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Microbiology Spectrum Aug 2016Aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria can be important pathogens in the immunocompromised host. These bacteria can be found in many environments, as part of... (Review)
Review
Aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria can be important pathogens in the immunocompromised host. These bacteria can be found in many environments, as part of the normal microbiota of the human host and animals, in soil and water, on plants, on fomites in the hospital, and on hospital equipment. This review provides information from relevant studies about what are the most common aerobic bacteria associated with patients who have cancer and/or are being treated for it, or who have other diseases which lead to immunodeficiencies, such as HIV, multiple myeloma, aplastic anemia, chronic diseases, and aging. A discussion of the appropriate laboratory tests needed for diagnosis of aerobic infections and information about antibiotics and susceptibility testing are also included.
Topics: Bacteria, Aerobic; Bacterial Infections; Bacteriological Techniques; Disease Susceptibility; Humans; Immunocompromised Host
PubMed: 27726805
DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.DMIH2-0027-2016 -
Journal of Applied Microbiology Dec 2014The purpose of this study was to investigate the culturable aerobic pharyngeal and cloacal bacterial flora of free-living birds, to determine the physiological bacterial...
AIMS
The purpose of this study was to investigate the culturable aerobic pharyngeal and cloacal bacterial flora of free-living birds, to determine the physiological bacterial microbiota, to identify possible interactions between feeding behaviour and the composition of the pharyngeal and cloacal microflora and to investigate the occurrence of pathogenic bacteria.
METHODS AND RESULTS
Cloacal and pharyngeal swabs of 167 free-living birds, including water rails (Rallus aquaticus), spotted crakes (Porzana porzana), mute swans (Cygnus olor), barn swallows (Hirundo rustica), reed warblers (Acrocephalus scirpaceus) and black cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) from Germany, were cultured to determine the prevalence of aerobic bacteria. Statistical analysis of bacterial findings and feeding behaviour was performed. A widespread soil and water bacteria were isolated, which are expected to be present in the habitat and food. However, some potentially avian- and human-pathogenic bacteria, such as Aeromonas hydrophila, Elizabethkingia meningoseptica, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, were also recovered.
CONCLUSIONS
Free-living birds of the examined species harbour several environmental bacteria, which could be facultative pathogenic.
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY
Prevalence of bacteria in healthy free-living birds of the species included in this survey is influenced by environmental and alimentary factors.
Topics: Aeromonadaceae; Animals; Bacteria, Aerobic; Birds; Cloaca; Enterobacteriaceae; Pharynx
PubMed: 25176477
DOI: 10.1111/jam.12636 -
Microbiology (Reading, England) Jan 2002The design and evaluation of a set of universal primers and probe for the amplification of 16S rDNA from the Domain Bacteria to estimate total bacterial load by...
The design and evaluation of a set of universal primers and probe for the amplification of 16S rDNA from the Domain Bacteria to estimate total bacterial load by real-time PCR is reported. Broad specificity of the universal detection system was confirmed by testing DNA isolated from 34 bacterial species encompassing most of the groups of bacteria outlined in Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. However, the nature of the chromosomal DNA used as a standard was critical. A DNA standard representing those bacteria most likely to predominate in a given habitat was important for a more accurate determination of total bacterial load due to variations in 16S rDNA copy number and the effect of generation time of the bacteria on this number, since rapid growth could result in multiple replication forks and hence, in effect, more than one copy of portions of the chromosome. The validity of applying these caveats to estimating bacterial load was confirmed by enumerating the number of bacteria in an artificial sample mixed in vitro and in clinical carious dentine samples. Taking these parameters into account, the number of anaerobic bacteria estimated by the universal probe and primers set in carious dentine was 40-fold greater than the total bacterial load detected by culture methods, demonstrating the utility of real-time PCR in the analysis of this environment.
Topics: Bacteria, Aerobic; Bacteria, Anaerobic; Bacterial Infections; Colony Count, Microbial; Culture Media; DNA Probes; DNA, Bacterial; DNA, Ribosomal; Dental Caries; Dentin; Gene Dosage; Humans; Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Taq Polymerase
PubMed: 11782518
DOI: 10.1099/00221287-148-1-257 -
Microbial Biotechnology Jul 2019Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) produced by aerobic bacteria is a biopolymer with sophisticated technical properties. Although the potential for economically relevant... (Review)
Review
Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) produced by aerobic bacteria is a biopolymer with sophisticated technical properties. Although the potential for economically relevant applications is huge, the cost of BNC still limits its application to a few biomedical devices and the edible product Nata de Coco, made available by traditional fermentation methods in Asian countries. Thus, a wider economic relevance of BNC is still dependent on breakthrough developments on the production technology. On the other hand, the development of modified strains able to overproduce BNC with new properties - e.g. porosity, density of fibres crosslinking, mechanical properties, etc. - will certainly allow to overcome investment and cost production issues and enlarge the scope of BNC applications. This review discusses current knowledge about the molecular basis of BNC biosynthesis, its regulations and, finally, presents a perspective on the genetic modification of BNC producers made possible by the new tools available for genetic engineering.
Topics: Bacteria, Aerobic; Biotechnology; Cellulose; Metabolic Engineering; Nanostructures
PubMed: 30883026
DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13386 -
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Jul 1994The aerobic actinomycetes are soil-inhabiting microorganisms that occur worldwide. In 1888, Nocard first recognized the pathogenic potential of this group of... (Review)
Review
The aerobic actinomycetes are soil-inhabiting microorganisms that occur worldwide. In 1888, Nocard first recognized the pathogenic potential of this group of microorganisms. Since then, several aerobic actinomycetes have been a major source of interest for the commercial drug industry and have proved to be extremely useful microorganisms for producing novel antimicrobial agents. They have also been well known as potential veterinary pathogens affecting many different animal species. The medically important aerobic actinomycetes may cause significant morbidity and mortality, in particular in highly susceptible severely immunocompromised patients, including transplant recipients and patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. However, the diagnosis of these infections may be difficult, and effective antimicrobial therapy may be complicated by antimicrobial resistance. The taxonomy of these microorganisms has been problematic. In recent revisions of their classification, new pathogenic species have been recognized. The development of additional and more reliable diagnostic tests and of a standardized method for antimicrobial susceptibility testing and the application of molecular techniques for the diagnosis and subtyping of these microorganisms are needed to better diagnose and treat infected patients and to identify effective control measures for these unusual pathogens. We review the epidemiology and microbiology of the major medically important aerobic actinomycetes.
Topics: AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Actinomycetales; Actinomycetales Infections; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria, Aerobic; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nocardia; Nocardia Infections; Virulence
PubMed: 7923055
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.7.3.357 -
Brazilian Journal of Microbiology :... Dec 2020Extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins are highly abundant in the human body and can be found in various tissues, most prominently in connective tissue and basement... (Review)
Review
Extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins are highly abundant in the human body and can be found in various tissues, most prominently in connective tissue and basement membrane. For invasive bacterial pathogens, these structures function as physical barriers that block access to underlying tissues. The ability to bind and degrade these barriers is important for the establishment of infections and migration to other body sites. In the oral cavity, the ECM and the basement membrane (BM) are important components of the Junctional epithelium (JE) that closes the gap between the teeth surface and the mucosa. In periodontitis, the JE is breached by invading pathogenic bacteria, particularly strict anaerobic species. In periodontitis, invading microorganisms induce an unregulated and destructive host response through polymicrobial synergism and dysbiosis that attracts immune cells and contributes to the destruction of connective tissue and bone in the periodontal pocket. Colonization of the periodontal pocket is the first step to establish this infection, and binding to ECM is a major advantage in this site. Several species of strict anaerobic bacteria are implicated in acute and chronic periodontitis, and although binding to ECM proteins was studied in these species, few adhesins were identified so far, and the mechanisms involved in adhesion are largely unidentified. This review summarizes the data available on the interaction of strict anaerobic bacteria and components of the ECM.
Topics: Adhesins, Bacterial; Anaerobiosis; Bacteria, Aerobic; Bacterial Adhesion; Epithelial Attachment; Extracellular Matrix; Extracellular Matrix Proteins; Humans; Periodontitis
PubMed: 32557245
DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00312-2 -
The Journal of Investigative Dermatology Mar 1987
Topics: Actinomycetales; Axilla; Bacteria, Aerobic; Bacteria, Anaerobic; Face; Humans; Malassezia; Micrococcaceae; Perineum; Scalp; Skin
PubMed: 3102625
DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12468965 -
Cell Cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) 2015
Topics: Animals; Bacteria, Aerobic; Humans; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 26114316
DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1062328 -
Metal Ions in Life Sciences 2014Carbon monoxide (CO) pollutes the atmosphere and is toxic for respiring organisms including man. But CO is also an energy and carbon source for phylogenetically diverse... (Review)
Review
Carbon monoxide (CO) pollutes the atmosphere and is toxic for respiring organisms including man. But CO is also an energy and carbon source for phylogenetically diverse microbes living under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Use of CO as metabolic fuel for microbes relies on enzymes like carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CODH) and acetyl-CoA synthase (ACS), which catalyze conversions resembling processes that eventually initiated the dawn of life.CODHs catalyze the (reversible) oxidation of CO with water to CO2 and come in two different flavors with unprecedented active site architectures. Aerobic bacteria employ a Cu- and Mo-containing CODH in which Cu activates CO and Mo activates water and takes up the two electrons generated in the reaction. Anaerobic bacteria and archaea use a Ni- and Fe-containing CODH, where Ni activates CO and Fe provides the nucleophilic water. Ni- and Fe-containing CODHs are frequently associated with ACS, where the CODH component reduces CO2 to CO and ACS condenses CO with a methyl group and CoA to acetyl-CoA.Our current state of knowledge on how the three enzymes catalyze these reactions will be summarized and the different strategies of CODHs to achieve the same task within different active site architectures compared.
Topics: Aerobiosis; Aldehyde Oxidoreductases; Anaerobiosis; Archaea; Bacteria, Aerobic; Bacteria, Anaerobic; Carbon Monoxide; Energy-Generating Resources; Humans; Iron; Multienzyme Complexes; Nickel; Protein Structure, Secondary
PubMed: 25416390
DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9269-1_3 -
Environmental Health Perspectives Jun 1995Studies have identified two distinct biological processes capable of biotransforming polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): aerobic oxidative processes and anaerobic... (Review)
Review
Studies have identified two distinct biological processes capable of biotransforming polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): aerobic oxidative processes and anaerobic reductive processes. It is now known that these two complementary activities are occurring naturally in the environment. Anaerobic PCB dechlorination, responsible for the conversion of highly chlorinated PCBs to lightly chlorinated ortho-enriched congeners, has been documented extensively in the Hudson River and has been observed at many other sites throughout the world. The products from this anaerobic process are readily degradable by a wide range of aerobic bacteria, and it has now been shown that this process is occurring in surficial sediments in the Hudson River. The widespread anaerobic dechlorination of PCBs that has been observed in many river and marine sediments results in reduction of both the potential risk from and potential exposure to PCBs. The reductions in potential risk include reduced dioxinlike toxicity and reduced carcinogenicity. The reduced PCB exposure realized upon dechlorination is manifested by reduced bioaccumulation in the food chain and by the increased anaerobic degradability of these products.
Topics: Bacteria, Aerobic; Bacteria, Anaerobic; Biodegradation, Environmental; Biphenyl Compounds; Environmental Pollutants; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated
PubMed: 8565922
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.95103s497