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Physiological Research 2011Peptides ghrelin, obestatin and neuropeptide Y (NPY) play an important role in regulation of energy homeostasis, the imbalance of which is associated with eating...
Peptides ghrelin, obestatin and neuropeptide Y (NPY) play an important role in regulation of energy homeostasis, the imbalance of which is associated with eating disorders anorexia (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN). The changes in ghrelin, obestatin and NPY plasma levels were investigated in AN and BN patients after administration of a high-carbohydrate breakfast (1604 kJ). Eight AN women (aged 25.4+/-1.9, BMI: 15.8+/-0.5), thirteen BN women (aged 22.0+/-1.05, BMI: 20.1+/-0.41) and eleven healthy women (aged 25.1+/-1.16, BMI: 20.9+/-0.40) were recruited for the study. We demonstrated increased fasting ghrelin in AN, but not in BN patients, while fasting obestatin and NPY were increased in both AN and BN patients compared to the controls. Administration of high-carbohydrate breakfast induced a similar relative decrease in ghrelin and obestatin plasma levels in all groups, while NPY remained increased in postprandial period in both patient groups. Ghrelin/obestatin ratio was lower in AN and BN compared to the controls. In conclusions, increased plasma levels of fasting NPY and its unchanged levels after breakfast indicate that NPY is an important marker of eating disorders AN and BN. Different fasting ghrelin and obestatin levels in AN and BN could demonstrate their diverse functions in appetite and eating suppression.
Topics: Anorexia Nervosa; Body Composition; Body Mass Index; Bulimia Nervosa; Dietary Carbohydrates; Eating; Female; Ghrelin; Humans; Neuropeptide Y; Postprandial Period
PubMed: 20945961
DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.931952 -
Journal of Lifestyle Medicine Sep 2016The association between skipping breakfast and cardio-metabolic syndrome is well known. However, there are very few Korean studies about the habit of eating breakfast...
BACKGROUND
The association between skipping breakfast and cardio-metabolic syndrome is well known. However, there are very few Korean studies about the habit of eating breakfast and hypertension. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between the habit of eating breakfast and hypertension in a healthy Korean population.
METHODS
Participants in the 2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES) were enrolled for this study. Medical history, including hypertension, was measured using a 24-hour recall method. The habit of eating breakfast was estimated from self-reported questionnaires and was classified into two groups: the eating breakfast group, defined as those who ate breakfast more than 5 times per week, and the not eating breakfast group, defined as those who did not eat any breakfast for a week.
RESULTS
The crude odds ratio of skipping breakfast for the prevalence of hypertension was 0.366. However, after adjusting for all considerable confounding factors (age, sex, regular exercise, current smoking, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, body mass index, waist circumference, and red blood cell counts), not eating breakfast was associated with a higher risk of HTN (OR = 1.065; 95% CI = 1.057-1.073; p-value < 0.001).
CONCLUSION
The habit of eating breakfast was associated with a lower risk of hypertension among healthy Korean adults.
PubMed: 27924285
DOI: 10.15280/jlm.2016.6.2.64 -
Nutrients Apr 2017The effect of skipping breakfast on health, especially in adults, remains a controversial topic. A secondary data analysis was conducted to examine associations between...
The effect of skipping breakfast on health, especially in adults, remains a controversial topic. A secondary data analysis was conducted to examine associations between breakfast eating patterns and weight loss, nutrient intake, and metabolic parameters among participants with metabolic syndrome (MetS) ( = 240). Three randomly selected 24-h dietary recalls were collected from each participant at baseline and at the one-year visit. Skipped breakfast was seen in 32.9% at baseline and in 17.4% at the one-year visit, respectively. At baseline, after adjustment for demographics and physical activity, participants who ate breakfast had a higher thiamin, niacin, and folate intake than did breakfast skippers ( < 0.05); other selected parameters including body weight, dietary quality scores, nutrient intake, and metabolic parameters showed no significant differences between the two groups ( ≥ 0.05). From baseline to one year, after adjustment for covariates, mean fat intake increased by 2.7% (95% confidence intervals (CI): -1.0, 6.5%) of total energy in breakfast skippers in comparison to the 1.2% decrease observed in breakfast eaters (95% CI: -3.4, 1.1%) ( = 0.02). Mean changes in other selected parameters showed no significant differences between breakfast skippers and eaters ( > 0.05). This study did not support the hypothesis that skipping breakfast has impact on body weight, nutrient intakes, and selected metabolic measures in participants with MetS.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Body Weight; Breakfast; Diet; Diet Records; Dietary Fats; Feeding Behavior; Female; Folic Acid; Humans; Male; Mental Recall; Metabolic Syndrome; Middle Aged; Niacin; Nutrition Assessment; Obesity; Thiamine; Vitamin B Complex; Young Adult
PubMed: 28420112
DOI: 10.3390/nu9040384 -
Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology 2019In hypoparathyroidism, calcium supplementation using calcium carbonate is necessary for the hypocalcemia control. The best calcium carbonate intake form is unknown, be...
INTRODUCTION
In hypoparathyroidism, calcium supplementation using calcium carbonate is necessary for the hypocalcemia control. The best calcium carbonate intake form is unknown, be it associated with feeding, juice or in fasting.
OBJECTIVE
The objective was to evaluate the calcium, phosphorus and calcium×phosphorus product serum levels of hypoparathyroidism women after total thyroidectomy, following calcium carbonate intake in three different forms.
METHODS
A crossover study was carried out with patients presenting definitive hypoparathyroidism, assessed in different situations (fasting, with water, orange juice, breakfast with a one-week washout). Through the review of clinical data records of tertiary hospital patients from 1994 to 2010, 12 adult women (18-50 years old) were identified and diagnosed with definitive post-thyroidectomy hypoparathyroidism. The laboratory results of calcium and phosphorus serum levels dosed before and every 30min were assessed, for 5h, after calcium carbonate intake (elementary calcium 500mg).
RESULTS
The maximum peak average values for calcium, phosphorus and calcium×phosphorus product were 8.63mg/dL (water), 8.77mg/dL (orange juice) and 8.95mg/dL (breakfast); 4.04mg/dL (water), 4.03mg/dL (orange juice) and 4.12mg/dL (breakfast); 34.3mg/dL (water), 35.8mg/dL (orange juice) and 34.5mg/dL (breakfast), respectively, and the area under the curve 2433mg/dLmin (water), 2577mg/dLmin (orange juice) and 2506mg/dLmin (breakfast), 1203mg/dLmin (water), 1052mg/dLmin (orange juice) and 1128mg/dLmin (breakfast), respectively. There was no significant difference among the three different tests (p>0.05).
CONCLUSION
The calcium, phosphorus and calcium×phosphorus product serum levels evolved in a similar fashion in the three calcium carbonate intake forms.
Topics: Adult; Analysis of Variance; Breakfast; Calcium; Calcium Carbonate; Cross-Over Studies; Dietary Supplements; Fasting; Female; Fruit and Vegetable Juices; Humans; Hypoparathyroidism; Middle Aged; Phosphorus; Reference Values; Thyroidectomy; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome; Water; Young Adult
PubMed: 29279189
DOI: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2017.10.010 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2022Proteinuria is an important predictor of cardiovascular disease and mortality. Several studies reported the association between skipping breakfast and the prevalence of...
BACKGROUND
Proteinuria is an important predictor of cardiovascular disease and mortality. Several studies reported the association between skipping breakfast and the prevalence of proteinuria. Furthermore, skipping breakfast was associated with an increased risk of obesity. Although proteinuria is highly prevalent in obese individuals, the association between the prevalence of proteinuria and low body mass index (BMI) was reported in a previous cross-sectional study in asymptomatic individuals without known kidney diseases. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to assess the clinical impact of BMI on the association between skipping breakfast and the prevalence of proteinuria in normal renal function subjects.
METHODS
The present study included 26,888 subjects (15,875 males and 11,013 females) with an estimated glomerular filtration rate ≥60 ml/min/1.73 m and no history of kidney disease who underwent a health checkup in Sumitomo Hospital. The association between skipping breakfast and the prevalence of proteinuria (defined as dipstick proteinuria of ≥1+) was assessed using logistic regression models adjusted for clinically relevant factors.
RESULTS
Skipping breakfast was reported in 3,306 males (20.8%) and 1,514 females (13.8%). Multivariable adjusted logistic regression models showed that skipping breakfast was significantly associated with the prevalence of proteinuria above 1+. This association was evident in lower BMI subjects, even after adjusting for clinically relevant factors (adjusted odds ratios of males and females were 1.67 [1.17-2.38] and 1.92 [1.31-2.82], respectively), whereas this association was not evident in higher BMI subjects.
CONCLUSION
Lower BMI subjects with proteinuria might need to be careful about skipping breakfast.
Topics: Body Mass Index; Breakfast; Cross-Sectional Studies; Feeding Behavior; Female; Humans; Male; Obesity; Prevalence; Proteinuria; Weight Loss
PubMed: 36060962
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.916374 -
American Journal of Public Health Jan 2018To evaluate National School Lunch Program (NSLP) and School Breakfast Program (SBP) participation over a 7-year period before and after the implementation of the 2010...
OBJECTIVES
To evaluate National School Lunch Program (NSLP) and School Breakfast Program (SBP) participation over a 7-year period before and after the implementation of the 2010 Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act (HHFKA), which required healthier school lunch options beginning in school year (SY) 2012-2013 and healthier school breakfast options beginning in SY2013-2014.
METHODS
Data were gathered from low-income, high-minority public schools in 4 New Jersey cities. We conducted longitudinal analyses of annual average daily participation (ADP) in school meals among enrolled students overall and among those eligible for free or reduced-price meals. We used linear mixed models to compare NSLP and SBP participation rates from SY2008-2009 to SY2014-2015.
RESULTS
NSLP participation rates among students overall differed little across years (from 70% to 72%). SBP rates among enrolled students were stable from the beginning of the study period to SY2013-2014 and then increased from 52% to 59%. Among students eligible for free or reduced-price meals, the ADP was lowest in SY2012-2013 (when the HHFKA was implemented) before rebounding.
CONCLUSIONS
The HHFKA did not have a negative impact on school meal participation over time. Public Health Implications. The HHFKA-strengthened nutrition standards have not affected school meal participation rates. With time, students are likely to accept healthier options.
Topics: Adolescent; Breakfast; Child; Female; Food Assistance; Food Services; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Lunch; Male; Minority Groups; New Jersey; Poverty; Schools
PubMed: 29161063
DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2017.304102 -
BMC Public Health Jan 2024Unhealthful dietary patterns have been consistently associated with low levels of physical activity (PA), but studies dedicated to sedentary behavior (SB) are scarce,...
BACKGROUND
Unhealthful dietary patterns have been consistently associated with low levels of physical activity (PA), but studies dedicated to sedentary behavior (SB) are scarce, especially in adults. The few studies that investigated the association between SB and dietary patterns focused mostly on specific types of SB, such as TV-watching or screen time. SB can be accumulated in distinct domains (i.e., work, transport, and leisure-time), thus, it is key to investigate in depth the impact that different domains of SB can have on eating-related indicators. We aimed to investigate the associations between different SB domains and eating-related indicators, in a sample of adults.
METHODS
Cross-sectional data from students, teachers, and staff from a Portuguese University was collected in November/2021 through an anonymous online survey. Data analyses were performed using the IBM SPSS software (version 28.0) and included descriptive statistics, partial correlations, and group comparisons using one-way ANOVA. Daily average SB at work/study, transport, and in leisure-time were self-reported and eating-related indicators were measured with several items from the Mediterranean Diet Score. Specific eating-related behaviors reflecting a protective eating pattern (e.g., eating breakfast regularly), and eating behavior traits (e.g., external eating) were also assessed. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight (kg)/height(m). The International Physical Activity Questionnaire/Short-Form was used to assess PA.
RESULTS
The sample included 301 adults (60.1% women), with a mean age of 34.5 years. Overall, leisure-time SB was inversely associated with adherence to the Mediterranean diet (r = -0.20; p < 0.001) and with a protective eating profile (r = -0.31; p < 0.001). Higher transport SB was also related to lower adherence to the Mediterranean diet (r = -0.20; p < 0.001) and to an unhealthier eating profile (r = -0.22; p < 0.001), but no associations were found for work-related SB (p > 0.05). These results persisted after the adjustment for BMI, sex, and self-reported PA. These results were impacted by the age tertile.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings suggest that adults with higher levels of SB in leisure-time and transport domains tend to report less healthy eating-related behaviors, irrespective of BMI, sex, and PA level. However, some differences in these associations were found according to the age tertile. This information may assist public health authorities in focusing their efforts in augmenting literacy on SB, namely on how SB can be accumulated via different settings. Furthermore, public health literacy efforts need to extend besides the more known deleterious effects of SB on health (e.g., diabetes, cardiovascular disease), to also include the interplay with eating indicators. Strategies to reduce SB and unhealthy eating should be particularly focused on promoting physically active forms of commuting and reducing SB in the leisure setting.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Female; Male; Cross-Sectional Studies; Sedentary Behavior; Analysis of Variance; Body Mass Index; Breakfast
PubMed: 38263005
DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-17760-2 -
Frontiers in Nutrition 2022Circadian nutritional behaviors, defined by the daily eating/fasting cycle, have been linked with breast cancer. This study aimed to further disentangle the association...
Circadian nutritional behaviors, defined by the daily eating/fasting cycle, have been linked with breast cancer. This study aimed to further disentangle the association of nighttime fasting duration and time of breakfast with breast cancer risk. We analyzed data from 1,181 breast cancer cases and 1,326 population controls from the Spanish multicase-control study (MCC-Spain), 2008-2013. We collected circadian nutritional behaviors at mid-age a telephonic interview. We applied logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association of nighttime fasting duration and time of breakfast with breast cancer risk in all women and stratified by menopausal status. Models were adjusted for age, center, education, family history of breast cancer, age at menarche, number of children, breastfeeding, age at first child, body mass index (BMI), contraceptive use, and hormonal replacement therapy (HRT). A later time of breakfast was associated with a non-significant increased risk of breast cancer (OR = 1.05, 95% CI: 0.95-1.16, per hour increase). This association was stronger among premenopausal women, among whom each hour later, the time of breakfast was associated with an 18% increase in breast cancer risk (OR = 1.18, 95% CI: 1.01-1.40). The association was not observed in postmenopausal women. We did not observe an association between nighttime fasting duration and breast cancer risk after adjusting for the time of breakfast. In this study, late breakfast was associated with increased breast cancer risk, especially among premenopausal women, compared with early breakfast. Aside from nutritional quality, circadian nutritional behaviors should be further studied in relation to cancer.
PubMed: 36034928
DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.941477 -
Nutrients Jan 2021Research is limited on added sugars in school meals and children's dietary intakes after the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) recommended that added...
Research is limited on added sugars in school meals and children's dietary intakes after the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) recommended that added sugars be limited to less than 10% of total calories. This analysis uses data from the School Nutrition and Meal Cost Study (SNMCS) to examine levels of added sugars in: (1) school meals and (2) children's dietary intakes at breakfast, lunch, and over 24 h on school days. SNMCS data were collected in the 2014-2015 school year after updated nutrition standards for school meals were implemented. Most schools exceeded the DGA limit for added sugars at breakfast (92%), while 69% exceeded the limit at lunch. The leading source of added sugars in school meals (both breakfasts and lunches) was flavored skim milk. More than 62% of children consumed breakfasts that exceeded the DGA limit, and almost half (47%) consumed lunches that exceeded the limit. Leading sources of added sugars in the breakfasts consumed by children were sweetened cold cereals and condiments and toppings; leading sources of added sugars in children's lunches were flavored skim milk and cake. Over 24 h, 63% of children exceeded the DGA limit. These findings show that school meals and children's dietary intakes are high in added sugars relative to the DGA limit and provide insights into the types of foods that should be targeted in order to decrease levels of added sugars.
Topics: Child; Diet; Diet Surveys; Dietary Sugars; Food Services; Guideline Adherence; Humans; Nutrition Policy; Schools; United States
PubMed: 33573299
DOI: 10.3390/nu13020471 -
Journal of Applied Physiology... Mar 2019Breaking up sitting with light physical activity (PA) is effective in reducing hyperglycemia in the laboratory. Whether the same effects are observed in the free-living... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Breaking up sitting with light physical activity (PA) is effective in reducing hyperglycemia in the laboratory. Whether the same effects are observed in the free-living environment remains unknown. We evaluated how daily and postprandial glycemia is impacted by 20, 40, or 60 min of activity performed as either breaks from sitting after each meal (BR) or as one continuous walk after breakfast (WALK). Thirty individuals with type 2 diabetes completed three experimental conditions [BR, WALK, and control (CON)] in a randomized crossover design. Conditions were performed in a free-living environment with strict dietary control over 7 days. Participants increased PA in BR and WALK by 20, 40, or 60 min ( n = 10 in each group) and maintained habitual levels of PA during CON. A continuous glucose monitor (iPro2) and activPAL activity monitor were worn to quantify glycemic control and PA. Using linear mixed models with repeated measures, we 1) compared postprandial glucose (PPG) across conditions and 2) assessed the relationship between activity volume and glucose responses. Whereas WALK tended to shorten the daily duration of hyperglycemia compared with CON ( P = 0.0875), BR was not different from CON. BR and WALK significantly attenuated the breakfast PPG versus CON ( P ≤ 0.05), but lunch and dinner PPG were unaffected by BR and WALK. In conclusion, continuous walking was more effective than breaks from sitting in lowering daily hyperglycemia for the group, but both conditions lowered breakfast PPG. In contrast to tightly controlled laboratory studies, breaks from sitting did not lower hyperglycemia in the free-living environment. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our "ecolabical" approach is new and noteworthy. This approach combines the external validity of the free-living environment (ecological) with the control of key confounding variables in the laboratory and allows for highly translatable findings by minimizing confounding variables. We found that both postmeal continuous walking and short breaks from sitting similarly attenuated the postprandial glucose (PPG) response to breakfast. Unlike previous laboratory studies, neither condition (walk after breakfast or postmeal breaks) significantly impacted PPG at lunch or dinner.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Blood Glucose; Cross-Over Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Exercise; Female; Humans; Hyperglycemia; Insulin; Male; Meals; Middle Aged; Postprandial Period; Sitting Position; Walking
PubMed: 30571292
DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00389.2018