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Environmental Science and Pollution... May 2023Pharmaceuticals can be considered a global threat to aquatic ecosystems due to their pseudo-persistence and their potential toxicity towards non-target species....
Pharmaceuticals can be considered a global threat to aquatic ecosystems due to their pseudo-persistence and their potential toxicity towards non-target species. Amoxicillin (AMX) and carbamazepine (CBZ) and their mixture (1:1) were investigated on the marine copepod Tigriopus fulvus (Fischer, 1860) considering both acute and chronic endpoints. While acute and chronic exposure did not directly affect survival, reproductive endpoints were affected like the mean egg hatching time that was significantly longer than the negative control for treatments with AMX (0.789 ± 0.079 μg/L), CBZ (8.88 ± 0.89 μg/L), and AMX and CMZ as a mixture (1.03 ± 0.10 μg/L and 0.941 ± 0.094 μg/L), in that order.
Topics: Animals; Copepoda; Amoxicillin; Ecosystem; Reproduction; Carbamazepine; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 36933130
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26498-0 -
Journal of General Internal Medicine Feb 2015
Topics: Actinomycosis, Cervicofacial; Amoxicillin; Female; Humans; Middle Aged
PubMed: 25280832
DOI: 10.1007/s11606-014-3001-z -
The Journal of Antimicrobial... Mar 2023In the randomized controlled trial PANTHEM, the prophylactic effect of oral amoxicillin or clindamycin is investigated in patients receiving chronic haemodialysis (HD).... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVES
In the randomized controlled trial PANTHEM, the prophylactic effect of oral amoxicillin or clindamycin is investigated in patients receiving chronic haemodialysis (HD). However, data on plasma concentrations of these antibiotics during HD are sparse. This study aims to determine if the plasma concentration of amoxicillin and clindamycin is sufficient during HD after oral administration of amoxicillin and clindamycin at three different time intervals prior to the HD procedure.
METHODS
Adult patients receiving chronic HD were investigated twice with an interval of at least 7 days starting with either a tablet of 500/125 mg amoxicillin/clavulanic acid or a tablet of 600 mg clindamycin. Patients were randomized to take the antibiotics either 30, 60 or 120 min prior to the HD procedure. Plasma antibiotic concentrations were measured at start, midway and at the end of HD. A lower threshold was set at 2.0 mg/L for amoxicillin and at 1.0 mg/L for clindamycin. In addition, a population pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis was performed, assessing PTA.
RESULTS
In the amoxicillin cohort (n = 37), 84% of patients and 95% of all plasma amoxicillin concentrations were above or at the threshold throughout the dialysis procedure. In the clindamycin cohort (n = 33), all concentrations were above the threshold throughout the dialysis procedure. Further, in all patients, the mean plasma concentration of both amoxicillin and clindamycin across the HD period was well above the threshold. Finally, the PK model predicted a high PTA in the majority of patients.
DISCUSSION
In patients on chronic HD, oral administration of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (500/125 mg) or clindamycin (600 mg) within 30-120 min prior to HD leads to a sufficient prophylactic plasma concentration across the HD period.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Amoxicillin; Clindamycin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Renal Dialysis
PubMed: 36640129
DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkad002 -
Medicina Oral, Patologia Oral Y Cirugia... Jul 2016Prophylactic use of amoxicillin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, although controversial, is common in routine clinical practice in third molar surgery. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Prophylactic use of amoxicillin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, although controversial, is common in routine clinical practice in third molar surgery.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Our objective was to assess the efficacy of prophylactic amoxicillin with or without clavulanic acid in reducing the incidence of dry socket and/or infection after third molar extraction. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis consulting electronic databases and references in retrieved articles. We included double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trials published up to June 2015 investigating the efficacy of amoxicillin with or without clavulanic acid on the incidence of the aforementioned conditions after third molar extraction. Relative risks (RRs) were estimated with a generic inverse-variance approach and a random effect model using Stata/IC 13 and Review Manager Version 5.2. Stratified analysis was performed by antibiotic type.
RESULTS
We included 10 papers in the qualitative review and in the quantitative synthesis (1997 extractions: 1072 in experimental groups and 925 in controls, with 27 and 74 events of dry socket and/or infection, respectively). The overall RR was 0.350 (p<0.001; 95% CI 0.214 to 0.574). We found no evidence of heterogeneity (I2=0%, p=0.470). The number needed to treat was 18 (95% CI 13 to 29). Five studies reported adverse reactions (RR=1.188, 95% CI 0.658 to 2.146, p =0.567). The RRs were 0.563 for amoxicillin (95% CI 0.295 to 1.08, p=0.082) and 0.215 for amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (95% CI 0.117 to 0.395, p<0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
Prophylactic use of amoxicillin does not significantly reduce the risk of infection and/or dry socket after third molar extraction. With amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, the risk decreases significantly. Nevertheless, considering the number needed to treat, low prevalence of infection, potential adverse reactions to antibiotics and lack of serious complications in placebo groups, the routine prescription of amoxicillin with or without clavulanic acid is not justified.
Topics: Amoxicillin; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Double-Blind Method; Dry Socket; Humans; Infection Control; Molar, Third; Tooth Exfoliation
PubMed: 26946211
DOI: 10.4317/medoral.21139 -
BioMed Research International 2020Antibiotics are among the most counterfeited anti-infectious medicines in developing countries. Amoxicillin is one of the commonly prescribed, affordable, and easily...
Antibiotics are among the most counterfeited anti-infectious medicines in developing countries. Amoxicillin is one of the commonly prescribed, affordable, and easily accessible antibiotic in Kenya. It is a broad-spectrum antibiotic hence commonly used in chemotherapy. This study sought to determine the quality and identify the various brands of amoxicillin and its combination amoxicillin/clavulanic acid marketed in Nairobi County. Nairobi is the capital city of Kenya, gateway for imports and exports, and the headquarters to most of the pharmaceutical distributors. Ten wards in Nairobi County representing different socioeconomic settings were purposively sampled for the study. A detailed questionnaire was used to collect background data on brands of amoxicillin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid in the market. A total of 106 different brands were found in the market: 85 were imports while 21 were locally manufactured. Fifty-three samples were analyzed with reference to the United States Pharmacopoeia. Amoxicillin and clavulanic acid contents for oral suspensions were determined immediately after reconstitution and 7 days thereafter to determine their stability during the prescription period. On day seven, 23.1% (3 out of 13) of amoxicillin and 66.7% (8 out of 12) amoxicillin/clavulanic acid oral suspensions presented levels below recommended limits. Uniformity of weight for amoxicillin capsules noted 13.6% (3 out of 22) failure rate, while amoxicillin/clavulanic acid tablets complied. Potency determination for all amoxicillin capsules analyzed were within required limits, but amoxicillin/clavulanic acid tablets showed 33.3% (2 out of 6) noncompliance. For amoxicillin capsule and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid tablet dissolution tests, there was 10.5% (2 out of 19) and 50% (2 out of 4) noncompliance, respectively. Overall, 37.7% of the drugs analyzed failed to comply with the Pharmacopoeia. These results highlight the presence of poor-quality amoxicillin formulations in Nairobi County, affirming the need for regular postmarket surveillance to inform on the situation of antibiotic quality in the Kenyan market.
Topics: Amoxicillin; Drug Compounding; Humans; Kenya; Quality Control; Suspensions; Tablets
PubMed: 32685520
DOI: 10.1155/2020/7091278 -
Current Opinion in Microbiology Apr 2023Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia, and one of the main pathogens responsible for otitis media infections in children.... (Review)
Review
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia, and one of the main pathogens responsible for otitis media infections in children. Amoxicillin (AMX) is a broad-spectrum β-lactam antibiotic, used frequently for the treatment of bacterial respiratory tract infections. Here, we discuss the pneumococcal response to AMX, including the mode of action of AMX, the effects on autolysin regulation, and the evolution of resistance through natural transformation. We discuss current knowledge gaps in the synthesis and translocation of peptidoglycan and teichoic acids, major constituents of the pneumococcal cell wall and critical to AMX activity. Furthermore, an outlook of AMX resistance research is presented, including the development of natural competence inhibitors to block evolution via horizontal gene transfer, and the use of high-throughput essentiality screens for the discovery of novel cotherapeutics.
Topics: Child; Humans; Amoxicillin; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Respiratory Tract Infections; Peptidoglycan; Biology; Anti-Bacterial Agents
PubMed: 36638546
DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2022.102261 -
Journal of Microbiology and... Apr 2024is a commonly used probiotic, and many researchers have focused on its stress response to improve its functionality and survival. However, studies on persister cells,...
is a commonly used probiotic, and many researchers have focused on its stress response to improve its functionality and survival. However, studies on persister cells, dormant cells that aid bacteria in surviving general stress, have focused on pathogenic bacteria that cause infection, not . Thus, understanding persister cells will provide essential clues for understanding how survives and maintains its function under various environmental conditions. We treated strains with various antibiotics to determine the conditions required for persister formation using kill curves and transmission electron microscopy. In addition, we observed the resuscitation patterns of persister cells using single-cell analysis. Our results show that creates a small population of persister cells (0.0001-1% of the bacterial population) in response to beta-lactam antibiotics such as ampicillin and amoxicillin. Moreover, only around 0.5-1% of persister cells are heterogeneously resuscitated by adding fresh media; the characteristics are typical of persister cells. This study provides a method for forming and verifying the persistence of and demonstrates that antibiotic-induced persister cells show characteristics of dormancy, sensitivity of antibiotics, same as exponential cells, multi-drug tolerance, and resuscitation, which are characteristics of general persister cells. This study suggests that the mechanisms of formation and resuscitation may vary depending on the characteristics, such as the membrane structure of the bacterial species.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Lactobacillus; Ampicillin; Microbial Viability; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Probiotics; Amoxicillin
PubMed: 38326923
DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2312.12035 -
The American Journal of Tropical... Jul 2018This study evaluated a newly developed paper analytical device (PAD) for screening amoxicillin samples in Blantyre urban townships. Covert shoppers attempted to buy...
This study evaluated a newly developed paper analytical device (PAD) for screening amoxicillin samples in Blantyre urban townships. Covert shoppers attempted to buy amoxicillin from a geographically stratified selection of private pharmacies ( = 22 out of 26) and drug stores ( = 23 out of 103) in the township area. According to the PAD results, all 42 samples obtained by the shoppers contained amoxicillin and none contained suspicious filler materials. Next, the products were assayed using high-performance liquid chromatography. Consistent with the PAD results, all samples contained the correct amount of amoxicillin with no unexpected ingredients. However, one sample was purchased as amoxicillin and contained that ingredient, but was packaged in capsules that are normally used to package ampicillin. Almost every sample failed a simple packaging analysis. Nine in 10 samples were missing their original packaging and/or inserts (52.4% repackaged capsules and 35.7% repackaged blister packs). Only 33.3% of the packages had expiry dates, 16.7% had batch numbers, and 47.6% had the manufacturer's name. Dispensing practices were likewise unsatisfactory. Ninety-five percentage of the sellers sold the amoxicillin without a prescription, even though this medicine is regulated as prescription-only in Malawi. Although the chemical analysis showed that amoxicillin quality was good, our market survey revealed poor adherence to prescription-only medicine dispensing of antibiotics, which threatens antimicrobial stewardship efforts. Furthermore, the wide prevalence of repackaging deprives medicines of important information needed during patient's use, regulatory investigations, and pharmacovigilance reporting.
Topics: Amoxicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Commerce; Drug Labeling; Drug Packaging; Drug Utilization; Drug and Narcotic Control; Humans; Malawi; Pharmacies
PubMed: 29692302
DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0003 -
PloS One 2022Antibiotics seize an effect on bacterial composition and diversity and have been demonstrated to induce disruptions on gut microbiomes. This may have implications for...
Antibiotics seize an effect on bacterial composition and diversity and have been demonstrated to induce disruptions on gut microbiomes. This may have implications for human health and wellbeing, and an increasing number of studies suggest a link between the gut microbiome and several diseases. Hence, reducing antibiotic treatments may be beneficial for human health status. Further, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an increasing global problem that can be counteracted by limiting the usage of antibiotics. Longer antibiotic treatments have been demonstrated to increase the development of AMR. Therefore, shortening of antibiotic treatment durations, provided it is safe for patients, may be one measure to reduce AMR. In this study, the objective was to investigate effects of standard and reduced antibiotic treatment lengths on gut microbiomes using a murine model. Changes in the murine gut microbiome was assessed after using three different treatment durations of amoxicillin (3, 7 or 14 days) as well as a control group not receiving amoxicillin. Fecal samples were collected before and during the whole experiment, until three weeks past end of treatment. These were further subject for 16S rRNA Illumina MiSeq sequencing. Our results demonstrated significant changes in bacterial diversity, richness and evenness during amoxicillin treatment, followed by a reversion in terms of alpha-diversity and abundance of major phyla, after end of treatment. However, a longer restitution time was indicated for mice receiving amoxicillin for 14 days, and phylum Patescibacteria did not fully recover. In addition, an effect on the composition of Firmicutes was indicated to last for at least three weeks in mice treated with amoxicillin for 14 days. Despite an apparently reversion to a close to original state in overall bacterial diversity and richness, the results suggested more durable changes in lower taxonomical levels. We detected several families, genera and ASVs with significantly altered abundance three weeks after exposure to amoxicillin, as well as bacterial taxa that appeared significantly affected by amoxicillin treatment length. This may strengthen the argument for shorter antibiotic treatment regimens to both limit the emergence of antibiotic resistance and risk of gut microbiome disturbance.
Topics: Humans; Mice; Animals; Amoxicillin; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Duration of Therapy; Microbiota; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria
PubMed: 36301847
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275737 -
International Journal of Molecular... Feb 2023The World Health Organization has indicated as a high-priority pathogen whose infections urgently require an update of the antibacterial treatments pipeline. Recently,...
The World Health Organization has indicated as a high-priority pathogen whose infections urgently require an update of the antibacterial treatments pipeline. Recently, bacterial ureases and carbonic anhydrases (CAs) were found to represent valuable pharmacological targets to inhibit bacterial growth. Hence, we explored the underexploited possibility of developing a multiple-targeted anti- therapy by assessing the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of a CA inhibitor, carvacrol (CAR), amoxicillin (AMX) and a urease inhibitor (SHA), alone and in combination. Minimal Inhibitory (MIC) and Minimal Bactericidal (MBC) Concentrations of their different combinations were evaluated by checkerboard assay and three different methods were employed to assess their capability to eradicate biofilm. Through Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analysis, the mechanism of action of the three compounds alone and together was determined. Interestingly, most combinations were found to strongly inhibit growth, resulting in an additive FIC index for both CAR-AMX and CAR-SHA associations, while an indifferent value was recorded for the AMX-SHA association. Greater antimicrobial and antibiofilm efficacy of the combinations CAR-AMX, SHA-AMX and CAR-SHA against were found with respect to the same compounds used alone, thereby representing an innovative and promising strategy to counteract infections.
Topics: Humans; Amoxicillin; Helicobacter pylori; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Helicobacter Infections; Biofilms; Microbial Sensitivity Tests
PubMed: 36901886
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054455