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Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Sep 2020The infections caused by Herpes simplex viruses (HSV-1 and -2) are seriously endangering the health of all human beings. Once infected with these two viruses, it will... (Review)
Review
The infections caused by Herpes simplex viruses (HSV-1 and -2) are seriously endangering the health of all human beings. Once infected with these two viruses, it will cause life-long latency in the host, and the continuous recurrence of the infection will seriously affect the quality of life. Moreover, infections with HSV-1 and HSV-2 have been reported to make the body susceptible to other diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and HIV. Thus, more attention should be paid to the development of novel anti-HSV drugs. Polysaccharides obtained from medicinal plants and microorganism (both land and sea) are reported to be promising anti-herpes substances. However, their antiviral mechanisms are complex and diverse, which includes direct inhibition of virus life cycle (Adsorption, penetration, genetic material and protein synthesis) and indirectly through improving the body's immunity. And each step of the research processes from extraction to structural analysis contributes to the result in terms of antiviral activity. Therefore, The complex mechanisms involved in the treatment of Herpes simplex infections makes development of new antiviral compounds is difficult. In this paper, the mechanisms of polysaccharides in the treatment of Herpes simplex infections, the research processes of polysaccharides and their potential clinical applications were reviewed.
Topics: Animals; Antiviral Agents; Fungal Polysaccharides; Herpes Simplex; Herpesvirus 1, Human; Herpesvirus 2, Human; Humans; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Polysaccharides; Polysaccharides, Bacterial
PubMed: 32768956
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110469 -
The Veterinary Quarterly Dec 2020Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is a highly contagious upper respiratory tract disease of chicken caused by a Gallid herpesvirus 1 (GaHV-1) belonging to the genus... (Review)
Review
Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is a highly contagious upper respiratory tract disease of chicken caused by a Gallid herpesvirus 1 (GaHV-1) belonging to the genus and subfamily within family. The disease is characterized by conjunctivitis, sinusitis, oculo-nasal discharge, respiratory distress, bloody mucus, swollen orbital sinuses, high morbidity, considerable mortality and decreased egg production. It is well established in highly dense poultry producing areas of the world due to characteristic latency and carrier status of the virus. Co-infections with other respiratory pathogens and environmental factors adversely affect the respiratory system and prolong the course of the disease. Latently infected chickens are the primary source of ILT virus (ILTV) outbreaks irrespective of vaccination. Apart from conventional diagnostic methods including isolation and identification of ILTV, serological detection, advanced biotechnological tools such as PCR, quantitative real-time PCR, next generation sequencing, and others are being used in accurate diagnosis and epidemiological studies of ILTV. Vaccination is followed with the use of conventional vaccines including modified live attenuated ILTV vaccines, and advanced recombinant vector vaccines expressing different ILTV glycoproteins, but still these candidates frequently fail to reduce challenge virus shedding. Some herbal components have proved to be beneficial in reducing the severity of the clinical disease. The present review discusses ILT with respect to its current status, virus characteristics, epidemiology, transmission, pathobiology, and advances in diagnosis, vaccination and control strategies to counter this important disease of poultry.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Communicable Disease Control; Herpesviridae Infections; Herpesvirus 1, Gallid; Herpesvirus Vaccines; Iltovirus; Poultry Diseases
PubMed: 32315579
DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2020.1759845 -
Current Opinion in Virology Oct 2020Innate immune system is considered the first line of defense during viral invasion, with the wealth of the literature demonstrating innate immune control of diverse... (Review)
Review
Innate immune system is considered the first line of defense during viral invasion, with the wealth of the literature demonstrating innate immune control of diverse viruses during acute infection. What is far less clear is the role of innate immune system during chronic virus infections. This short review focuses on alphaherpesviruses and gammaherpesviruses, two highly prevalent herpesvirus subfamilies that, following a brief, once in a lifetime period of acute lytic infection, establish life-long latent infection that is characterized by sporadic reactivation in an immunocompetent host. In spite of many similarities, these two viral families are characterized by distinct cellular tropism and pathogenesis. Here we focus on the published in vivo studies to review known interactions of these two viral subfamilies with the innate immunity of the intact host, both during acute and, particularly, chronic virus infection.
Topics: Alphaherpesvirinae; Animals; Chronic Disease; Gammaherpesvirinae; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Mice; Virus Latency; Virus Replication
PubMed: 32777757
DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.07.002 -
Making the case: married versus separate models of alphaherpes virus anterograde transport in axons.Reviews in Medical Virology Nov 2012Alphaherpesvirus virions infect neurons and are transported in axons for long distance spread within the host nervous system. The assembly state of newly made... (Review)
Review
Alphaherpesvirus virions infect neurons and are transported in axons for long distance spread within the host nervous system. The assembly state of newly made herpesvirus particles during anterograde transport in axons is an essential question in alphaherpesvirus biology. The structure of the particle has remained both elusive and controversial for the past two decades, with conflicting evidence from EM, immunofluorescence, and live cell imaging studies. Two opposing models have been proposed-the Married and Separate Models. Under the Married Model, infectious virions are assembled in the neuronal cell body before sorting into axons and then traffic inside a transport vesicle. Conversely, the Separate Model postulates that vesicles containing viral membrane proteins are sorted into axons independent of capsids, with final assembly of mature virions occurring at a distant egress site. Recently, a complementary series of studies employing high-resolution EM and live cell fluorescence microscopy have provided evidence consistent with the Married Model, whereas other studies offer evidence supporting the Separate Model. In this review, we compare and discuss the published data and attempt to reconcile divergent findings and interpretations as they relate to these models.
Topics: Alphaherpesvirinae; Animals; Axonal Transport; Capsid; Capsid Proteins; Humans; Models, Biological; Neurons; Viral Proteins; Virion
PubMed: 22807192
DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1724 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Mar 2020Herpes simplex viruses (HSV-1 and HSV-2) are closely related alphaherpesviruses, with more than 80% identity at the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence level [1]. More...
Herpes simplex viruses (HSV-1 and HSV-2) are closely related alphaherpesviruses, with more than 80% identity at the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence level [1]. More than two thirds of the world’s population is estimated to have been infected with one or both viruses. The divergence of the common ancestor to these viruses is thought to have coincided with the separation of the human and chimpanzee lineages approximately 6 million years ago, leading to separate evolution of HSV-1 and HSV-2, respectively. Zoonotic transmission of HSV-2 to an extinct early hominid occurred approximately one and a half million years ago [2]. No other primate species are known to serve as common hosts for 2 distinct herpes simplex species.
Topics: Gene Transfer, Horizontal; Herpes Simplex; Herpesvirus 1, Human; Humans; Simplexvirus
PubMed: 31107962
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz200 -
Viruses May 2022Primary simian varicella virus (SVV) infection and reactivation in nonhuman primates is a valuable animal model in the study of varicella zoster virus disease [varicella...
Primary simian varicella virus (SVV) infection and reactivation in nonhuman primates is a valuable animal model in the study of varicella zoster virus disease [varicella (chickenpox) and herpes zoster (shingles)]. To understand SVV pathogenesis in skin, we inoculated 10 rhesus macaques with SVV, resulting in varicella rash. After the establishment of latency, eight of the monkeys were immunosuppressed using tacrolimus with or without irradiation and prednisone and two monkeys were not immunosuppressed. Zoster rash developed in all immunosuppressed monkeys and in one non-immunosuppressed monkey. Five monkeys had recurrent zoster. During varicella and zoster, SVV DNA in skin scrapings ranged from 50 to 10 copies/100 ng of total DNA and 2-127 copies/100 ng of total DNA, respectively. Detection of SVV DNA in blood during varicella was more frequent and abundant compared to that of zoster. During varicella and zoster, SVV antigens colocalized with neurons expressing β-III tubulin in epidermis, hair follicles, and sweat glands, suggesting axonal transport of the virus. Together, we have demonstrated that both SVV DNA and antigens can be detected in skin lesions during varicella and zoster, providing the basis for further studies on SVV skin pathogenesis, including immune responses and mechanisms of peripheral spread.
Topics: Animals; Chickenpox; Exanthema; Herpes Zoster; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Macaca mulatta; Varicellovirus
PubMed: 35746639
DOI: 10.3390/v14061167 -
Journal of Virology Mar 2020β-Defensins protect the respiratory tract against the myriad of microbial pathogens entering the airways with each breath. However, this potentially hostile environment...
β-Defensins protect the respiratory tract against the myriad of microbial pathogens entering the airways with each breath. However, this potentially hostile environment is known to serve as a portal of entry for herpesviruses. The lack of suitable respiratory model systems has precluded understanding of how herpesvirus virions overcome the abundant mucosal β-defensins during host invasion. We demonstrate how a central alphaherpesvirus, equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV1), actually exploits β-defensins to invade its host and initiate viral spread. The equine β-defensins (eBDs) eBD1, -2, and -3 were produced and secreted along the upper respiratory tract. Despite the marked antimicrobial action of eBD2 and -3 against many bacterial and viral pathogens, EHV1 virions were resistant to eBDs through the action of the viral glycoprotein M envelope protein. Pretreatment of EHV1 virions with eBD2 and -3 increased the subsequent infection of rabbit kidney (RK13) cells, which was dependent on viral N-linked glycans. eBD2 and -3 also caused the aggregation of EHV1 virions on the cell surface of RK13 cells. Pretreatment of primary equine respiratory epithelial cells (EREC) with eBD1, -2, and -3 resulted in increased EHV1 virion binding to and infection of these cells. EHV1-infected EREC, in turn, showed an increased production of eBD2 and -3 compared to that seen in mock- and influenza virus-infected EREC. In addition, these eBDs attracted leukocytes, which are essential for EHV1 dissemination and which serve as latent infection reservoirs. These novel mechanisms provide new insights into herpesvirus respiratory tract infection and pathogenesis. How herpesviruses circumvent mucosal defenses to promote infection of new hosts through the respiratory tract remains unknown due to a lack of host-specific model systems. We used the alphaherpesvirus equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV1) and equine respiratory tissues to decipher this key event in general alphaherpesvirus pathogenesis. In contrast to several respiratory viruses and bacteria, EHV1 resisted potent antimicrobial equine β-defensins (eBDs) eBD2 and eBD3 by the action of glycoprotein M. Instead, eBD2 and -3 facilitated EHV1 particle aggregation and infection of rabbit kidney (RK13) cells. In addition, virion binding to and subsequent infection of respiratory epithelial cells were increased upon preincubation of these cells with eBD1, -2, and -3. Infected cells synthesized eBD2 and -3, promoting further host cell invasion by EHV1. Finally, eBD1, -2, and -3 recruited leukocytes, which are well-known EHV1 dissemination and latency vessels. The exploitation of host innate defenses by herpesviruses during the early phase of host colonization indicates that highly specialized strategies have developed during host-pathogen coevolution.
Topics: Alphaherpesvirinae; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Cell Line; Epithelial Cells; Herpesviridae Infections; Herpesvirus 1, Equid; Horse Diseases; Horses; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Immune Evasion; Rabbits; Respiratory Tract Infections; Viral Envelope Proteins; beta-Defensins
PubMed: 31996426
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01676-19 -
Journal of Neurovirology Apr 2020Meeting Report on the 9th Annual Symposium of the Colorado Alphaherpesvirus Latency Society (CALS) held on May 8-11, 2019, in Vail, CO.
Meeting Report on the 9th Annual Symposium of the Colorado Alphaherpesvirus Latency Society (CALS) held on May 8-11, 2019, in Vail, CO.
Topics: Alphaherpesvirinae; Colorado; Herpesviridae Infections; Humans; Societies, Medical; Virus Latency
PubMed: 31502208
DOI: 10.1007/s13365-019-00798-z -
Fukuoka Igaku Zasshi = Hukuoka Acta... Oct 2007Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is also known by its taxonomic name, suid herpesvirus 1, or by its original name, Aujeszky's disease virus. PRV is a swine herpesvirus of the... (Review)
Review
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is also known by its taxonomic name, suid herpesvirus 1, or by its original name, Aujeszky's disease virus. PRV is a swine herpesvirus of the Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily to which varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) belong. PRV is a pathogen of swine resulting in devastating disease and economic losses worldwide. It causes severe neurological disorders in infected piglets and latent infection in surviving pigs. PRV also causes acute and often fatal infection in other domestic and wild animals. PRV has been of interest to virologists and neurobiologists. This herpesvirus has served as a useful model organism for the study of herpesvirus biology. The virus has also been used as a "live" tracer of neuronal pathways, making use of its remarkable propensity to infect synaptically connected neurons. Transcription factors of alphaherpesviruses not only control the expression of their own viral genes, but also influence the gene expression of other viruses and mammalian cells. This review focuses on recent reports regarding the use of transgenic mice to study the contributions of PRV transcription factors to the neuropathogenicity and the functions of their transcriptional regulatory elements.
Topics: Animals; Herpesvirus 1, Suid; Immediate-Early Proteins; Neurons; Swine; Transcription Factors; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 18046989
DOI: No ID Found -
Viruses Nov 2017Ocular herpesviruses, most notably human alphaherpesvirus 1 (HSV-1), canid alphaherpesvirus 1 (CHV-1) and felid alphaherpesvirus 1 (FHV-1), infect and cause severe... (Review)
Review
Ocular herpesviruses, most notably human alphaherpesvirus 1 (HSV-1), canid alphaherpesvirus 1 (CHV-1) and felid alphaherpesvirus 1 (FHV-1), infect and cause severe disease that may lead to blindness. CHV-1 and FHV-1 have a pathogenesis and induce clinical disease in their hosts that is similar to HSV-1 ocular infections in humans, suggesting that infection of dogs and cats with CHV-1 and FHV-1, respectively, can be used as a comparative natural host model of herpesvirus-induced ocular disease. In this review, we discuss both strengths and limitations of the various available model systems to study ocular herpesvirus infection, with a focus on the use of these non-traditional virus-natural host models. Recent work has demonstrated the robustness and reproducibility of experimental ocular herpesvirus infections in dogs and cats, and, therefore, these non-traditional models can provide additional insights into the pathogenesis of ocular herpesvirus infections.
Topics: Alphaherpesvirinae; Animals; Cats; Disease Models, Animal; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Eye Diseases; Herpesviridae Infections; Herpesvirus 1, Canid; Models, Biological
PubMed: 29156583
DOI: 10.3390/v9110349