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Journal of Infection in Developing... Nov 2021Development of bacterial resistance and antimicrobial side-effect has shifted the focus of research toward Ethnopharmacology. A biologically active compound derived from...
INTRODUCTION
Development of bacterial resistance and antimicrobial side-effect has shifted the focus of research toward Ethnopharmacology. A biologically active compound derived from the plants may increase the effectiveness of antibiotic when used in combination. The present study aims to determine the synergistic antibacterial effect of ethanolic extracts of Punica granatum (pericarp), Commiphora molmol, Azadirachta indica (bark) in combination with amoxicillin, metronidazole, tetracycline, and azithromycin on periodontopathic bacteria: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans.
METHODOLOGY
Periodontopathic bacterial strains were isolated from the plaque sample that was collected from periodontitis patients and grown under favorable conditions. Susceptibility of bacteria to the antibiotics and extracts was determined by disc diffusion method by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zones. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of plant extracts were evaluated against each bacterium. Synergistic effect of plant extract in combination with antibiotics was tested against each bacterium by measuring the diameter of zone of inhibition (ZOI).
RESULTS
Findings revealed that all plant extracts exhibited an inhibitory effects on the proliferation and growth of periodontopathic bacteria. The maximum antibacterial effect was exhibited by C. molmol on P. gingivalis (ZOI = 20 ± 0.55 mm, MIC = 0.53 ± 0.24 mg/mL and MBC = 5.21 ± 1.81 mg/mL) (p < 0.05), meanwhile, no antibacterial activity was exhibited by P. granatum on T. forsythia. Synergistic antibacterial effect was recorded when plant extracts were used in combination with antibiotics. The best synergism was exhibited by P. granatum with amoxicillin against A. actinomycetemcomitans (24 ± 1.00 mm) (p < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
The synergistic test showed significant antibacterial activity when plant extracts were combined with antibiotics against all the experimented bacteria.
Topics: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Periodontitis; Plant Extracts; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Tannerella forsythia
PubMed: 34898497
DOI: 10.3855/jidc.14904 -
Periodontology 2000 Feb 2020The etiopathogenesis of severe periodontitis includes herpesvirus-bacteria coinfection. This article evaluates the pathogenicity of herpesviruses (cytomegalovirus and... (Review)
Review
The etiopathogenesis of severe periodontitis includes herpesvirus-bacteria coinfection. This article evaluates the pathogenicity of herpesviruses (cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus) and periodontopathic bacteria (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis) and coinfection of these infectious agents in the initiation and progression of periodontitis. Cytomegalovirus and A. actinomycetemcomitans/P. gingivalis exercise synergistic pathogenicity in the development of localized ("aggressive") juvenile periodontitis. Cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus are associated with P. gingivalis in adult types of periodontitis. Periodontal herpesviruses that enter the general circulation may also contribute to disease development in various organ systems. A 2-way interaction is likely to occur between periodontal herpesviruses and periodontopathic bacteria, with herpesviruses promoting bacterial upgrowth, and bacterial factors reactivating latent herpesviruses. Bacterial-induced gingivitis may facilitate herpesvirus colonization of the periodontium, and herpesvirus infections may impede the antibacterial host defense and alter periodontal cells to predispose for bacterial adherence and invasion. Herpesvirus-bacteria synergistic interactions, are likely to comprise an important pathogenic determinant of aggressive periodontitis. However, mechanistic investigations into the molecular and cellular interaction between periodontal herpesviruses and bacteria are still scarce. Herpesvirus-bacteria coinfection studies may yield significant new discoveries of pathogenic determinants, and drug and vaccine targets to minimize or prevent periodontitis and periodontitis-related systemic diseases.
Topics: Adult; Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; Cytomegalovirus; Herpesviridae; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Humans; Porphyromonas gingivalis
PubMed: 31850623
DOI: 10.1111/prd.12311 -
Journal of Dental Research Jul 2019The oral cavity contains a rich consortium of exopolysaccharide-producing microbes. These extracellular polysaccharides comprise a major component of the oral biofilm.... (Review)
Review
The oral cavity contains a rich consortium of exopolysaccharide-producing microbes. These extracellular polysaccharides comprise a major component of the oral biofilm. Together with extracellular proteins, DNA, and lipids, they form the biofilm matrix, which contributes to bacterial colonization, biofilm formation and maintenance, and pathogenesis. While a number of oral microbes have been studied in detail with regard to biofilm formation and pathogenesis, the exopolysaccharides have been well characterized for only select organisms, namely and . Studies on the exopolysaccharides of other oral organisms, however, are in their infancy. In this review, we present the current research on exopolysaccharides of oral microbes regarding their biosynthesis, regulation, contributions to biofilm formation and stability of the matrix, and immune evasion. In addition, insight into the role of exopolysaccharides in biofilms is highlighted through the evaluation of emerging techniques such as pH probing of biofilm colonies, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance for macromolecular interactions within biofilms, and super-resolution microscopy analysis of biofilm development. Finally, exopolysaccharide as a potential nutrient source for species within a biofilm is discussed.
Topics: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; Biofilms; Humans; Mouth; Polysaccharides, Bacterial; Streptococcus mutans
PubMed: 31009580
DOI: 10.1177/0022034519845001 -
FASEB Journal : Official Publication of... Dec 2019Among the main bacteria implicated in the pathology of periodontal disease, () is well known for causing loss of periodontal attachment and systemic disease. Recent...
Among the main bacteria implicated in the pathology of periodontal disease, () is well known for causing loss of periodontal attachment and systemic disease. Recent studies have suggested that secreted extracellular RNAs (exRNAs) from several bacteria may be important in periodontitis, although their role is unclear. Emerging evidence indicates that exRNAs circulate in nanosized bilayered and membranous extracellular vesicles (EVs) known as outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) in gram-negative bacteria. In this study, we analyzed the small RNA expression profiles in activated human macrophage-like cells (U937) infected with OMVs from and investigated whether these cells can harbor exRNAs of bacterial origin that have been loaded into the host RNA-induced silencing complex, thus regulating host target transcripts. Our results provide evidence for the cytoplasmic delivery and activity of microbial EV-derived small exRNAs in host gene regulation. The production of TNF-α was promoted by exRNAs the TLR-8 and NF-κB signaling pathways. Numerous studies have linked periodontal disease to neuroinflammatory diseases but without elucidating specific mechanisms for the connection. We show here that intracardiac injection of OMVs in mice showed successful delivery to the brain after crossing the blood-brain barrier, the exRNA cargos increasing expression of TNF-α in the mouse brain. The current study indicates that host gene regulation by microRNAs originating from OMVs of the periodontal pathogen is a novel mechanism for host gene regulation and that the transfer of OMV exRNAs to the brain may cause neuroinflammatory diseases like Alzheimer's.-Han, E.-C., Choi, S.-Y., Lee, Y., Park, J.-W., Hong, S.-H., Lee, H.-J. Extracellular RNAs in periodontopathogenic outer membrane vesicles promote TNF-α production in human macrophages and cross the blood-brain barrier in mice.
Topics: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; Animals; Bacterial Outer Membrane; Blood-Brain Barrier; Extracellular Vesicles; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Macrophages; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; MicroRNAs; Periodontal Diseases; RNA, Bacterial; RNA, Small Untranslated; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; U937 Cells
PubMed: 31545910
DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901575R -
BMJ Case Reports May 2013A 61-year-old patient with diabetes had a bio-prosthetic aortic valve replacement 3 years before admission. He complained of lethargy, night sweats, decreased appetite...
A 61-year-old patient with diabetes had a bio-prosthetic aortic valve replacement 3 years before admission. He complained of lethargy, night sweats, decreased appetite and erratic blood glucose with no weight loss. He had splinter haemorrhage and a systolic ejection murmur at the aortic area. Chest and abdominal examination revealed no abnormality. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C reactive protein were raised. He had several sets of blood cultures and he was started on empirical vancomycin, rifampicin and gentamicin. Transthoracic echocardiography showed vegetation on the base of the anterior mitral leaflet, which was confirmed by a trans-oesophageal echocardiography. Blood culture was positive for Haemophilus aphrophilus, and he was started on ceftriaxone for 6 weeks instead of vancomycin and rifampicin and continued gentamicin for 2 weeks. Follow-up echocardiography showed no evidence of vegetations. The patient recovered completely and he was discharged home.
Topics: Aggregatibacter aphrophilus; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Ceftriaxone; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pasteurellaceae Infections
PubMed: 23682079
DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2012-007359 -
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Apr 2014The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive update on the current classification and identification of Haemophilus and Aggregatibacter species with exclusive or... (Review)
Review
The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive update on the current classification and identification of Haemophilus and Aggregatibacter species with exclusive or predominant host specificity for humans. Haemophilus influenzae and some of the other Haemophilus species are commonly encountered in the clinical microbiology laboratory and demonstrate a wide range of pathogenicity, from life-threatening invasive disease to respiratory infections to a nonpathogenic, commensal lifestyle. New species of Haemophilus have been described (Haemophilus pittmaniae and Haemophilus sputorum), and the new genus Aggregatibacter was created to accommodate some former Haemophilus and Actinobacillus species (Aggregatibacter aphrophilus, Aggregatibacter segnis, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans). Aggregatibacter species are now a dominant etiology of infective endocarditis caused by fastidious organisms (HACEK endocarditis), and A. aphrophilus has emerged as an important cause of brain abscesses. Correct identification of Haemophilus and Aggregatibacter species based on phenotypic characterization can be challenging. It has become clear that 15 to 20% of presumptive H. influenzae isolates from the respiratory tracts of healthy individuals do not belong to this species but represent nonhemolytic variants of Haemophilus haemolyticus. Due to the limited pathogenicity of H. haemolyticus, the proportion of misidentified strains may be lower in clinical samples, but even among invasive strains, a misidentification rate of 0.5 to 2% can be found. Several methods have been investigated for differentiation of H. influenzae from its less pathogenic relatives, but a simple method for reliable discrimination is not available. With the implementation of identification by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry, the more rarely encountered species of Haemophilus and Aggregatibacter will increasingly be identified in clinical microbiology practice. However, identification of some strains will still be problematic, necessitating DNA sequencing of multiple housekeeping gene fragments or full-length 16S rRNA genes.
Topics: Aggregatibacter; Bacteriological Techniques; Haemophilus; Haemophilus Infections; Host Specificity; Humans; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; Pasteurellaceae Infections; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
PubMed: 24696434
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00103-13 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2019is a low-abundance Gram-negative oral pathobiont that is highly associated with a silent but aggressive orphan disease that results in periodontitis and tooth loss in... (Review)
Review
is a low-abundance Gram-negative oral pathobiont that is highly associated with a silent but aggressive orphan disease that results in periodontitis and tooth loss in adolescents of African heritage. For the most part conducts its business by utilizing strategies allowing it to conceal itself below the radar of the host mucosal immune defense system. A great deal of misinformation has been conveyed with respect to biology in health and disease. The purpose of this review is to present misconceptions about and the strategies that it uses to colonize, survive, and evade the host. In the process manages to undermine host mucosal defenses and contribute to disease initiation. This review will present clinical observational, molecular, and interventional studies that illustrate genetic, phenotypic, and biogeographical tactics that have been recently clarified and demonstrate how survives and suppresses host mucosal defenses to take part in disease pathogenesis. At one point in time was considered to be the causative agent of Localized Aggressive Periodontitis. Currently, it is most accurate to look at as a community activist and necessary partner of a pathogenic consortium that suppresses the initial host response so as to encourage overgrowth of its partners. The data for activist role stems from molecular genetic studies complemented by experimental animal investigations that demonstrate how establishes a habitat (housing), nutritional sustenance in that habitat (food), and biogeographical mobilization and/or relocation from its initial habitat (transportation). In this manner can transfer to a protected but vulnerable domain (pocket or sulcus) where its community activism is most useful. 's "strategy" includes obtaining housing, food, and transportation at no cost to its partners challenging the economic theory that "there ain't no such thing as a free lunch." This "strategy" illustrates how co-evolution can promote survival, on one hand, and overgrowth of community members, on the other, which can result in local host dysbiosis and susceptibility to infection.
Topics: Adolescent; Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; Aggressive Periodontitis; Animals; Biofilms; Genes, Bacterial; Host Microbial Interactions; Humans; Immunity, Mucosal; Models, Immunological; Pasteurellaceae Infections
PubMed: 31040843
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00728 -
The ISME Journal Oct 2019Aggregatibacter and Haemophilus species are relevant human commensals and opportunistic pathogens. Consequently, their bacteriophages may have significant impact on...
Aggregatibacter and Haemophilus species are relevant human commensals and opportunistic pathogens. Consequently, their bacteriophages may have significant impact on human microbial ecology and pathologies. Our aim was to reveal the prevalence and diversity of bacteriophages infecting Aggregatibacter and Haemophilus species that colonize the human body. Genome mining with comparative genomics, screening of clinical isolates, and profiling of metagenomes allowed characterization of 346 phages grouped in 52 clusters and 18 superclusters. Less than 10% of the identified phage clusters were represented by previously characterized phages. Prophage diversity patterns varied significantly for different phage types, host clades, and environmental niches. A more diverse phage community lysogenizes Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus parainfluenzae strains than Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and "Haemophilus ducreyi". Co-infections occurred more often in "H. ducreyi". Phages from Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans preferably lysogenized strains of specific serotype. Prophage patterns shared by subspecies clades of different bacterial species suggest similar ecoevolutionary drivers. Changes in frequencies of DNA uptake signal sequences and guanine-cytosine content reflect phage-host long-term coevolution. Aggregatibacter and Haemophilus phages were prevalent at multiple oral sites. Together, these findings should help exploring the ecoevolutionary forces shaping virus-host interactions in the human microbiome. Putative lytic phages, especially phiKZ-like, may provide new therapeutic options.
Topics: Aggregatibacter; Bacteriophages; Base Composition; Biodiversity; Genome, Viral; Genomics; Haemophilus; Host Specificity; Humans; Lysogeny; Metagenome; Phylogeny; Prophages
PubMed: 31201356
DOI: 10.1038/s41396-019-0450-8 -
Journal of Microbiology, Immunology,... Dec 2021This study aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics and outcomes of bacteremia caused by Haemophilus and Aggregatibacter species in patients who were treated at...
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE
This study aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics and outcomes of bacteremia caused by Haemophilus and Aggregatibacter species in patients who were treated at a medical center between 2006 and 2018.
METHODS
Haemophilus and Aggregatibacter isolates were identified up to the species level using Bruker Biotyper MALDI-TOF analysis and ancillary 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis (in case of ambiguity). Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with bacteremia caused by these organisms were evaluated.
RESULTS
Sixty-five Haemophilus and Aggregatibacter species isolates causing bacteremia were identified from nonduplicated patients, including 51 (78.5%) Haemophilus influenzae, 6 (9.2%) Haemophilus parainfluenzae, 1 (1.5%) Haemophilus haemolyticus, 3 (4.6%) A. aphrophilus, and 4 (6.2%) A. segnis. Hospital mortality was observed in 18 (28.1%) of 64 patients with bacteremia caused by Haemophilus (n = 57) and Aggregatibacter species (n = 7). The majority of patients with bacteremia had community-acquired disease with low severity. The average Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score was low (4.4 ± 4.7). But, a higher SOFA score (adjusted odds ratio 2.5, 95% confidence interval 1.22-5.12; P = 0.01) was an independent factor predicting poor 7-day clinical outcomes in patients with community-acquired H. influenzae bacteremia (n = 39).
CONCLUSIONS
The overall hospital mortality of 28.1% was observed among patients with bacteremia due to Haemophilus and Aggregatibacter species. A higher SOFA score was and independent predictor of poor 7-day clinical outcomes in patients with community-acquired H. influenzae bacteremia.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aggregatibacter; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteremia; Female; Haemophilus; Hospital Mortality; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Organ Dysfunction Scores; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
PubMed: 33390332
DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.12.002 -
Virulence Feb 2017
Topics: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; Humans; Periodontal Diseases; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 27623711
DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1235128