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JPMA. the Journal of the Pakistan... Apr 2023Adipose tissue or fat tissue is a loose connective tissue that consists mainly of adipocytes. Adipocytes are classified on the basis of their secretory origin,... (Review)
Review
Adipose tissue or fat tissue is a loose connective tissue that consists mainly of adipocytes. Adipocytes are classified on the basis of their secretory origin, differentiation, distribution, cell characteristics, such as amount of mitochondria, size and type of lipid droplets, and expression of uncoupled protein-1. Adipocytes secrete adipokines that are divided as white adipokines, brown adipokines and beige adipokines. Adipokines have been used as diagnostic and prognostic markers for different oral diseases. Irisin, chemerin, resistin, adiponectin, zinc alpha 2 macroglobulin, leptin, visfatin, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 are some important adipokines associated with oral diseases, such as dental caries, periodontal diseases, recurrent aphthous stomatitis, oral cancers, oral premalignant lesions, Sjogren's syndrome, Kawasaki disease and Behcet's disease. The current narrative review was planned to focus on the pathophysiological role of adipokines in oral diseases and their role as biomarkers for early diagnosis and prompt treatment.
Topics: Humans; Adipokines; Dental Caries; Prognosis; Leptin; Adipose Tissue; Adiponectin
PubMed: 37052000
DOI: 10.47391/JPMA.4737 -
Current Opinion in Genetics &... Jun 2023The white adipose tissue's primary roles are to store and mobilise energy, which is very different from the brown adipose tissue's function of using fuel to generate... (Review)
Review
The white adipose tissue's primary roles are to store and mobilise energy, which is very different from the brown adipose tissue's function of using fuel to generate heat and maintain the body temperature. The adipose tissues (ATs), co-ordinately with the other organs, sense energetic demands and inform of their reserves before embarking on energetically demanding physiological functions. It is not surprising that ATs exhibit highly integrated regulatory mechanisms mediated by a diversified secretome, including adipokines, lipokines, metabolites and a repertoire of extracellular miRNAs that contribute to integrating the function of the AT niche and connect the AT through paracrine and endocrine effects with the whole organism. Characterising the adipose secretome, its changes in health and disease, regulation by ageing and gender and their contribution to energy homoeostasis is necessary to optimise its use for personalised strategies to prevent or reverse metabolic diseases.
Topics: Humans; Adipose Tissue; Adipokines; Obesity; Metabolic Diseases; Adiposity
PubMed: 37099831
DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2023.102046 -
Journal of the American College of... Oct 2016Adipokines are peptides, secreted by adipocytes and other cell types with targets in other tissues, participating in a complex network of humoral factors involved in... (Review)
Review
Adipokines are peptides, secreted by adipocytes and other cell types with targets in other tissues, participating in a complex network of humoral factors involved in obesity, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular (CV) disease. This review describes recent information about adipokine effects on the CV system. Rather than simply providing a listing of adipokines and their respective effects, network analysis is used to enhance understanding. Various relationships and emergent processes in the adipokine-CV system network are discussed, with the most significant interactors being responses to hypoxia, regulation of cell migration, effects on blood coagulation, and platelet activation. Clinical translation is provided through network representations of the "obesity paradox," "metabolically healthy obese," "metabolic syndrome," and beneficial role of lifestyle medicine. As more translatable information about the larger adipokine-CV-lifestyle network is acquired from laboratory and clinical research, the strategic and precise role of lifestyle intervention can be fashioned to improve CV outcomes.
Topics: Adipokines; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; Humans; Life Style; Metabolic Syndrome; Obesity
PubMed: 27737746
DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.06.072 -
International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2021Adiponectin is an adipokine associated with the healthy obese phenotype. Adiponectin increases insulin sensitivity and has cardio and vascular protection actions.... (Review)
Review
Adiponectin is an adipokine associated with the healthy obese phenotype. Adiponectin increases insulin sensitivity and has cardio and vascular protection actions. Studies related to adiponectin, a modulator of the innate and acquired immunity response, have suggested a role of this molecule in asthma. Studies based on various asthma animal models and on the key cells involved in the allergic response have provided important insights about this relation. Some of them indicated protection and others reversed the balance towards negative effects. Many of them described the cellular pathways activated by adiponectin, which are potentially beneficial for asthma prevention or for reduction in the risk of exacerbations. However, conclusive proofs about their efficiency still need to be provided. In this article, we will, briefly, present the general actions of adiponectin and the epidemiological studies supporting the relation with asthma. The main focus of the current review is on the mechanisms of adiponectin and the impact on the pathobiology of asthma. From this perspective, we will provide arguments for and against the positive influence of this molecule in asthma, also indicating the controversies and sketching out the potential directions of research to complete the picture.
Topics: Adipokines; Adiponectin; Asthma; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Leptin; Obesity
PubMed: 34445677
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168971 -
International Journal of Molecular... Feb 2022Adipokines are a growing group of peptide or protein hormones that play important roles in whole body metabolism and metabolic diseases. Sleep is an integral component... (Review)
Review
Adipokines are a growing group of peptide or protein hormones that play important roles in whole body metabolism and metabolic diseases. Sleep is an integral component of energy metabolism, and sleep disturbance has been implicated in a wide range of metabolic disorders. Accumulating evidence suggests that adipokines may play a role in mediating the close association between sleep disorders and systemic metabolic derangements. In this review, we briefly summarize a group of selected adipokines and their identified function in metabolism. Moreover, we provide a balanced overview of these adipokines and their roles in sleep physiology and sleep disorders from recent human and animal studies. These studies collectively demonstrate that the functions of adipokine in sleep physiology and disorders could be largely twofold: (1) adipokines have multifaceted roles in sleep physiology and sleep disorders, and (2) sleep disturbance can in turn affect adipokine functions that likely contribute to systemic metabolic derangements.
Topics: Adipokines; Animals; Humans; Metabolic Diseases; Sleep; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive; Sleep Wake Disorders
PubMed: 35163627
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031706 -
Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) Feb 2012Polymorphisms in adipokine genes, such as leptin (LEP), leptin receptor (LEPR), resistin (RETN), adiponectin (ADIPOQ), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6 (IL-6), and tumor... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Polymorphisms in adipokine genes, such as leptin (LEP), leptin receptor (LEPR), resistin (RETN), adiponectin (ADIPOQ), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) may be involved in the development of obesity. We conducted a systematic review of published evidence on the association between different adipokine genes and the risk of obesity. Librarian-designed searches of PubMed and HuGeNet, review of reference lists from published reviews and content expert advice identified potentially eligible studies. The genotyping information and polymorphisms of different adipokine genes, numbers of genotyped cases and controls and frequencies of genotypes were extracted from 48 eligible studies included in this review. Twenty-one polymorphisms each associated with obesity in at least one study were identified. Polymorphisms in the adipokine genes, LEP, LEPR, and RETN were not associated with obesity susceptibility, whereas ADIPOQ G276T (T vs. G: odds ratio (OR), 1.59; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.39-1.81), IL-1β C3953T (CC vs. CT+TT: OR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.18-2.20), and TNF-α G308A (GG vs. GA+AA: OR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.02-1.39) polymorphisms were associated with an increased risk of obesity. The IL-6 G174C polymorphism was also associated obesity when using allelic comparisons, the recessive genetic model and the dominant genetic model with OR (95% CI) of 1.95 (1.37-2.77), 1.44 (1.15-1.80), and 1.36 (1.16-1.59), respectively. No significant evidence of publication bias was present. However, these "null" results were underpowered due to a small pooled sample size, and analysis of additional case-control studies with larger sample sizes should provide further clarifications.
Topics: Adipokines; Adiponectin; Case-Control Studies; China; Female; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Genotype; Humans; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-6; Leptin; Male; Obesity; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Receptors, Leptin; Resistin; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
PubMed: 21660081
DOI: 10.1038/oby.2011.148 -
The Review of Diabetic Studies : RDS 2015Adipose tissue secretes an abundance of proteins. Some of these proteins are known as adipokines and adipose-derived hormones which have been linked with metabolic... (Review)
Review
Adipose tissue secretes an abundance of proteins. Some of these proteins are known as adipokines and adipose-derived hormones which have been linked with metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes, and even with cancer. Variance in serum adipokine concentration is often closely associated with an increase (obesity) or decrease (lipodystrophy) in fat tissue mass, and it is affected by age, gender, and localization of the adipose tissue. However, there may be genetic variants which, in consequence, influence the serum concentration of a certain adipokine, and thereby promote metabolic disturbances or, with regard to the "protective" allele, exert beneficial effects. This review focuses on the genetic determination of serum levels of the following adipokines: adiponectin, chemerin, leptin, progranulin, resistin, retinol binding protein 4, vaspin, adipsin, apelin, and omentin. The article reports on the latest findings from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and candidate gene studies, showing variants located in/nearby the adipokine genes and other (non-receptor) genes. An extra chapter highlights adipokine-receptor variants. Epigenetic studies on adipokines are also addressed.
Topics: Adipokines; Adiponectin; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Genome-Wide Association Study; Humans; Leptin; Obesity
PubMed: 26859657
DOI: 10.1900/RDS.2015.12.277 -
Science Advances Dec 2022C1q/tumor necrosis factor-related protein 9 (CTRP9) is an adipokine and has high potential as a therapeutic target. However, the role of CTRP9 in cardiovascular disease...
C1q/tumor necrosis factor-related protein 9 (CTRP9) is an adipokine and has high potential as a therapeutic target. However, the role of CTRP9 in cardiovascular disease pathogenesis remains unclear. We found CTRP9 to induce HDAC7 and p38 MAPK phosphorylation via tight regulation of AMPK in vascular endothelial cells, leading to angiogenesis through increased activity. The expression of and atheroprotective was decreased in plaque tissue of atherosclerotic patients and the ventricle of post-infarction mice. CTRP9 treatment inhibited the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in ApoE KO and CTRP9 KO mice. In addition, CTRP9 induced significant ischemic injury prevention in the post-MI mice. Clinically, serum CTRP9 levels were reduced in patients with MI compared with healthy controls. In summary, CTRP9 induces a vasoprotective response via the AMPK/HDAC7/p38 MAPK pathway in vascular endothelial cells, whereas its absence can contribute to atherosclerosis and MI. Hence, CTRP9 may represent a valuable therapeutic target and biomarker in cardiovascular diseases.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Angiogenic Proteins; Adipokines; Complement C1q; Endothelial Cells; AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; Myocardial Infarction; Histone Deacetylases; Atherosclerosis; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; Glycoproteins; Adiponectin
PubMed: 36459558
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq0898 -
Cytokine Sep 2020Adipose tissue secretes various bioactive peptides/proteins, immune molecules and inflammatory mediators which are known as adipokines or adipocytokines. Adipokines play... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Adipose tissue secretes various bioactive peptides/proteins, immune molecules and inflammatory mediators which are known as adipokines or adipocytokines. Adipokines play important roles in the maintenance of energy homeostasis, appetite, glucose and lipid metabolism, insulin sensitivity, angiogenesis, immunity and inflammation. Enormous number of studies from all over the world proved that adipocytokines are involved in the pathogenesis of diseases affecting nearly all body systems, which raises the question whether we can always blame adipocytokines as the triggering factor of every disease that may hit the body.
OBJECTIVE
Our review targeted the role played by adipocytokines in the pathogenesis of different diseases affecting different body systems including diabetes mellitus, kidney diseases, gynecological diseases, rheumatologic disorders, cancers, Alzheimer's, depression, muscle disorders, liver diseases, cardiovascular and lung diseases.
METHODOLOGY
We cited more than 33 recent literature reviews that discussed the role played by adipocytokines in the pathogenesis of different diseases affecting different body systems.
CONCLUSION
More evidence is being discovered to date about the role played by adipocytokines in more diseases and extra research is needed to explore hidden roles played by adipokine imbalance on disease pathogenesis.
Topics: Adipokines; Adipose Tissue; Animals; Humans; Immunity; Inflammation; Inflammation Mediators
PubMed: 32559663
DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155144 -
International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2020Adipokines are the primary mediators of adipose tissue-induced and regulated systemic inflammatory diseases; however, recent findings revealed that serum levels of... (Review)
Review
Adipokines are the primary mediators of adipose tissue-induced and regulated systemic inflammatory diseases; however, recent findings revealed that serum levels of various adipokines correlate also with the onset and the severity of dermatological diseases. Importantly, further data confirmed that the skin serves not only as a target for adipokine signaling, but may serve as a source too. In this review, we aim to provide a complex overview on how adipokines may integrate into the (patho) physiological conditions of the skin by introducing the cell types, such as keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and sebocytes, which are known to produce adipokines as well as the signals that target them. Moreover, we discuss data from in vivo and in vitro murine and human studies as well as genetic data on how adipokines may contribute to various aspects of the homeostasis of the skin, e.g., melanogenesis, hair growth, or wound healing, just as to the pathogenesis of dermatological diseases such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, acne, rosacea, and melanoma.
Topics: Adipokines; Animals; Humans; Skin; Skin Diseases; Wound Healing
PubMed: 33260746
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239048