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Journal of Medical Toxicology :... Dec 2018The gap between the number of patients on transplant waiting lists and patients receiving transplants is growing. Use of organs from donors who have died following... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
The gap between the number of patients on transplant waiting lists and patients receiving transplants is growing. Use of organs from donors who have died following pesticide exposure remains controversial. This study reviews the literature related to transplantation from this group.
METHODS
A literature search was undertaken on PubMed using the following keywords: 'insecticide', 'pesticide', 'rodenticide', 'organophosphate', 'carbamate', 'paraquat', 'poisoning', 'toxicity', 'overdose', 'intoxication', 'ingestion', 'organ donation or procurement', 'transplant', 'allograft transplant', and 'expanded criteria organ donation'; 21 specific pesticides/insecticides were also added to the search; the indexes for EAPCCT/NACCT meeting abstracts 2008-2017 were also searched. Identified publications were reviewed and if described human donation/transplantation of ≥ 1 solid organ(s), the following was extracted: (i) compound(s) ingested; (ii) donor demographics; (iii) organ(s) transplanted; and (iv) graft function at follow-up.
RESULTS
Ten papers were identified describing 20 fatalities (1999-2017) related to the following pesticide exposures: organophosphate, 8 cases; aldicarb, 4; paraquat, 3; parathion, 1; malathion, 1; carbofuran/carbamate, 1; carbamate, 1; and brodifacoum, 1 and no further cases were identified from EAPCCT/NACCT abstracts. Donors were aged 12-50 (25.9 ± 11.9) years. Forty-four organs were transplanted: 28 kidneys, 7 livers, 6 corneas, and 3 hearts. Forty recipients had outcome reported: 3 (7.5%) patients died, 3 (7.5%) had graft failure/dysfunction and 34 (85.0%) had good graft function. Overall survival with good function was 96%, 71%, 83%, and 67% for kidneys, livers, corneas and hearts respectively.
CONCLUSION
Review of the published literature suggests that solid organ donation following exposure to a pesticide is associated with good short-to-medium-term graft organ function following transplantation, particularly for transplanted kidneys and corneas.
Topics: Humans; Organ Transplantation; Pesticides; Tissue Donors; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 29987646
DOI: 10.1007/s13181-018-0673-5 -
Applied Clay Science Feb 2019People and animals can be unintentionally exposed to complex mixtures of hazardous chemicals that can threaten the safety of food and water supplies following natural...
People and animals can be unintentionally exposed to complex mixtures of hazardous chemicals that can threaten the safety of food and water supplies following natural and man-made disasters and emergencies. Our research has focused on the development of broad-acting adsorbents that will tightly bind environmental contaminants in the gastrointestinal tract and decrease their bioavailability to humans and animals during these events. In this study, benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and aldicarb were used as representative chemicals due to their high toxicity and extensive distribution in the environment. Both chemicals have been commonly detected in water and sediments in the US, and their distribution and concentrations can be enhanced during disasters. To address this problem, we have amended and functionalized montmorillonite clays with the nutrients, L-carnitine and choline to enhance their attraction for lipophilic toxins, such as BaP and aldicarb. Based on equilibrium isothermal analyses, we have demonstrated a significantly increased binding capacity (Qmax) and affinity (Kd) for BaP and aldicarb compared to the parent clay. Adsorption isotherms also showed that talc bound strongly to BaP with the highest Qmax, which was twice that of activated carbon. Additionally, cultures of adult hydra with a metabolism activation package were used as an toxicity indicator to confirm the ability of test adsorbents to protect against toxicity at low inclusion levels. We anticipate that the optimal adsorbents developed can be delivered in food and flavored water, or administered by sachet or capsule during emergencies and disasters to decrease human and animals exposures to environmental toxins.
PubMed: 31435120
DOI: 10.1016/j.clay.2018.11.010 -
IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of... 1991
Review
Topics: Air Pollutants, Occupational; Aldicarb; Humans; Neoplasms; Occupational Diseases; Occupational Exposure; Risk Factors
PubMed: 1842592
DOI: No ID Found -
Toxicology Research Jun 2022Aldicarb, a carbamate pesticide banned in France since 2008, represents a persistent risk of human poisoning. There is no up-to-date picture of aldicarb intentional...
Aldicarb, a carbamate pesticide banned in France since 2008, represents a persistent risk of human poisoning. There is no up-to-date picture of aldicarb intentional poisonings associated to detailed diagnosis and clinical management of cases to evaluate the effect of its ban on intoxication risk reduction, including suicide. This retrospective epidemiological study describes cases of suicidal intoxication from the Hauts-de-France region between 2012 and 2021 and illustrates this situation through one analytically documented case. 60 cases were collected, mostly presenting a pathognomonic symptomatology. Thirty-five victims presented a muscarinic syndrome (58.3%), 14 a nicotinic syndrome (23.3%), and 37 a central nervous system impairment (61.7%). Hospitalization was necessary for 44 cases (73.3%), with 2 fatal evolutions. Diagnosis was based on the blood cholinesterase activities. Among the 25 cases with toxicology results, 45.8% presented a moderate decrease of acetylcholinesterase activity, whereas 87.5% presented a strong decrease of butyrylcholinesterase activity. Blood or urine detection of aldicarb and its metabolites may be considered in therapeutic management, although their quantification is unlikely to change the emergency medical care. Our study updates epidemiology of aldicarb poisoning at a regional level, highlighting a persisting health threatening situation with banned pesticides. More than 65% of national cases occurred in this agricultural area, aldicarb remaining available from storage of previously purchased products. Robust evidence is presented that acute poisoning is an ongoing major global public health challenge. There is a need for continued international efforts in risk reduction, knowledge, and information strategies.
PubMed: 35782643
DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfac031 -
Environmental Health Perspectives Jun 1987Aldicarb, 2-methyl-2-(methylthio)propionaldehyde-O-methylcarbamoyloxime, is an oxime carbamate insecticide manufactured by the Union Carbide Corporation and sold under... (Review)
Review
Aldicarb, 2-methyl-2-(methylthio)propionaldehyde-O-methylcarbamoyloxime, is an oxime carbamate insecticide manufactured by the Union Carbide Corporation and sold under the trade name Temik. It is a soil-applied systemic pesticide used against certain insects, mites, and nematodes, and is applied below the soil surface for absorption by plant roots. It is generally applied to the soil in the form of 5, 10, or 15% granules, and soil moisture is essential for the release of the toxicant. Uptake by plants is rapid. Aldicarb is currently registered for use on cotton, sugar beets, sugar cane (Louisiana only), potatoes, sweet potatoes, peanuts, oranges, pecans (Southeast only), dry beans, soybeans, and ornamental plants. Home and garden use is not permitted. Discovery of aldicarb and its oxidative sulfoxide and sulfone metabolites in well or ground water in Florida, Wisconsin, and New York, and accidental poisonings from ingesting contaminated watermelons and cucumbers in the South and West have spurred interest and concern about this pesticide. The primary mechanism of toxic action of aldicarb is cholinesterase inhibition. However, unlike the relatively irreversible anticholinesterase activity of the organophosphate pesticides, the carbamylation process which produces the anti-AChE action is quickly reversible. Aldicarb is readily absorbed through both the gut and the skin, but is rapidly metabolized and excreted in the urine almost completely within 24 hr. Although it is acutely toxic to humans and laboratory animals, aldicarb is not known to be carcinogenic, teratogenic, conclusively mutagenic, or to produce other long-term adverse health effects. In cases of accidental poisoning, the cholinergic symptoms have generally subsided within 6 hr, with no side effects or complications.
Topics: Aldicarb; Animals; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Epidemiologic Methods; Humans; Insecticides; Lethal Dose 50; Mammals; Mutagens; Neoplasms, Experimental; Receptors, Muscarinic; Receptors, Nicotinic; Reproduction; Teratogens
PubMed: 3304999
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.8772267 -
Bulletin of the World Health... 1971Methylcarbamate insecticides undergo hydrolysis, oxidation, dealkylation, and conjugation in animals, plants, and insects to form similar or identical products. Carbaryl... (Review)
Review
Methylcarbamate insecticides undergo hydrolysis, oxidation, dealkylation, and conjugation in animals, plants, and insects to form similar or identical products. Carbaryl is hydroxylated in biological systems to form hydroxy, dihydro-dihydroxy, and N-hydroxymethyl carbaryl and is hydrolysed to form 1-naphthol. The products are conjugated, stored, or excreted. Carbofuran is hydroxylated at the 3 position and propoxur at the 5 position to form hydroxylated derivatives. N-hydroxymethyl derivatives of these two carbamates may also be formed. Hydrolysis appears to be the major metabolic pathway of carbofuran in the animal. Aldicarb is oxidized to its sulfoxide and then hydrolysed to the oxime sulfoxide in animals and plants. Plants hydrolyse the oxime sulfoxide to form the corresponding aldehyde, which is an intermediate in the formation of 2-methyl-2-(methyl-sulfinyl)propanol. Methomyl, which is structurally similar to aldicarb, is metabolized in plants to acetonitrile, carbon dioxide, and methylamine. Bux and Meobal undergo hydrolysis and hydroxylation to form N-hydroxy methylcarbamates, as well as hydroxybutylphenyl and hydroxymethylphenyl methylcarbamates. Zectran, which contains a dimethylamino group, is converted to the methylamino, amino, and methylformamido derivatives by insects and plants. In soil and water, methylcarbamate insecticides are hydrolysed to their respective phenols or oximes.
Topics: 1-Propanol; Animals; Benzofurans; Carbamates; Carbaryl; Carbon Isotopes; Cattle; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Dogs; Hydrolysis; Imines; Insecta; Insecticides; Methylamines; Microsomes, Liver; Oxidation-Reduction; Oximes; Plants; Rats; Sulfides; Xylenes
PubMed: 4999481
DOI: No ID Found -
Annals of the New York Academy of... Nov 2020Aldicarb, a carbamate pesticide, is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, with oral median lethal dose (LD ) estimates in rats ranging from 0.46 to 0.93 mg/kg. A...
Aldicarb, a carbamate pesticide, is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, with oral median lethal dose (LD ) estimates in rats ranging from 0.46 to 0.93 mg/kg. A three-phase approach was used to comprehensively assess aldicarb as an oral-ingestion hazard. First, the solubility of aldicarb in popular consumer beverages (bottled water, apple juice, and 2% milk) was assessed. Lethality was then assessed by administering aldicarb in bottled water via gavage. A probit model was fit to 24-h survival data and predicted a median lethal dose of 0.83 mg/kg (95% CI: 0.54-1.45 mg/kg; slope: 4.50). Finally, organoleptic properties (e.g., taste, smell, and texture) were assessed by allowing rats to voluntarily consume 3.0 mL of the above beverages as well as liquid eggs adulterated with aldicarb at various concentrations. This organoleptic assessment determined that aldicarb was readily consumed at lethal and supralethal doses. Overt toxic signs presented within 5 min post-ingestion, and all rats died within 20 min after consuming the highest concentration (0.542 mg/mL), regardless of amount consumed. Because rats have more developed chemoreceptive capabilities than humans, these results suggest that aldicarb may be consumed in toxic or even lethal concentrations by humans in a variety of beverages or foods.
Topics: Aldicarb; Animals; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Humans; Insecticides; Lethal Dose 50; Male; Models, Biological; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley
PubMed: 32761625
DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14448 -
3 Biotech May 2017Food security and safety are the major concern in ever expanding human population on the planet earth. Each and every year insect pests cause a serious damage in... (Review)
Review
Food security and safety are the major concern in ever expanding human population on the planet earth. Each and every year insect pests cause a serious damage in agricultural field that cost billions of dollars annually to farmers. The loss in term of productivity and high cost of chemical pesticides enhance the production cost. Irrespective use of chemical pesticides (such as Benzene hexachloride, Endosulfan, Aldicarb, and Fenobucarb) in agricultural field raised several types of environmental issues. Furthermore, continuous use of chemical pesticides creates a selective pressure which helps in emerging of resistance pest. These excess chemical pesticide residues also contaminate the environment including the soil and water. Therefore, the biological control of insect pest in the agricultural field gains more importance due to food safety and environment friendly nature. In this regard, bacterial insecticides offer better alternative to chemical pesticides. It not only helps to establish food security through fighting against insect pests but also ensure the food safety. In this review, we have categorized insect pests and the corresponding bacterial insecticides, and critically analyzed the importance and mode of action of bacterial pesticides. We also have summarized the use of biopesticides in integrated pest management system. We have tried to focus the future research area in this field for the upcoming scientists.
PubMed: 28444605
DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-0717-6 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Apr 2024Mounting evidence has shown that the gut microbiota plays a key role in human health. The homeostasis of the gut microbiota could be affected by many factors, including...
Mounting evidence has shown that the gut microbiota plays a key role in human health. The homeostasis of the gut microbiota could be affected by many factors, including environmental chemicals. Aldicarb is a carbamate insecticide used to control a variety of insects and nematode pests in agriculture. Aldicarb is highly toxic and its wide existence has become a global public health concern. In our previous study, we have demonstrated that aldicarb disturbed the gut microbial community structure and composition. However, the impacts of aldicarb on gut microbiota-derived metabolites, bile acids, remain elusive. In present study, we performed targeted metabolomics analysis to explore the effects of aldicarb exposure on bile acids, as well as steroid hormones and oxylipins in the serum, feces and liver of C57BL/6 J mice. Our results showed that aldicarb exposure disturbed the level of various bile acids, steroid hormones and oxylipins in the serum and feces of C57BL/6 J mice. In the liver, the level of cortisol was decreased, meanwhile 15,16-dihydroxyoctadeca-9,12-dienoic acid was increased in aldicarb-treated mice. Metagenomic sequencing analysis showed that the relative abundance of a bile salt hydrolase, choloylglycine hydrolase (EC:3.5.1.24) and a sulfatase enzyme involved in steroid hormone metabolism, arylsulfatase, was significantly increased by aldicarb exposure. Furthermore, correlations were found between gut microbiota and various serum metabolites. The results from this study are helpful to improve the understanding of the impact of carbamate insecticides on host and microbial metabolism.
Topics: Humans; Mice; Animals; Aldicarb; Bile Acids and Salts; Oxylipins; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Insecticides; Hormones; Homeostasis
PubMed: 38564866
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116285