-
Proceedings of the Royal Society of... May 1974
Topics: Agnosia; Cerebrovascular Disorders; Disability Evaluation; Disabled Persons; Hemianopsia; Hemiplegia; Humans; Memory, Short-Term; Occupational Therapy; Physician-Patient Relations; Speech Therapy
PubMed: 4276140
DOI: No ID Found -
Neuropsychologia Nov 2020Being aware of one's own ability to interact socially is crucial to everyday life. After a brain injury, patients may lose their capacity to understand others'... (Review)
Review
Being aware of one's own ability to interact socially is crucial to everyday life. After a brain injury, patients may lose their capacity to understand others' intentions and beliefs, that is, the Theory of Mind (ToM). To date, the debate on the association between ToM and other cognitive deficits (in particular executive functions and behavioural disorders) remains open and data regarding awareness of ToM deficits are meagre. By means of an ad-hoc neuropsychological battery of tests, we report on a patient who suffers from ToM deficits and is not aware of these disorders, although aware of his other symptoms. The study is accompanied by a review of the literature (PRISMA guidelines) demonstrating that ToM deficits are independent of executive functions. Furthermore, an advanced lesion analysis including tractography was executed. The results indicate that: i) ToM deficits can be specific and independent of other cognitive symptoms; ii) unawareness may be specific for ToM impairment and not involve other disorders and iii) the medial structures of the limbic, monitoring and attentional systems may be involved in anosognosia for ToM impairment.
Topics: Agnosia; Cognition Disorders; Executive Function; Humans; Neuropsychological Tests; Theory of Mind
PubMed: 33058921
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107641 -
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and... Jun 1975A man developed cortical blindness after cerebral infarction in the distribution of both posterior cerebral arteries. When he recovered from this condition, he was found...
A man developed cortical blindness after cerebral infarction in the distribution of both posterior cerebral arteries. When he recovered from this condition, he was found to be colour blind in the left visual field, but not in the right. This unusual situation resulted in apparently contradictory performances on hemifield and free-field tasks of colour discrimination, naming, and recognition. The contradictions may be explained by interhemispheric competition between a hemisphere which could discriminate colours and a hemisphere which was colour blind.
Topics: Agnosia; Brain; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Arteries; Color Vision Defects; Evoked Potentials; Hemianopsia; Humans; Infarction; Male; Middle Aged; Visual Cortex; Visual Fields
PubMed: 1080190
DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.38.6.546 -
Neuropsychology Review Dec 2016In addiction, notably Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD), patients often have a tendency to fail to acknowledge the reality of the disease and to minimize the physical,... (Review)
Review
In addiction, notably Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD), patients often have a tendency to fail to acknowledge the reality of the disease and to minimize the physical, psychological, and social difficulties attendant to chronic alcohol consumption. This lack of awareness can reduce the chances of initiating and maintaining sobriety. Presented here is a model focusing on compromised awareness in individuals with AUD of mild to moderate cognitive deficits, in particular, for episodic memory impairment-the ability to learn new information, such as recent personal experiences. Early in abstinence, alcoholics can be unaware of their memory deficits and overestimate their mnemonic capacities, which can be investigated with metamemory paradigms. Relevant neuropsychological and neuroimaging results considered suggest that the alcoholics' impairment of awareness of their attenuated memory function can be a clinical manifestation explained mechanistically by neurobiological factors, including compromise of brain systems that result in a mild form of mnemonic anosognosia. Specifically, unawareness of memory impairment in AUD may result from a lack of personal knowledge updating attributable to damage in brain regions or connections supporting conscious recollection in episodic memory. Likely candidates are posterior parietal and medial frontal regions known to be integral part of the Default Mode Network (DMN) and the insula leading to an impaired switching mechanism between the DMN and the Central-Executive Control (i.e., Lateral Prefronto-Parietal) Network. The cognitive concepts and neural substrates noted for addictive disorders may also be relevant for problems in self-identification of functional impairment resulting from injury following war-related blast, sport-related concussion, and insidiously occurring dementia.
Topics: Agnosia; Animals; Humans; Memory Disorders; Neuroimaging; Neuropsychological Tests; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 27447979
DOI: 10.1007/s11065-016-9323-3 -
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... Jun 2011Face processing relies on a distributed, patchy network of cortical regions in the temporal and frontal lobes that respond disproportionately to face stimuli, other... (Review)
Review
Face processing relies on a distributed, patchy network of cortical regions in the temporal and frontal lobes that respond disproportionately to face stimuli, other cortical regions that are not even primarily visual (such as somatosensory cortex), and subcortical structures such as the amygdala. Higher-level face perception abilities, such as judging identity, emotion and trustworthiness, appear to rely on an intact face-processing network that includes the occipital face area (OFA), whereas lower-level face categorization abilities, such as discriminating faces from objects, can be achieved without OFA, perhaps via the direct connections to the fusiform face area (FFA) from several extrastriate cortical areas. Some lesion, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) findings argue against a strict feed-forward hierarchical model of face perception, in which the OFA is the principal and common source of input for other visual and non-visual cortical regions involved in face perception, including the FFA, face-selective superior temporal sulcus and somatosensory cortex. Instead, these findings point to a more interactive model in which higher-level face perception abilities depend on the interplay between several functionally and anatomically distinct neural regions. Furthermore, the nature of these interactions may depend on the particular demands of the task. We review the lesion and TMS literature on this topic and highlight the dynamic and distributed nature of face processing.
Topics: Animals; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex; Emotions; Face; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Models, Psychological; Neuropsychology; Prosopagnosia; Psychomotor Performance; Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; Visual Perception
PubMed: 21536556
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0349 -
Cortex; a Journal Devoted To the Study... Jun 1987The notion that aphasia may be accompanied by some degree of unawareness of the disorder was introduced by Wernicke in 1874. Ever since the idea has prevailed that...
The notion that aphasia may be accompanied by some degree of unawareness of the disorder was introduced by Wernicke in 1874. Ever since the idea has prevailed that sensory aphasics, especially jargonaphasics, are not, or but little, conscious of their deviant verbal output. This view was disputed in recent years. It was claimed that anosognosia was not a typical feature of Wernicke's aphasia or of jargonaphasia. However, analysis of the behavior of sensory aphasics shows that some of these patients are not well aware of the deviances in their verbal output. This unawareness may be due to verbal deafness or to disturbed feedback. On the other hand, some aphasics appear to realize that their verbal expression is anomalous but choose to ignore the fact in order to preserve their self-image or to keep up the social intercourse with the environment. Anosognosia can be found in association not only with sensory aphasia but also with monophasia and with modality-specific aphasia, as well as with unilateral neglect and with apraxia. If a patient has anosognosia, the speech therapist must know about it and take it into account, lest it renders therapeutical efforts fruitless.
Topics: Agnosia; Aphasia; Aphasia, Wernicke; Apraxias; Brain; Brain Damage, Chronic; Defense Mechanisms; Disease; Dominance, Cerebral; Feedback; Humans; Self Concept; Speech Perception
PubMed: 2440639
DOI: 10.1016/s0010-9452(87)80035-7 -
Cortex; a Journal Devoted To the Study... Sep 1994Disagreement over the neuroanatomical substrate of associative visual agnosia encompasses such basic issues as: (1) the necessity for bilateral lesions; (2) the...
Disagreement over the neuroanatomical substrate of associative visual agnosia encompasses such basic issues as: (1) the necessity for bilateral lesions; (2) the intrahemispheric locus of damage; and (3) the roles of disconnection versus cortical damage. We examined three patients whose associative visual agnosia encompassed objects and printed words but spared faces. CAT scans revealed unilateral dominant occipitotemporal strokes. CAT scans of four previously reported cases with this same profile of associative agnosia were obtained. Dominant parahippocampal, fusiform and lingual gyri were the most extensively damaged cortical regions surveyed and were involved in all cases. Of white matter tracts surveyed, only temporal white matter including inferior longitudinal fasciculus was severely and universally involved. Splenium of the corpus callosum was frequently but not always involved. We conclude there is a form of associative visual agnosia with agnosia for objects and printed words but sparing face recognition which has a characteristic unilateral neuropathology. Damage or disconnection of dominant parahippocampal, fusiform and lingual gyri is the necessary and sufficient lesion.
Topics: Aged; Agnosia; Association Learning; Brain Damage, Chronic; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex; Cerebrovascular Disorders; Dominance, Cerebral; Dyslexia, Acquired; Female; Hippocampus; Humans; Male; Mental Recall; Middle Aged; Neuropsychological Tests; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 7805382
DOI: 10.1016/s0010-9452(13)80337-1 -
Medical Archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and... Apr 2017Hemodialysis is one of major stresses in patients' daily lives since there is no other path for life maintenance but to accept the machine and its' related rules.
INTRODUCTION
Hemodialysis is one of major stresses in patients' daily lives since there is no other path for life maintenance but to accept the machine and its' related rules.
PURPOSE
of this study was to explore factors associated with dependency on dialysis machine as reported by the patients.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The sample of the study included 250 patients undergoing hemodialysis. For data collection a questionnaire specially designed for the needs of the research was used. More specifically, socio-demographic and clinical characteristics as well as several other self-reported variables were collected.
RESULTS
Of the 250 participants, 53.2% was men while 65.2% was aged over 60 years. The study showed that 44% of the patients reported that their life depended very much on hemodialysis machine. Statistically significant association was observed between dependency on dialysis machine as reported by the patients and gender (p=0.030), education (p=0.022), job (p=0.001) and place of residence (p=0.001). Additionally, statistically significant association was observed between dependency on dialysis machine as reported by the patients and the degree of information about their problem (p=0.001) and whether patients reported adherence to treatment guidelines (p=0.001) or followed the proposed diet (p=0.001). Finally, statistically significant association was observed between dependency on dialysis machine as reported by the patients and relations with nursing staff (p=0.001), whether patients had noticed change in body image (p=0.001), whether they faced difficulties in social (p=0.001) and family environment (p=0.030), whether they hid their problem (p=0.006), whether they needed help in daily activities (p=0.001) and whether their lifestyle had changed (p=0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics as well as hemodialysis patients' beliefs are associated with machine dependency. This study contributed in outlining factors affecting dependency on dialysis machine, thus reinforcing multidisciplinary health care teams to develop interventions in order to address hemodialysis patients' needs.
Topics: Activities of Daily Living; Adaptation, Psychological; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Agnosia; Family Relations; Female; Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Kidneys, Artificial; Life Style; Male; Medication Adherence; Middle Aged; Professional-Patient Relations; Renal Dialysis; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders
PubMed: 28790544
DOI: 10.5455/medarh.2017.71.122-127 -
American Journal of Human Genetics Nov 1999
Review
Topics: Agnosia; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7; Gene Deletion; Genetics, Behavioral; Humans; Intelligence; Lim Kinases; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Protein Kinases; Williams Syndrome
PubMed: 10521286
DOI: 10.1086/302633 -
Neuropsychologia Nov 2023We present a comprehensive review of the rare syndrome visual form agnosia (VFA). We begin by documenting its history, including the origins of the term, and the first... (Review)
Review
We present a comprehensive review of the rare syndrome visual form agnosia (VFA). We begin by documenting its history, including the origins of the term, and the first case study labelled as VFA. The defining characteristics of the syndrome, as others have previously defined it, are then described. The impairments, preserved aspects of visual perception, and areas of brain damage in 21 patients who meet these defining characteristics are described in detail, including which tests were used to verify the presence or absence of key symptoms. From this, we note important similarities along with notable areas of divergence between patients. Damage to the occipital lobe (20/21), an inability to recognise line drawings (19/21), preserved colour vision (14/21), and visual field defects (16/21) were areas of consistency across most cases. We found it useful to distinguish between shape and form as distinct constructs when examining perceptual abilities in VFA patients. Our observations suggest that these patients often exhibit difficulties in processing simplified versions of form. Deficits in processing orientation and size were uncommon. Motion perception and visual imagery were not widely tested for despite being typically cited as defining features of the syndrome - although in the sample described, motion perception was never found to be a deficit. Moreover, problems with vision (e.g., poor visual acuity and the presence of hemianopias/scotomas in the visual fields) are more common than we would have thought and may also contribute to perceptual impairments in patients with VFA. We conclude that VFA is a perceptual disorder where the visual system has a reduced ability to synthesise lines together for the purposes of making sense of what images represent holistically.
Topics: Humans; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Visual Perception; Vision, Ocular; Visual Fields; Vision Disorders; Agnosia
PubMed: 37634886
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108666