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Zebrafish Mar 2012The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is an increasingly used laboratory animal model in basic biology and biomedicine, novel drug development, and toxicology. The wide use has...
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is an increasingly used laboratory animal model in basic biology and biomedicine, novel drug development, and toxicology. The wide use has increased the demand for optimized husbandry protocols to ensure animal health care and welfare. The knowledge about the correlation between culturable zebrafish intestinal microbiota and health in relation to environmental factors and management procedures is very limited. A semi-quantitative level of growth of individual types of bacteria was determined and associated with sampling points. A total of 72 TAB line zebrafish from four laboratories (Labs A-D) in the Zebrafish Network Norway were used. Diagnostic was based on traditional bacterial culture methods and biochemical characterization using commercial kits, followed by 16S rDNA gene sequencing from pure subcultures. Also selected Gram-negative isolates were analyzed for antibiotic susceptibility to 8 different antibiotics. A total of 13 morphologically different bacterial species were the most prevalent: Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas sobria, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Photobacterium damselae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas luteola, Comamonas testosteroni, Ochrobactrum anthropi, Staphylococcus cohnii, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus capitis, and Staphylococcus warneri. Only Lab B had significantly higher levels of total bacterial growth (OR=2.03), whereas numbers from Lab C (OR=1.01) and Lab D (OR=1.12) were found to be similar to the baseline Lab A. Sexually immature individuals had a significantly higher level of harvested total bacterial growth than mature fish (OR=0.82), no statistically significant differences were found between male and female fish (OR=1.01), and the posterior intestinal segment demonstrated a higher degree of culturable bacteria than the anterior segment (OR=4.1). Multiple antibiotic (>3) resistance was observed in 17% of the strains. We propose that a rapid conventional diagnostic bacteriological assay on the culturable microbiota profiles can be designed and used as quality measure of the husbandry routines of a zebrafish facility to ensure a bacterial standard safeguarding the zebrafish health and welfare.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Biodiversity; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Female; Gastrointestinal Tract; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Zebrafish
PubMed: 22428747
DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2011.0712 -
Archives of Razi Institute Dec 2021The current study aimed to isolate and identify the bacteria associated with burn wounds and investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern against a group of most...
The current study aimed to isolate and identify the bacteria associated with burn wounds and investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern against a group of most commonly prescribed antibiotics. In total, 105 burn wound swabs were collected from burn patients admitted to the burn unit of Al-Sadr Teaching Hospital in Misan City, Iraq. The swabs had been cultured on different media; the colonies were diagnosed based on the phenotypic and culture characteristics. The bacteria were identified through cultural characters and Gram staining diagnosed by VITEK 2 Compact Automated Systems. In total, there were nine distinct bacterial isolations, of which, was the most common pathogen [20%] followed by [17.14%], .[16.19%], [13.33%], [10.47%], [7.6%], [6.6%], and at last, and , which had the same percentage [4.7%]. Most isolates showed high resistance to Tobramycin, Trimethoprim, Cephalothin, and Imipenem while isolates mostly had high susceptibility to Amikacin, Cefotaxime, and Ciprofloxacin. Wound burn infection still represents a serious problem for burn patients with many bacteria developing different degrees of resistance to most known antibiotics.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Iraq; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Humans
PubMed: 35546990
DOI: 10.22092/ari.2021.356367.1833 -
Veterinaria Italiana 2015The rapid rise in the number of pet chelonians and their illegal trade can modify the ecology, involving exotic pets, humans, and microbiological agents. Therefore,...
The rapid rise in the number of pet chelonians and their illegal trade can modify the ecology, involving exotic pets, humans, and microbiological agents. Therefore, different epidemiological situations and the related risk to introduce and spread infectious diseases, especially zoonotic agents, have to be considered. The aim of this study was to investigate the microbiological and parasitological situation in 2 chelonian facilities (a private breeding of tortoises and a shelter for turtles) collecting oral/cloacal swabs and cloacal flushes to research viruses, bacteria, and parasites. No Chelonian Herperviruses, Cryptosporidium spp., and Giardia spp. infections were found. Salmonella spp. were detected in 8% of tortoises and in 37.5% of turtles and oxyurid eggs in 23.7% of tortoises and 15% of turtles; ascarid eggs were present only in tortoises. Moreover, 6 turtles showed cutaneous lesions, where Aeromonas sobria was isolated as main pathogen. Further studies should be performed to understand the zoonotic and infectious risk in each chelonian facility and to characterize the variables that could influence the microbiological patterns.
Topics: Animals; Italy; Turtles
PubMed: 26344661
DOI: 10.12834/VetIt.7.21.3 -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology May 1991Between January 1988 and December 1989 Aeromonas species were isolated from 45 (1.8%) of 2,480 patients with acute gastroenteritis. No other bacterial enteric pathogens...
Between January 1988 and December 1989 Aeromonas species were isolated from 45 (1.8%) of 2,480 patients with acute gastroenteritis. No other bacterial enteric pathogens were found in any of these 45 patients. Of the 45 Aeromonas isolates, 35 strains (77.8%) were Aeromonas hydrophila, 7 (15.5%) were Aeromonas sobria, and 3 (6.7%) were Aeromonas caviae. Most of the patients were under 5 years of age. No bacterial enteric pathogens, including Aeromonas species, were isolated from 512 age- and sex-matched control subjects. Examination of the Aeromonas isolates for exotoxin production (enterotoxin and hemolysin) indicated that all strains, irrespective of species, were enterotoxin positive (rabbit ileal loop model) and hemolysin positive (rabbit erythrocyte model). These results suggest that Aeromonas species are potential enteric pathogens in our geographical region.
Topics: Aeromonas; Child, Preschool; Diarrhea; Enterotoxins; Gastroenteritis; Hemolysin Proteins; Humans; Species Specificity
PubMed: 2056050
DOI: 10.1128/jcm.29.5.853-856.1991 -
Toxicon : Official Journal of the... Aug 2011Invasion by bacteria can influence the course of healing of wounds acquired in aquatic environment. In this study, the bacteria present in Potamotrygon motoro stingray...
Invasion by bacteria can influence the course of healing of wounds acquired in aquatic environment. In this study, the bacteria present in Potamotrygon motoro stingray mucus and in the Alto Paraná river water were identified, and their ability to induce tissue injury and resist antibiotics was determined. Biochemical identification analysis showed that 97% of all bacterial isolates were Gram negative, Aeromonas spp., Enterobacter cloacae and Citrobacter freundii being the species most prevalent. Gelatinase and caseinase were produced by Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas sobria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. Erythrocyte hemolysis assay showed that A. sobria, A. hydrophila and to a lesser extent, other Gram-negative bacteria produced hemolysin. It was also observed that molecules released in culture by these bacteria were toxic to human epithelial cells. Antibiogram results showed that 68% of all bacterial isolates were resistant to at least one type of antibiotic, mainly B-lactams. Finally, it was demonstrated that although P. motoro venom was toxic to epithelial cells it did not influence bacterial proliferation. In summary, the results obtained in this work indicate that during the accident, the mucus of P. motoro and the environmental water may transfer into the wound pathogenic multi-resistant bacteria with the potential to cause severe secondary infections.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Bacterial Toxins; Bites and Stings; Brazil; Cell Line; Cell Survival; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Epithelial Cells; Fish Venoms; Gelatinases; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Hemolysin Proteins; Humans; Metalloendopeptidases; Microbial Viability; Mucus; Rivers; Skates, Fish; Wound Healing; Wound Infection
PubMed: 21635911
DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.04.016 -
Journal of Food Protection Jan 1993A total of 35 samples (1000 ml each) of pasteurized milk and 25 samples (100 g each) of white cheese purchased at supermarkets in Rio de Janeiro were analyzed for the...
A total of 35 samples (1000 ml each) of pasteurized milk and 25 samples (100 g each) of white cheese purchased at supermarkets in Rio de Janeiro were analyzed for the presence of Aeromonas . Strains of Aeromonas were isolated from 28.5% of pasteurized milk and 32% of white cheese samples. Standard Plate counts in the pasteurized milk samples ranged from 7.2 × 10 to 2.5 × 10 CFU/ml. Total and fecal coliform counts in white cheese samples ranged from 1.9 × 10 to 2.4 × 10 most probable number per g and 3.2 × 10 to 1.2 × 10 most probable number per g, respectively. It was possible to identify Aeromonas caviae (58.9%), Aeromonas hydrophila (12.8%), and Aeromonas schubertii (2.5%) among the cultures isolated from pasteurized milk samples. Twenty-five percent of the strains could only be classified as Aeromonas spp. In white cheese samples, unclassified strains were the most frequent isolates (61.5%) followed by A. hydrophila (26.9%), A. caviae (7.6%) and Aeromonas sobria (3.8%). Only strains of A. hydrophila and A. sobria showed high rate of positive results when tested for the production of hemolysin, cytotoxin, and staphylolytic activity. Heat-stable enterotoxin and autoagglutination test did not correlate as virulence factors. The presence of Aeromonas species in refrigerated food samples suggests that this microorganism could be a potential foodborne pathogen, and dairy products may represent an important vehicle of its transmission.
PubMed: 31084036
DOI: 10.4315/0362-028X-56.1.62 -
PloS One 2020Cholera remains a major global public health threat and continuous emergence of new Vibrio cholerae strains is of major concern. We conducted a molecular epidemiological...
Cholera remains a major global public health threat and continuous emergence of new Vibrio cholerae strains is of major concern. We conducted a molecular epidemiological study to detect virulence markers and antimicrobial resistance patterns of V. cholerae isolates obtained from the 2012-2015 cholera outbreaks in Ghana. Archived clinical isolates obtained from the 2012, 2014 and 2015 cholera outbreaks in Ghana were revived by culture and subjected to microscopy, biochemical identification, serotyping, antibiotic susceptibility testing, molecular detection of distinct virulence factors and Multi-Locus Variable-Number of Tandem-Repeat Analysis (MLVA). Of 277 isolates analysed, 168 (60.6%) were confirmed to be V. cholerae and 109 (39.4%) isolates constituted other bacteria (Escherichia coli, Aeromonas sobria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae and Enterococci faecalis). Serotyping the V. cholerae isolates identified 151 (89.9%) as Ogawa, 3 (1.8%) as Inaba and 14 (8.3%) as non-O1/O139 serogroup. The O1 serogroup isolates (154/168, 91.7%) carried the cholera toxin ctxB gene as detected by PCR. Additional virulence genes detected include zot, tcpA, ace, rtxC, toxR, rtxA, tcpP, hlyA and tagA. The most common and rare virulence factors detected among the isolates were rtxC (165 isolates) and tcpP (50 isolates) respectively. All isolates from 2014 and 2015 were multidrug resistant against the selected antibiotics. MLVA differentiated the isolates into 2 large unique clones A and B, with each predominating in a particular year. Spatial analysis showed clustering of most isolates at Ablekuma sub-district. Identification of several virulence genes among the two different genotypes of V. cholerae isolates and resistance to first- and second-line antibiotics, calls for scaleup of preventive strategies to reduce transmission, and strengthening of public health laboratories for rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing to guide accurate treatment. Our findings support the current WHO licensed cholera vaccines which include both O1 Inaba and Ogawa serotypes.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cholera; Cholera Toxin; Disease Outbreaks; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Ghana; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Phylogeny; Serogroup; Tandem Repeat Sequences; Vibrio cholerae; Virulence
PubMed: 32649692
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236016 -
Aquatic Biosystems 2014Seabirds have been historically used to monitor environmental contamination. The aim of the present study was to test the suitability of a species belonging to the...
INTRODUCTION
Seabirds have been historically used to monitor environmental contamination. The aim of the present study was to test the suitability of a species belonging to the Procellariiformes group, the Manx shearwater, Puffinus puffinus, as a sentinel of environmental health, by determining contaminant levels (trace metals and organochlorine compounds) from carcass tissues and by isolating Vibrio spp. and Aeromonas spp. from live specimens. To this end, 35 Puffinus puffinus carcasses wrecked on the north-central coast of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and two carcasses recovered in Aracruz, on the coast of the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil, were sampled, and fragments of muscle and hepatic tissues were collected for contaminant analyses. Swabs from eleven birds found alive at the north-central coast of Rio de Janeiro were collected for isolation of the aforementioned bacteria.
RESULTS
THE AVERAGE CONCENTRATION IN DRY WEIGHT (DW) OF THE TRACE METALS WERE: mercury 7.19 mg kg(-1)(liver) and 1.23 mg kg(-1) (muscle); selenium 34.66 mg kg(-1) (liver) and 7.98 mg kg(-1) (muscle); cadmium 22.33 mg kg(-1) (liver) and 1.11 mg kg(-1) (muscle); and lead, 0.1 mg kg(--1) (liver) and 0.16 mg kg(-1) (muscle). Organochlorine compounds were detected in all specimens, and hexachlorbiphenyls, heptachlorbiphenyls and DDTs presented the highest levels. Regarding microbiological contamination, bacteria from the Vibrio genus were isolated from 91% of the analyzed specimens. Vibrio harveyi was the predominant species. Bacteria from the Aeromonas genus were isolated from 18% of the specimens. Aeromonas sobria was the only identified species.
CONCLUSIONS
The results indicate that Puffinus puffinus seems to be a competent ocean health sentinel. Therefore, the monitoring of contaminant levels and the isolation of public health interest bacteria should proceed in order to consolidate this species importance as a sentinel.
PubMed: 25191536
DOI: 10.1186/2046-9063-10-6 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jul 2018In order to understand the molecular basis underlying the host immune response of koi carp (), Illumina HiSeq 2000 is used to analyze the muscle and spleen transcriptome...
In order to understand the molecular basis underlying the host immune response of koi carp (), Illumina HiSeq 2000 is used to analyze the muscle and spleen transcriptome of koi carp infected with (). assembly of paired-end reads yielded 69,480 unigenes, of which the total length, average length, N50, and GC content are 70,120,028 bp, 1037 bp, 1793 bp, and 45.77%, respectively. Annotation is performed by comparison against various databases, yielding 42,229 (non-redundant protein sequence (NR): 60.78%), 59,255 (non-redundant nucleotide (NT): 85.28%), 35,900 (Swiss-Prot: 51.67%), 11,772 (clusters of orthologous groups (COG): 16.94%), 33,057 (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG): 47.58%), 18,764 (Gene Ontology (GO): 27.01%), and 32,085 (Interpro: 46.18%) unigenes. Comparative analysis of the expression profiles between bacterial challenge fish and control fish identifies 7749 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from the muscle and 7846 DEGs from the spleen. These DEGs are further categorized with KEGG. Enrichment analysis of the DEGs and unigenes reveals major immune-related functions, including up-regulation of genes related with Toll-like receptor signaling, complement and coagulation cascades, and antigen processing and presentation. The results from RNA-Seq data are also validated and confirmed the consistency of the expression levels of seven immune-related genes after 24 h post infection with qPCR. Microsatellites (11,534), including di-to hexa nucleotide repeat motifs, are also identified. Altogether, this work provides valuable insights into the underlying immune mechanisms elicited during bacterial infection in koi carp that may aid in the future development of disease control measures in protection against .
Topics: Aeromonas; Animals; Carps; Fish Proteins; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Molecular Sequence Annotation; Muscles; Spleen; Transcriptome
PubMed: 30036965
DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072107 -
The Brazilian Journal of Infectious... 2022
Topics: Aeromonas; Aneurysm, Infected; Aortitis; Bacteremia; Humans; Soft Tissue Infections
PubMed: 36037846
DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2022.102699