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BMC Women's Health Jul 2019Rigorous exercise undertaken by young girls, combined with a negative energetic balance, is related to substantial physiological changes in a competitor's body, often...
BACKGROUND
Rigorous exercise undertaken by young girls, combined with a negative energetic balance, is related to substantial physiological changes in a competitor's body, often leading to hormonal imbalance manifested by: delayed puberty, delayed menstruation, menstrual disorders, and even long-term secondary amenorrhoea. Very lean competitors, with insufficient body fat content, are not capable of maintaining oestrogen production at an optimal level, which results in hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis abnormalities and menstrual disorders. Studies involving research on menstrual disorders in amateur dancers are scarce. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate whether menstrual disorders are present among young amateur dancers.
METHODS
The study involved 233 females of a mean age of 22.1 years (SD ± 4.9), training amateur ballroom dancing. The questionnaire included questions regarding the regularity of the menstrual cycle, including the absence of a menstrual period, causes of menstrual disorders and breakthrough bleeding.
RESULTS
Menstrual disorders following a period of regular menstruation were reported by 132 (56.7%) of ballroom dancers. In 105 (79.5%), the absence of a menstrual period lasted for less than 3 months, in 18 (13.6%) it persisted for 3 up to 6 months, while in 9 (6.8%) it lasted for over 6 months.
CONCLUSIONS
The research conducted concluded that with an increased number of hours spent in training by amateur dancers, there was a statistically significant increase in the chance for menstrual disorders; the more training sessions per week there were, the longer the breaks in menstruation were noted.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Amenorrhea; Dancing; Exercise; Female; Humans; Menstrual Cycle; Menstruation; Menstruation Disturbances; Physical Exertion; Surveys and Questionnaires; Young Adult
PubMed: 31269938
DOI: 10.1186/s12905-019-0779-1 -
British Medical Journal (Clinical... Oct 1983
Topics: Adult; Amenorrhea; Anorexia Nervosa; Female; Humans; Osteoporosis
PubMed: 6416388
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.287.6401.1306-a -
Fertility and Sterility Aug 1978
Topics: Amenorrhea; Female; Humans; Hypogonadism
PubMed: 680203
DOI: No ID Found -
British Medical Journal Jul 1977
Topics: Amenorrhea; Biopsy; Female; Humans; Ovary; Terminology as Topic
PubMed: 884463
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.6081.262-c -
Lancet (London, England) May 1991
Topics: Amenorrhea; Birth Intervals; Contraception; Family Planning Services; Female; Humans; Lactation; Postpartum Period
PubMed: 1673777
DOI: No ID Found -
British Medical Journal (Clinical... Nov 1983
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Amenorrhea; Anorexia Nervosa; Female; Hormones; Humans
PubMed: 6416499
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.287.6404.1552-a -
The Netherlands Journal of Medicine Jun 2004
Topics: Adult; Amenorrhea; Female; Galactorrhea; Humans; Hyperprolactinemia; Hypertrophy; Hypothyroidism; Pituitary Gland; Puerperal Disorders
PubMed: 15460503
DOI: No ID Found -
British Medical Journal Jan 1978
Topics: Amenorrhea; Contraceptives, Oral; Female; Humans; Prolactin
PubMed: 620144
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.6104.45 -
Cognitive and psychiatric correlates of functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: a controlled comparison.Fertility and Sterility Sep 1993To assess the association of cognitive function, emotional, and psychiatric history in women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea compared with amenorrheic and... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
OBJECTIVE
To assess the association of cognitive function, emotional, and psychiatric history in women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea compared with amenorrheic and eumenorrheic controls.
DESIGN
Each subject was medically evaluated for origin of amenorrhea or to establish eumenorrhea. Subjects completed a structured psychiatric interview and self-report questionnaires.
SETTING
Patients were recruited from a large reproductive endocrinology practice within a tertiary referral center.
PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS
Consecutive patients who were eligible for the study were invited to participate. Eumenorrheic controls were recruited to match women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea by age, sex, weight, and season.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Cognitive measures assessed expectation of control, perfectionism, rigidity of ideas and concern about judgments of others (dysfunctional attitudes), coping ability, interpersonal and achievement functioning, and interpersonal dependence. Measures of mood and symptoms included both clinical and self-report scales. Psychiatric diagnoses were determined using Research Diagnostic Criteria and DSM III-R.
RESULTS
Women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea endorsed more dysfunctional attitudes, had greater difficulty in coping with daily stresses, and tended to endorse greater interpersonal dependence than eumenorrheic women. Women with organic amenorrhea were statistically not different from either group but tended to report less dysfunctional attitudes and interpersonal dependence, although they displayed comparable difficulty in coping, compared with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea women. Women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea more often had a history of psychiatric disorders, primarily mood disorders, than eumenorrheic women but were not different from women with organic amenorrhea.
CONCLUSION
Women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea showed increased cognitive dysfunction and psychiatric morbidity.
Topics: Affect; Amenorrhea; Cognition; Diet; Exercise; Female; Health Status; Humans; Hypothalamic Diseases; Medical Records; Mental Disorders; Mental Health; Reference Values
PubMed: 8375531
DOI: No ID Found -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Apr 1996The administration of clomiphene citrate is followed by an enhanced release of pituitary gonadotropins resulting in follicular recruitment. After the drug is stopped,... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The administration of clomiphene citrate is followed by an enhanced release of pituitary gonadotropins resulting in follicular recruitment. After the drug is stopped, there is continuing secretion of estradiol, selection of the dominant follicle and, in successful cases, ovulation. Clomiphene is indicated as the initial treatment in the majority of women with amenorrhoea and oligomennorhoea. In women with irregular ovulation it seems to re-establish typical frequency of ovulation. Its effectiveness in oligo-amenorrhoeic women was tested in a number of randomised controlled trials at that time. These trials form the basis for the following review.
OBJECTIVES
Clomiphene citrate enhances the release of pituitary hormones, often resulting in ovulation. The objective of this review was to assess the effects of clomiphene citrate on ovulation and pregnancy in women with oligo-ovulatory subfertility.
SEARCH STRATEGY
The Cochrane Subfertility Review Group specialised register of controlled trials was searched.
SELECTION CRITERIA
Randomised trials of clomiphene compared with placebo or no treatment in women with oligo-ovulatory subfertility of at least 12 months duration.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Trial quality was assessed and data were extracted independently by two reviewers.
MAIN RESULTS
Four studies were included. They were all of crossover design. Since it was not possible to separate data from the first and second phases of these trials, the effect of clomiphene may be overestimated. Compared with placebo, clomiphene citrate was associated with increased ovulation. The odds ratio for high doses (50-250 milligrams per day) was 6.82 (95% confidence interval 3.92 to 11.85). This dropped to a non-significant odds ratio of 1.29 (95% confidence interval 0.48 to 3.49) with low doses (10 milligrams per day). Clomiphene citrate (all doses) was associated with an increased pregnancy rate per treatment cycle (odds ratio 3.41, 95% confidence interval 4.23 to 9.48).
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Clomiphene citrate (at doses between 50 to 250 milligrams per day) appears to be an effective method of inducing ovulation and improving fertility in oligo-ovulatory women. However adverse effects include possible ovarian cancer risk and risk of multiple pregnancy.
Topics: Amenorrhea; Clomiphene; Female; Fertility Agents, Female; Humans; Infertility, Female; Oligomenorrhea; Ovulation Induction; Pregnancy
PubMed: 17636579
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000056.pub2