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Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in... Jan 2020Upon injury, psychotropic psilocybin-producing mushrooms instantly develop an intense blue color, the chemical basis and mode of formation of which has remained elusive....
Upon injury, psychotropic psilocybin-producing mushrooms instantly develop an intense blue color, the chemical basis and mode of formation of which has remained elusive. We report two enzymes from Psilocybe cubensis that carry out a two-step cascade to prepare psilocybin for oxidative oligomerization that leads to blue products. The phosphatase PsiP removes the 4-O-phosphate group to yield psilocin, while PsiL oxidizes its 4-hydroxy group. The PsiL reaction was monitored by in situ C NMR spectroscopy, which indicated that oxidative coupling of psilocyl residues occurs primarily via C-5. MS and IR spectroscopy indicated the formation of a heterogeneous mixture of preferentially psilocyl 3- to 13-mers and suggest multiple oligomerization routes, depending on oxidative power and substrate concentration. The results also imply that phosphate ester of psilocybin serves a reversible protective function.
Topics: Agaricales; Biological Products; Hallucinogens; Psilocybe
PubMed: 31725937
DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910175 -
Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in... Jun 2022(Pre-)anthraquinones are widely distributed natural compounds and occur in plants, fungi, microorganisms, and animals, with atrochrysone (1) as the key biosynthetic...
(Pre-)anthraquinones are widely distributed natural compounds and occur in plants, fungi, microorganisms, and animals, with atrochrysone (1) as the key biosynthetic precursor. Chemical analyses established mushrooms of the genus Cortinarius-the webcaps-as producers of atrochrysone-derived octaketide pigments. However, more recent genomic data did not provide any evidence for known atrochrysone carboxylic acid (4) synthases nor any other polyketide synthase (PKS) producing oligocyclic metabolites. Here, we describe an unprecedented class of non-reducing (NR-)PKS. In vitro assays with recombinant enzyme in combination with in vivo product formation in the heterologous host Aspergillus niger established CoPKS1 and CoPKS4 of C. odorifer as members of a new class of atrochrysone carboxylic acid synthases. CoPKS4 catalyzed both hepta- and octaketide synthesis and yielded 6-hydroxymusizin (6), along with 4. These first mushroom PKSs for oligocyclic products illustrate how the biosynthesis of bioactive natural metabolites evolved independently in various groups of life.
Topics: Agaricales; Anthraquinones; Polyketide Synthases; Polyketides
PubMed: 35218274
DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116142 -
Food Chemistry Nov 2012The short shelf-life of mushrooms is an obstacle to the distribution and marketing of the fresh product. Thus, prolonging postharvest storage, while preserving their... (Review)
Review
The short shelf-life of mushrooms is an obstacle to the distribution and marketing of the fresh product. Thus, prolonging postharvest storage, while preserving their quality, would benefit the mushroom industry as well as consumers. There has been extensive research on finding the most appropriate technology for mushrooms preservation. Gamma, electron-beam and UV irradiation have been shown to be potential tools in extending the postharvest shelf-life of fresh mushrooms. Studies evaluating the effects of ionizing radiation are available mainly in cultivated species such as Agaricus bisporus, Lentinus edodes and Pleurotus ostreatus. This review comprises a comprehensive study of the effects of irradiation on physico-chemical parameters (weight, colour, texture and pH), chemical compounds including nutrients (proteins, sugars and vitamins) and non-nutrients (phenolics, flavonoids and flavour compounds), and on biochemical parameters such as enzymatic activity of mushrooms for different species and from different regions of the world.
Topics: Agaricales; Food Irradiation; Gamma Rays; Nutritive Value; Ultraviolet Rays
PubMed: 22868140
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.04.136 -
Nutrients Mar 2024Nutraceuticals represent an emerging and dynamic scientific field due to their important potential in integrated healthcare through nutritional and medicinal approaches... (Review)
Review
Nutraceuticals represent an emerging and dynamic scientific field due to their important potential in integrated healthcare through nutritional and medicinal approaches that interact and complement each other mutually. In an attempt to find new sources for such preparations, the present research focuses on the species (L.) Pers. (Cantharellaceae), also known as the black trumpet. This wild mushroom species is renowned for its culinary excellence and unique taste and is used especially in a dehydrated state. However, beyond its gastronomic value, recent scientific investigations have revealed its potential as a source of bioactive compounds with pharmaceutical and therapeutic significance. Our study aimed, therefore, to review the current data regarding the morphology, chemical profile, and medicinal potential of the black trumpet mushroom, highlighting its unique attributes. By conducting a comprehensive literature analysis, this paper contributes to the broader understanding of this remarkable fungal species as a potential functional food and its promising applications in the field of therapeutics.
Topics: Basidiomycota; Agaricales; Dietary Supplements
PubMed: 38542742
DOI: 10.3390/nu16060831 -
Toxins Apr 2021Ageritin is a specific ribonuclease, extracted from the edible mushroom (synonym ), which cleaves a single phosphodiester bond located within the universally conserved... (Review)
Review
Ageritin is a specific ribonuclease, extracted from the edible mushroom (synonym ), which cleaves a single phosphodiester bond located within the universally conserved alpha-sarcin loop (SRL) of 23-28S rRNAs. This cleavage leads to the inhibition of protein biosynthesis, followed by cellular death through apoptosis. The structural and enzymatic properties show that Ageritin is the prototype of a novel specific ribonucleases family named 'ribotoxin-like proteins', recently found in fruiting bodies of other edible basidiomycetes mushrooms (e.g., Ostreatin from , Edulitins from , and Gambositin from ). Although the putative role of this toxin, present in high amount in fruiting body (>2.5 mg per 100 g) of is unknown, its antifungal and insecticidal actions strongly support a role in defense mechanisms. Thus, in this review, we focus on structural, biological, antipathogenic, and enzymatic characteristics of this ribotoxin-like protein. We also highlight its biological relevance and potential biotechnological applications in agriculture as a bio-pesticide and in biomedicine as a therapeutic and diagnostic agent.
Topics: Agaricales; Animals; Antifungal Agents; Antineoplastic Agents; Antiviral Agents; Biological Control Agents; Fruiting Bodies, Fungal; Humans; Mycotoxins; Phylogeny; Protein Conformation; Ribonucleases; Structure-Activity Relationship
PubMed: 33917246
DOI: 10.3390/toxins13040263 -
PloS One 2012An unknown vitamin D compound was observed in the HPLC-UV chromatogram of edible mushrooms in the course of analyzing vitamin D(2) as part of a food composition study...
An unknown vitamin D compound was observed in the HPLC-UV chromatogram of edible mushrooms in the course of analyzing vitamin D(2) as part of a food composition study and confirmed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to be vitamin D(4) (22-dihydroergocalciferol). Vitamin D(4) was quantified by HPLC with UV detection, with vitamin [(3)H] itamin D(3) as an internal standard. White button, crimini, portabella, enoki, shiitake, maitake, oyster, morel, chanterelle, and UV-treated portabella mushrooms were analyzed, as four composites each of a total of 71 samples from U.S. retail suppliers and producers. Vitamin D(4) was present (>0.1 µg/100 g) in a total of 18 composites and in at least one composite of each mushroom type except white button. The level was highest in samples with known UV exposure: vitamin D enhanced portabella, and maitake mushrooms from one supplier (0.2-7.0 and 22.5-35.4 µg/100 g, respectively). Other mushrooms had detectable vitamin D(4) in some but not all samples. In one composite of oyster mushrooms the vitamin D(4) content was more than twice that of D(2) (6.29 vs. 2.59 µg/100 g). Vitamin D(4) exceeded 2 µg/100 g in the morel and chanterelle mushroom samples that contained D(4), but was undetectable in two morel samples. The vitamin D(4) precursor 22,23-dihydroergosterol was found in all composites (4.49-16.5 mg/100 g). Vitamin D(4) should be expected to occur in mushrooms exposed to UV light, such as commercially produced vitamin D enhanced products, wild grown mushrooms or other mushrooms receiving incidental exposure. Because vitamin D(4) coeluted with D(3) in the routine HPLC analysis of vitamin D(2) and an alternate mobile phase was necessary for resolution, researchers analyzing vitamin D(2) in mushrooms and using D(3) as an internal standard should verify that the system will resolve vitamins D(3) and D(4).
Topics: Agaricales; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Food Analysis; Mass Spectrometry; Ultraviolet Rays; Vitamin D
PubMed: 22870201
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040702 -
Open Biology Mar 2022The formation of three oxidative DNA 5-methylcytosine (5mC) modifications (oxi-mCs)-5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC) and 5-carboxylcytosine...
The formation of three oxidative DNA 5-methylcytosine (5mC) modifications (oxi-mCs)-5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC) and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC)-by the TET/JBP family of dioxygenases prompted intensive studies of their functional roles in mammalian cells. However, the functional interplay of these less abundant modified nucleotides in other eukaryotic lineages remains poorly understood. We carried out a systematic study of the content and distribution of oxi-mCs in the DNA and RNA of the basidiomycetes and which are established models to study DNA methylation and developmental and symbiotic processes. Quantitative liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry revealed persistent but uneven occurrences of 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC in the DNA and RNA of the two organisms, which could be upregulated by vitamin C. 5caC in RNA (5carC) was predominantly found in non-ribosomal RNA, which potentially includes non-coding, messenger and small RNA species. Genome-wide mapping of 5hmC and 5fC using the single CG analysis techniques hmTOP-seq and foTOP-seq pointed at involvement of oxi-mCs in the regulation of gene expression and silencing of transposable elements. The implicated diverse roles of 5mC and oxi-mCs in the two fungi highlight the epigenetic importance of the latter modifications, which are often neglected in standard whole-genome bisulfite analyses.
Topics: 5-Methylcytosine; Agaricales; Animals; Basidiomycota; Cytosine; DNA Methylation; DNA Transposable Elements; Laccaria; Mammals; RNA
PubMed: 35232254
DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210302 -
Toxins Oct 2020Mushroom poisonings remain a significant cause of emergency medicine. While there are well-known species, such as , causing life-threatening poisonings, there is also... (Review)
Review
Mushroom poisonings remain a significant cause of emergency medicine. While there are well-known species, such as , causing life-threatening poisonings, there is also accumulating evidence of poisonings related to species that have been considered edible and are traditionally consumed. In particular, the group was reported to cause myotoxicity. In addition, particular wild mushrooms that are traditionally consumed especially in Asia and Eastern Europe have been subject to suspicion due to possible mutagenicity. Hitherto, the causative agents of these effects often remain to be determined, and toxicity studies have yielded contradictory results. Due to this, there is no consensus about the safety of these species. The issue is further complicated by difficulties in species identification and other possible sources of toxicity, such as microbiological contamination during storage, leading to sometimes opposite conclusions about the edibility of a species. This review focuses on existing data about these types of mushroom poisonings, including the still sparse knowledge about the causative chemical agents. In addition, the aim is to initiate a meta-discussion about the issue and to give some suggestions about how to approach the situation from the viewpoint of the collector, the researcher, and the practicing physician.
Topics: Agaricales; Animals; Food Safety; Humans; Mushroom Poisoning; Mycotoxins; Risk Assessment; Species Specificity
PubMed: 33023182
DOI: 10.3390/toxins12100639 -
New Biotechnology Jul 2024Mushroom waste can account for up to 50% of the total mushroom mass. Spent mushroom substrate, misshapen mushrooms, and mushroom stems are examples of mushroom... (Review)
Review
Mushroom waste can account for up to 50% of the total mushroom mass. Spent mushroom substrate, misshapen mushrooms, and mushroom stems are examples of mushroom byproducts. In ancient cultures, fungi were prized for their medicinal properties. Aqueous extracts containing high levels of β-glucans as functional components capable of providing prebiotic polysaccharides and improved texture to foods have been widely used and new methods have been tested to improve extraction yields. Similarly, the addition of insoluble polysaccharides controls the glycemic index, counteracting the effects of increasingly high-calorie diets. Numerous studies support these benefits in vitro, but evidence in vivo is scarce. Nonetheless, many authors have created a variety of functional foods, ranging from yogurt to noodles. In this review, we focus on the pharmacological properties of edible mushroom by-products, and the possible risks derived from its consumption. By incorporating these by-products into human or animal feed formulations, mushroom producers will be able to fully optimize crop use and pave the way for the industry to move toward a zero-waste paradigm.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Agaricales; Polysaccharides; Animal Feed
PubMed: 38521182
DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2024.03.003 -
Scientific Reports Nov 2022Mushrooms are fleshy fungi valued globally for their nutritional and medical benefits. The study was conducted at Ebonyi State University Mushroom Center, Abakaliki, to... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Mushrooms are fleshy fungi valued globally for their nutritional and medical benefits. The study was conducted at Ebonyi State University Mushroom Center, Abakaliki, to determine an optimum level of limestone (CaCO) on the genotypes for maximum growth and yield. The experiment was carried out as a split-plot experiment in a completely randomized design (CRD) with the use of Oyster mushroom variety. The two genotypes (GI and GII) were placed in the whole plot while limestone was placed in the sub-plot which consisted of five rates of CaCO(Og,5 g, 10 g, 15 g and 20 g). Sawdust and rice husk substrates were used at the ratio of 60:40 and sterilized for six hours at 121 °C using the steam sterilization cylinder. The media bags were off-loaded after one day and allowed to further cool for another day before inoculation. The cultured spawn was used to inoculate the media upon cooling at room temperature. Data were collected on agro-morphological parameters such as primordial initiation, stalk height, stalk diameter, number of branches, number of fruits, number of productive bags, fresh and dry weights, and subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA). The result obtained indicated that there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) between the two genotypes studied in all parameters except the dry weight of the mushroom. Also, the various rates of CaCO had a significant difference (P < 0.05) in most agro-morphological traits except stalk diameter, number of fruits and fresh weight. However, the interaction of the whole plot (genotype) and sub-plot (lime rates) showed no significant difference (P > 0.05) in all parameters evaluated except the stalk diameter. Genotype I initiated more primordial compared to primordial initiation in genotype II and they differed significantly (p < 0.05) from each other. More so, the result showed that increasing the rate of CaCO from 0 to 5 g significantly increased the primordial initiation from 17 to 22. However, further increase in lime rates above 5 g significantly reduced the primordial initiation from 22 to 15. It was concluded that the 5 g rate of limestone produced the best primordial initiation. Therefore, genotype I and 5 g of CaCO were recommended. There was also a strong relationship between the primordial initiation and most growth and yield components traits studied. There was a significant positive correlation between primordial initiation and stalk height (r = 0.799*), stalk diameter (r = 0.692*), number of mushroom branches (r = 0.773*), number of productive bags (r = 0.888*), number of fruits (r = 0.810*), fruit weight (r = 0.918*) and dry weight (r = 0.916*). Ideal conditions that would guarantee more primordial initiation for higher yield were recommended.
Topics: Humans; Agaricales; Calcium Carbonate; Genotype; Pleurotus
PubMed: 36351926
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16833-9