infection alone. To our knowledge, this is the first report of A. paragallinarum coinfection with FAdV. The case implies that concurrent infections with these 2 agents do occur and more attention should be given to the potential of multiple agents during disease diagnosis and treatment.
Topics: Adenoviridae; Adenoviridae Infections; Animals; Chickens; China; Coinfection; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus paragallinarum; Phylogeny; Poultry Diseases
PubMed: 33248567
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.033