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Comptes Rendus Biologies 2009The early diverging metazoan lineages have highly disparate adult body plan geometries, which can be characterised in terms of five major types of symmetry... (Review)
Review
The early diverging metazoan lineages have highly disparate adult body plan geometries, which can be characterised in terms of five major types of symmetry (asymmetrical, spherical, cylindrical, n-radial, bilateral). Patterns of evolutionary changes in symmetry types and the homology of body axes across lineages are discussed here by confronting evidence from comparative anatomy, phylogeny, genomics and evo-devo. The conventional scenario, postulating a graded complexification from asymmetry to radial and finally bilateral symmetry, is considered untenable. Cylindrical symmetry is likely to be the ancestral type from which derived all remaining types through multiple convergences. Recent proposals prompted by molecular data that the bilateral anatomies of many cnidarians and of the Bilateria are homologous are clearly not supported. The Hox-based patterning system operating along the antero-posterior axis of the Bilateria does not seem to predate their divergence with the Cnidaria, but intercellular signalling systems, notably the Wnt pathway, could have been involved in generating the main body axis in the last common ancestor of the Metazoa.
Topics: Anatomy, Comparative; Animals; Anthozoa; Biological Evolution; Cnidaria; Genomics; Invertebrates; Porifera; Wnt Proteins
PubMed: 19281951
DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2008.07.009 -
Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia Dec 2014Our knowledge regarding the anatomophysiology of the cardiovascular system (CVS) has progressed since the fourth millennium BC. In Egypt (3500 BC), it was believed that... (Review)
Review
Our knowledge regarding the anatomophysiology of the cardiovascular system (CVS) has progressed since the fourth millennium BC. In Egypt (3500 BC), it was believed that a set of channels are interconnected to the heart, transporting air, urine, air, blood, and the soul. One thousand years later, the heart was established as the center of the CVS by the Hippocratic Corpus in the medical school of Kos, and some of the CVS anatomical characteristics were defined. The CVS was known to transport blood via the right ventricle through veins and the pneuma via the left ventricle through arteries. Two hundred years later, in Alexandria, following the development of human anatomical dissection, Herophilus discovered that arteries were 6 times thicker than veins, and Erasistratus described the semilunar valves, emphasizing that arteries were filled with blood when ventricles were empty. Further, 200 years later, Galen demonstrated that arteries contained blood and not air. With the decline of the Roman Empire, Greco-Roman medical knowledge about the CVS was preserved in Persia, and later in Islam where, Ibn Nafis inaccurately described pulmonary circulation. The resurgence of dissection of the human body in Europe in the 14th century was associated with the revival of the knowledge pertaining to the CVS. The main findings were the description of pulmonary circulation by Servetus, the anatomical discoveries of Vesalius, the demonstration of pulmonary circulation by Colombo, and the discovery of valves in veins by Fabricius. Following these developments, Harvey described blood circulation.
Topics: Anatomy; Cardiology; Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; Cardiovascular System; Egypt; Greece; History, Ancient; History, Medieval; Humans; Medical Illustration; Physiology; Roman World
PubMed: 25590934
DOI: 10.5935/abc.20140148 -
MedEdPORTAL : the Journal of Teaching... Nov 2018Improving integration between basic science and clinical application is essential in medical education. Anatomy courses can do this by focusing on medical imaging...
INTRODUCTION
Improving integration between basic science and clinical application is essential in medical education. Anatomy courses can do this by focusing on medical imaging interpretation. Most imaging textbooks rely on structural identification, which novice learners often struggle to apply to the health care environment, particularly in complex regions like the pelvis, which is multifaceted and differs substantially between sexes. To address this deficit, this resource extends our imaging-based tutorial series.
METHODS
This tutorial was a self-administered PowerPoint incorporating X-ray, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging, which are all often used for the pelvic region, as well as self-quizzing and clinical applications. Using repeated-measures, control/experimental design, the tutorial was evaluated as a review tool for 57 Australian medical students in preclerkship years. Participants were evaluated by a rating self-efficacy scale, knowledge-based testing (multiple-choice, short-answer, and identification questions), and feedback to open-ended questions.
RESULTS
Results indicate that the tutorial significantly improved direct knowledge ( = .006), as the experimental group's posttutorial scores for direct questions were superior by 21% on average. Significant improvements occurred specifically for direct short-answer and indirect image-identification questions.
DISCUSSION
These results suggest the tutorial is an effective review tool. While previous tutorials were evaluated as adjunct tools, this tutorial was evaluated post-anatomy teaching with similar results. Students improved in direct and applied anatomy following tutorial exposure. This suggests that the tutorial series comprises valuable review and supplementary materials. None of our tutorials have been evaluated as a sole mechanism for teaching anatomy or imaging.
Topics: Anatomy; Education, Medical, Undergraduate; Educational Measurement; Humans; Pelvis; Radiography; Students, Medical; Surveys and Questionnaires; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 30800978
DOI: 10.15766/mep_2374-8265.10778 -
The Journal of Comparative Neurology Aug 2019African mole-rats are subterranean rodents that spend their whole life in underground burrow systems. They show a range of morphological and physiological adaptations to...
African mole-rats are subterranean rodents that spend their whole life in underground burrow systems. They show a range of morphological and physiological adaptations to their ecotope, for instance severely reduced eyes and specialized somatosensory, olfactory, and auditory systems. These adaptations are also reflected in the accessory sensory pathways in the brain that process the input coming from the sensory organs. So far, a brain atlas was available only for the naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber). The Ansell's mole-rat (Fukomys anselli) has been the subject of many investigations in various disciplines (ethology, sensory physiology, and anatomy) including magnetic orientation. It is therefore surprising that an atlas of the brain of this species was not available so far. Here, we present a comprehensive atlas of the Ansell's mole-rat brain based on Nissl and Klüver-Barrera stained sections. We identify and label 375 brain regions and discuss selected differences from the brain of the closely related naked mole-rat as well as from epigeic mammals (rat), with a particular focus on the auditory brainstem. This atlas can serve as a reference for future neuroanatomical investigations of subterranean mammals.
Topics: Anatomy, Artistic; Animals; Atlases as Topic; Brain; Female; Male; Mole Rats
PubMed: 30697737
DOI: 10.1002/cne.24647 -
Indian Journal of Dental Research :... 2010
Topics: Anatomy; Curriculum; Education, Dental; Humans; India; Tooth
PubMed: 20427930
DOI: 10.4103/0970-9290.62789 -
Anatomical Record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Nov 2020
Topics: Anatomy; Animals; History, 18th Century; Horses; Medicine in the Arts
PubMed: 32696594
DOI: 10.1002/ar.24499 -
Frontiers in Neural Circuits 2017Social behavior encompasses a number of distinctive and complex constructs that form the core elements of human imitative culture, mainly represented as either... (Review)
Review
Social behavior encompasses a number of distinctive and complex constructs that form the core elements of human imitative culture, mainly represented as either affiliative or antagonistic interactions with conspecifics. Traditionally considered in the realm of psychology, social behavior research has benefited from recent advancements in neuroscience that have accelerated identification of the neural systems, circuits, causative genes and molecular mechanisms that underlie distinct social cognitive traits. In this review article, I summarize recent findings regarding the neuroanatomical substrates of key social behaviors, focusing on results from experiments conducted in rodent models. In particular, I will review the role of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and downstream subcortical structures in controlling social behavior, and discuss pertinent future research perspectives.
Topics: Animals; Neural Pathways; Neuroanatomy; Prefrontal Cortex; Rodentia; Social Behavior
PubMed: 28659766
DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2017.00041 -
Anatomical Record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Jun 2014For more than two centuries, the idea that the forelimb and hindlimb are serially homologous structures has been accepted without serious question. This study presents...
Comparative anatomy, evolution, and homologies of tetrapod hindlimb muscles, comparison with forelimb muscles, and deconstruction of the forelimb-hindlimb serial homology hypothesis.
For more than two centuries, the idea that the forelimb and hindlimb are serially homologous structures has been accepted without serious question. This study presents the first detailed analysis of the evolution and homologies of all hindlimb muscles in representatives of each major tetrapod group and proposes a unifying nomenclature for these muscles. These data are compared with information obtained previously about the forelimb muscles of tetrapods and the muscles of other gnathostomes in order to address one of the most central and enigmatic questions in evolutionary and comparative anatomy: why are the pelvic and pectoral appendages of gnathostomes generally so similar to each other? An integrative analysis of the new myological data, combined with a review of recent paleontological, developmental, and genetic works and of older studies, does not support serial homology between the structures of these appendages. For instance, many of the strikingly similar forelimb and hindlimb muscles found in each major extant tetrapod taxon were acquired at different geological times and/or have different embryonic origins. These similar muscles are not serial homologues, but the result of evolutionary parallelism/convergence due to a complex interplay of ontogenetic, functional, topological, and phylogenetic constraints/factors.
Topics: Anatomy, Comparative; Animals; Biological Evolution; Forelimb; Hindlimb; Humans; Muscle, Skeletal; Phylogeny
PubMed: 24729440
DOI: 10.1002/ar.22919 -
MedEdPORTAL : the Journal of Teaching... Aug 2018Easing students' transition to the clinical environment is vital in medical education. For anatomy, this can be achieved by incorporating medical imaging. Most resources...
INTRODUCTION
Easing students' transition to the clinical environment is vital in medical education. For anatomy, this can be achieved by incorporating medical imaging. Most resources for study of imaging solely cover structural identification, which does not adequately prepare students to interpret imaging in clinical practice. This resource adds to a series of tutorials incorporating clinical applications of anatomy.
METHODS
The tutorial was a self-administered PowerPoint that guided students through principles of abdominal anatomy. It integrated radiological images, including X-ray, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging, plus clinical correlations and self-evaluation. It was evaluated as a review tool, using repeated-measures control/experimental design, on 100 Australian medical students in preclerkship years. Testing comprised knowledge-based questionnaires, a Likert self-efficacy scale, and open-ended evaluation questions.
RESULTS
Results suggest the tutorial significantly improved direct knowledge ( < .001), as the experimental group's posttutorial test scores were superior for direct questions by 32% on average. This difference was particularly significant for short-answer and multiple-choice questions. Students' confidence with anatomy and imaging was enhanced.
DISCUSSION
These results demonstrate the tutorial's strength as a review resource. Unlike our previous work, where students received tutorials alongside anatomy teaching, this tutorial was assessed after coursework completion with similar results. Direct knowledge significantly improved; however, indirect applications did not, perhaps due to complexity of the region. Nonetheless, the results reinforce the value of the series' tutorials as review tools, as well as adjunct tools alongside anatomy curricula. There is scope for further research into their use as stand-alone resources.
Topics: Abdomen; Anatomy; Australia; Computer-Assisted Instruction; Diagnostic Imaging; Education, Medical, Undergraduate; Educational Measurement; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Radiography; Students, Medical; Surveys and Questionnaires; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 30800948
DOI: 10.15766/mep_2374-8265.10748 -
Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine Jul 2003
Topics: Anatomy; Brain; England; History, 17th Century; Humans; Religion and Science
PubMed: 12835461
DOI: 10.1258/jrsm.96.7.368