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Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics Apr 2015A novel perspective of the function of carotenoids and carotenoid-derived products - including, but not restricted to, the retinoids - is emerging in recent years which... (Review)
Review
A novel perspective of the function of carotenoids and carotenoid-derived products - including, but not restricted to, the retinoids - is emerging in recent years which connects these compounds to the control of adipocyte biology and body fat accumulation, with implications for the management of obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Cell and animal studies indicate that carotenoids and carotenoids derivatives can reduce adiposity and impact key aspects of adipose tissue biology including adipocyte differentiation, hypertrophy, capacity for fatty acid oxidation and thermogenesis (including browning of white adipose tissue) and secretory function. Epidemiological studies in humans associate higher dietary intakes and serum levels of carotenoids with decreased adiposity. Specifically designed human intervention studies, though still sparse, indicate a beneficial effect of carotenoid supplementation in the accrual of abdominal adiposity. The objective of this review is to summarize recent findings in this area, place them in physiological contexts, and provide likely regulatory schemes whenever possible. The focus will be on the effects of carotenoids as nutritional regulators of adipose tissue biology and both animal and human studies, which support a role of carotenoids and retinoids in the prevention of abdominal adiposity.
Topics: Adipocytes; Adipogenesis; Adiposity; Animals; Carotenoids; Humans; Obesity
PubMed: 25721497
DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.02.022 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2020Over the past decade, the increasing prevalence of obesity and its associated metabolic disorders constitutes one of the most concerning healthcare issues for countries... (Review)
Review
Over the past decade, the increasing prevalence of obesity and its associated metabolic disorders constitutes one of the most concerning healthcare issues for countries worldwide. In an effort to curb the increased mortality and morbidity derived from the obesity epidemic, various therapeutic strategies have been developed by researchers. In the recent years, advances in the field of adipocyte biology have revealed that the thermogenic adipose tissue holds great potential in ameliorating metabolic disorders. Additionally, epigenetic research has shed light on the effects of histone acetylation on adipogenesis and thermogenesis, thereby establishing the essential roles which histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) play in metabolism and systemic energy homeostasis. In regard to the therapeutic potential of thermogenic adipocytes for the treatment of metabolic diseases, herein, we describe the current state of knowledge of the regulation of thermogenic adipocyte differentiation and adaptive thermogenesis through histone acetylation. Furthermore, we highlight how different HATs and HDACs maintain the epigenetic transcriptional network to mediate the pathogenesis of various metabolic comorbidities. Finally, we provide insights into recent advances of the potential therapeutic applications and development of HAT and HDAC inhibitors to alleviate these pathological conditions.
Topics: Acetylation; Adaptation, Physiological; Adipocytes; Adipogenesis; Animals; Cell Differentiation; Histones; Humans; Thermogenesis
PubMed: 32174890
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00095 -
International Journal of Molecular... Oct 2019Adipose tissue is traditionally categorized into white and brown relating to their function and morphology. The classical white adipose tissue builds up energy in the... (Review)
Review
Adipose tissue is traditionally categorized into white and brown relating to their function and morphology. The classical white adipose tissue builds up energy in the form of triglycerides and is useful for preventing fatigue during periods of low caloric intake and the brown adipose tissue more energetically active, with a greater number of mitochondria and energy production in the form of heat. Since adult humans possess significant amounts of active brown fat depots and its mass inversely correlates with adiposity, brown fat might play an important role in human obesity and energy homeostasis. New evidence suggests two types of thermogenic adipocytes with distinct developmental and anatomical features: classical brown adipocytes and beige adipocytes. Beige adipocyte has recently attracted special interest because of its ability to dissipate energy and the possible ability to differentiate themselves from white adipocytes. The presence of brown and beige adipocyte in human adults has acquired attention as a possible therapeutic intervention for metabolic diseases. Importantly, adult human brown appears to be mainly composed of beige-like adipocytes, making this cell type an attractive therapeutic target for obesity and obesity-related diseases, such as atherosclerosis, arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus type 2. Because many epigenetics changes can affect beige adipocyte differentiation from adipose progenitor cells, the knowledge of the circumstances that affect the development of beige adipocyte cells may be important to new pathways in the treatment of metabolic diseases. New molecules have emerged as possible therapeutic targets, which through the impulse to develop beige adipocytes can be useful for clinical studies. In this review will discuss some recent observations arising from the unique physiological capacity of these cells and their possible role as ways to treat obesity and diabetes mellitus type 2.
Topics: Adipocytes, Beige; Animals; Anti-Obesity Agents; Exercise; Humans; Metabolic Diseases; Thermogenesis
PubMed: 31614705
DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205058 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2022When compared to adipocytes in other anatomical sites, the interaction of bone marrow resident adipocytes with the other cells in their microenvironment is less well... (Review)
Review
When compared to adipocytes in other anatomical sites, the interaction of bone marrow resident adipocytes with the other cells in their microenvironment is less well understood. Bone marrow adipocytes originate from a resident, self-renewing population of multipotent bone marrow stromal cells which can also give rise to other lineages such as osteoblasts. The differentiation fate of these mesenchymal progenitors can be influenced to favour adipogenesis by several factors, including the administration of thiazolidinediones and increased age. Experimental data suggests that increases in bone marrow adipose tissue volume may make bone both more attractive to metastasis and conducive to cancer cell growth. Bone marrow adipocytes are known to secrete a variety of lipids, cytokines and bioactive signaling molecules known as adipokines, which have been implicated as mediators of the interaction between adipocytes and cancer cells. Recent studies have provided new insight into the impact of bone marrow adipose tissue volume expansion in regard to supporting and exacerbating the effects of bone metastasis from solid tumors, focusing on prostate, breast and lung cancer and blood cancers, focusing on multiple myeloma. In this mini-review, recent research developments pertaining to the role of factors which increase bone marrow adipose tissue volume, as well as the role of adipocyte secreted factors, in the progression of bone metastatic prostate and breast cancer are assessed. In particular, recent findings regarding the complex cross-talk between adipocytes and metastatic cells of both lung and prostate cancer are highlighted.
Topics: Adipocytes; Adipogenesis; Bone Marrow Cells; Cell Communication; Humans; Male; Neoplasms; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 35903271
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.903925 -
Current Rheumatology Reports Jan 2017This review provides a summary of recent insights into the role of the local white adipose tissue (WAT) in systemic sclerosis. (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This review provides a summary of recent insights into the role of the local white adipose tissue (WAT) in systemic sclerosis.
RECENT FINDINGS
Adipocytes located in an interfacial WAT area adjacent to fibrotic lesions have an intermediate phenotype and special properties implicated in fibrotic pathology in systemic sclerosis (SSc). The important role of these cells is recognized in different pathologies, such as wound healing, psoriasis, breast cancer, and prostate cancer. Additionally, both immature and mature adipocytes are involved in the appearance of fibroblast-like cells but exhibit different phenotypes and synthetic properties. Adipocytes from interfacial WAT adjacent to the fibrotic area in SSc are phenotypically different from bulk adipocytes and are involved in pathogenesis of SSc. Immature and mature adipocytes from this WAT layer differentiate into various types of fibroblast-like cells, making the local ratio of immature to mature adipocytes in interfacial WAT of particular importance in SSc pathogenesis.
Topics: Adipocytes; Adipose Tissue, White; Cell Differentiation; Fibroblasts; Fibrosis; Humans; Myofibroblasts; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Phenotype; Pulmonary Fibrosis; Scleroderma, Systemic; Skin
PubMed: 28138823
DOI: 10.1007/s11926-017-0627-y -
The Biochemical Journal Jul 2020Adipose tissue is a central regulator of metabolism and an important pharmacological target to treat the metabolic consequences of obesity, such as insulin resistance... (Review)
Review
Adipose tissue is a central regulator of metabolism and an important pharmacological target to treat the metabolic consequences of obesity, such as insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Among the various cellular compartments, the adipocyte cell surface is especially appealing as a drug target as it contains various proteins that when activated or inhibited promote adipocyte health, change its endocrine function and eventually maintain or restore whole-body insulin sensitivity. In addition, cell surface proteins are readily accessible by various drug classes. However, targeting individual cell surface proteins in adipocytes has been difficult due to important functions of these proteins outside adipose tissue, raising various safety concerns. Thus, one of the biggest challenges is the lack of adipose selective surface proteins and/or targeting reagents. Here, we discuss several receptor families with an important function in adipogenesis and mature adipocytes to highlight the complexity at the cell surface and illustrate the problems with identifying adipose selective proteins. We then discuss that, while no unique adipocyte surface protein might exist, how splicing, posttranslational modifications as well as protein/protein interactions can create enormous diversity at the cell surface that vastly expands the space of potentially unique epitopes and how these selective epitopes can be identified and targeted.
Topics: Adipocytes; Adipogenesis; Adipose Tissue; Adipose Tissue, Brown; Adipose Tissue, White; Animals; Epitopes; Humans; Insulin Resistance
PubMed: 32648930
DOI: 10.1042/BCJ20190462 -
Adipocyte Dec 2019Individual cell types vary enormously in the amount of different organelles they contain. One such organelle is the mitochondrion. Understanding how mitochondrial levels... (Review)
Review
Individual cell types vary enormously in the amount of different organelles they contain. One such organelle is the mitochondrion. Understanding how mitochondrial levels are controlled is essential since so many disease states seem to involve mitochondrial function. The beige adipocyte is an inducible form of adipocyte that emerges in response to cold exposure and some other external stimuli. To perform its thermogenic function, its level of mitochondria increases dramatically. If the stimuli are removed the mitochondrial levels return to base line. Following the withdrawal of external stimuli, beige adipocytes directly acquire a white fat-like phenotype through mitophagy-mediated mitochondrial degradation. The beige cell is therefore a dynamic model for studying the mechanism of mitochondrial biogenesis and degradation.
Topics: Adipocytes; Adipocytes, Beige; Adipose Tissue, Beige; Adipose Tissue, White; Animals; Humans; Mitochondria; Mitophagy; Organelle Biogenesis; Phenotype; Signal Transduction; Thermogenesis; Uncoupling Protein 1
PubMed: 30686106
DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2019.1574194 -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta.... Apr 2018Accumulation of dysfunctional white adipose tissues increases risks for cardiometabolic diseases in obesity. In addition to white, brown or brite adipose tissues are... (Review)
Review
Accumulation of dysfunctional white adipose tissues increases risks for cardiometabolic diseases in obesity. In addition to white, brown or brite adipose tissues are also present in adult humans and increasing their amount may be protective. Therefore, understanding factors regulating the amount and function of each adipose depot is crucial for developing therapeutic targets for obesity and its associated metabolic diseases. The transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) superfamily, which consists of TGFβ, BMPs, GDFs, and activins, controls multiple aspects of adipose biology. This review focuses on the recent development in understanding the role of TGFβ superfamily in the regulation of white, brite and brown adipocyte differentiation, adipose tissue fibrosis, and adipocyte metabolic and endocrine functions. TGFβ family and their antagonists are produced locally within adipose tissues and their expression levels are altered in obesity. We also discuss their potential contribution to adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity.
Topics: Adipocytes; Adipose Tissue; Animals; Cell Differentiation; Fibrosis; Humans; Obesity; Transforming Growth Factor beta
PubMed: 29409985
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.01.025 -
Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism:... Feb 2019Hair follicles (HFs) strongly interact with adipocytes within the dermal white adipose tissue (dWAT), suggesting a strong physiological dependence on the content of... (Review)
Review
Hair follicles (HFs) strongly interact with adipocytes within the dermal white adipose tissue (dWAT), suggesting a strong physiological dependence on the content of immature and mature adipocytes in this layer. This content is regulated by the proliferation and differentiation of adipocyte precursors, as well as by dedifferentiation of mature existing adipocytes. Spatially, long-range interactions between HFs and dWAT involve the exchange of extracellular vesicles which are differentially released by precursors, preadipocytes, and mature adipocytes. Different exogenous factors, including light irradiation, are likely to modify the release of adipocyte-derived exosomes in dWAT, which can lead to aberrations of the HF cycle. Consequently, dWAT should be considered as a potential target for the modulation of hair growth.
Topics: Adipocytes; Adipose Tissue, White; Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cell Proliferation; Hair Follicle; Humans
PubMed: 30558832
DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2018.11.004 -
Cytometry. Part a : the Journal of the... Feb 2018Adipocyte infiltration in the bone marrow follows chemotherapy or irradiation. Previous studies indicate that bone marrow fat cells inhibit hematopoietic stem cell...
Adipocyte infiltration in the bone marrow follows chemotherapy or irradiation. Previous studies indicate that bone marrow fat cells inhibit hematopoietic stem cell function. Recently, Zhou et al. (2017) using state-of-the-art techniques, including sophisticated Cre/loxP technologies, confocal microscopy, in vivo lineage-tracing, flow cytometry, and bone marrow transplantation, reveal that adipocytes promote hematopoietic recovery after irradiation. This study challenges the current view of adipocytes as negative regulators of the hematopoietic stem cells niche, and reopens the discussion about adipocytes' roles in the bone marrow. Strikingly, genetic deletion of stem cell factor specifically from adipocytes leads to deficiency in hematopoietic stem cells, and reduces animal survival after myeloablation, The emerging knowledge from this research will be important for the treatment of multiple hematologic disorders. © 2017 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
Topics: Adipocytes; Animals; Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Cells; Bone Marrow Transplantation; Hematopoietic Stem Cells; Humans
PubMed: 29236351
DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23301