-
Blood Aug 2022The World Health Organization estimates that approximately a quarter of the world's population suffers from anemia, including almost half of preschool-age children....
The World Health Organization estimates that approximately a quarter of the world's population suffers from anemia, including almost half of preschool-age children. Globally, iron deficiency anemia is the most common cause of anemia. Other important causes of anemia in children are hemoglobinopathies, infection, and other chronic diseases. Anemia is associated with increased morbidity, including neurologic complications, increased risk of low birth weight, infection, and heart failure, as well as increased mortality. When approaching a child with anemia, detailed historical information, particularly diet, environmental exposures, and family history, often yield important clues to the diagnosis. Dysmorphic features on physical examination may indicate syndromic causes of anemia. Diagnostic testing involves a stepwise approach utilizing various laboratory techniques. The increasing availability of genetic testing is providing new mechanistic insights into inherited anemias and allowing diagnosis in many previously undiagnosed cases. Population-based approaches are being taken to address nutritional anemias. Novel pharmacologic agents and advances in gene therapy-based therapeutics have the potential to ameliorate anemia-associated disease and provide treatment strategies even in the most difficult and complex cases.
Topics: Anemia; Anemia, Iron-Deficiency; Child; Child, Preschool; Genetic Testing; Humans; Nervous System Diseases
PubMed: 35213686
DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020006479 -
Hematology/oncology Clinics of North... Apr 2022The causes of hemolytic anemia are numerous and a systematic approach is critical for proper identification and classification. The direct antiglobulin test can... (Review)
Review
The causes of hemolytic anemia are numerous and a systematic approach is critical for proper identification and classification. The direct antiglobulin test can establish the diagnosis and subclassify the majority of autoimmune hemolytic anemias. Further testing to identify the driver of AIHA can have significant implications in overall management. Advanced testing for rare nonimmune acquired hemolytic anemias or hereditary hemolytic anemias may be necessary if DAT testing is negative.
Topics: Anemia, Hemolytic; Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune; Autoantibodies; Coombs Test; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans
PubMed: 35282951
DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2021.12.001 -
Praxis Feb 2009Anemia is a common problem in family medicine and therefore frequently investigated in general practice. Anemias are classified according to mean corpuscular volume... (Review)
Review
Anemia is a common problem in family medicine and therefore frequently investigated in general practice. Anemias are classified according to mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and reticulocyte count. An algorithm for the evaluation of the cause contains patients history and laboratory analysis including reticulocyte count, serum ferritin and CRP, serum vitamin B12, serum or erythrocyte folate and serum creatinine. Therewith most anemias in general practice can be explained. The most important types of anemia, e.g. iron deficiency anemia, are discussed as well as aspects of diagnosis and therapy. Iron deficiency anemia is often diagnosed together with other types of anemia, such as e.g. anemia of chronic disease. Particular aspects of anemia in the elderly as well as renal anemia are discussed.
Topics: Algorithms; Anemia; Diagnosis, Differential; Family Practice; Humans
PubMed: 19224487
DOI: 10.1024/1661-8157.98.4.191 -
The Medical Clinics of North America May 1992In evaluating pregnant women with anemia, it is essential to do a complete history and physical examination, as well as a complete blood count with indices and a blood... (Review)
Review
In evaluating pregnant women with anemia, it is essential to do a complete history and physical examination, as well as a complete blood count with indices and a blood smear examination. Based on these findings, other tests such as ferritin and serum or red cell folate may be ordered. Because of the normal physiologic changes in pregnancy that affect the hematocrit, indices, and some other parameters, diagnosing true anemia, as well as the etiology of anemia, is challenging. Because of the increased nutritional requirements of the mother and fetus, the most common anemias are iron deficiency anemia and folate deficiency megaloblastic anemia. These anemias are more common in women who have inadequate diets and who are not receiving prenatal iron and folate supplements. Other less common causes of acquired anemia in pregnancy are aplastic anemia and hemolytic anemia associated with preeclampsia. In addition, congenital anemias such as sickle cell disease can impact on the health of the mother and fetus. Obviously, severe anemia has adverse effects on the mother and the fetus. There is also evidence that less severe anemia is associated with poor pregnancy outcome. The cause of this association has yet to be elucidated. It is important, however, to diagnose and treat anemia in pregnancy to provide for optimal health of the mother and infant.
Topics: Anemia; Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic
PubMed: 1578961
DOI: 10.1016/s0025-7125(16)30344-3 -
Atencion Primaria Jan 2018The objective of this protocol is to know which test are needed to study an anaemia in a patient with chronic kidney disease, the differential diagnosis of renal...
The objective of this protocol is to know which test are needed to study an anaemia in a patient with chronic kidney disease, the differential diagnosis of renal anaemia, to know and correct other deficiency anaemias, and the criteria for referral to Nephrology or other specialties of the anaemic patient with chronic kidney disease.
Topics: Algorithms; Anemia; Clinical Protocols; Humans; Nephrology; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Referral and Consultation; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
PubMed: 29224999
DOI: 10.1016/j.aprim.2017.09.007 -
Indian Journal of Dental Research :... 2011The aim of this paper is to review the literature and identify orofacial manifestations of hematological diseases, with particular reference to anemias and disorders of... (Review)
Review
The aim of this paper is to review the literature and identify orofacial manifestations of hematological diseases, with particular reference to anemias and disorders of hemostasis. A computerized literature search using MEDLINE was conducted for published articles on orofacial manifestations of hematological diseases, with emphasis on anemia. Mesh phrases used in the search were: oral diseases AND anaemia; orofacial diseases AND anaemia; orofacial lesions AND anaemia; orofacial manifestations AND disorders of haemostasis. The Boolean operator "AND" was used to combine and narrow the searches. Anemic disorders associated with orofacial signs and symptoms include iron deficiency anemia, Plummer-Vinson syndrome, megaloblastic anemia, sickle cell anemia, thalassaemia and aplastic anemia. The manifestations include conjunctiva and facial pallor, atrophic glossitis, angular stomatitis, dysphagia, magenta tongue, midfacial overgrowth, osteoclerosis, osteomyelitis and paraesthesia/anesthesia of the mental nerve. Orofacial petechiae, conjunctivae hemorrhage, nose-bleeding, spontaneous and post-traumatic gingival hemorrhage and prolonged post-extraction bleeding are common orofacial manifestations of inherited hemostatic disorders such as von Willebrand's disease and hemophilia. A wide array of anemic and hemostatic disorders encountered in internal medicine has manifestations in the oral cavity and the facial region. Most of these manifestations are non-specific, but should alert the hematologist and the dental surgeon to the possibilities of a concurrent disease of hemopoiesis or hemostasis or a latent one that may subsequently manifest itself.
Topics: Anemia; Facies; Hemostatic Disorders; Humans; Mouth Diseases
PubMed: 22048588
DOI: 10.4103/0970-9290.87070 -
Nefrologia 2018The objective of this protocol is to know which test are needed to study an anaemia in a patient with chronic kidney disease, the differential diagnosis of renal...
The objective of this protocol is to know which test are needed to study an anaemia in a patient with chronic kidney disease, the differential diagnosis of renal anaemia, to know and correct other deficiency anaemias, and the criteria for referral to Nephrology or other specialties of the anaemic patient with chronic kidney disease.
Topics: Algorithms; Anemia; Clinical Protocols; Disease Management; Erythropoietin; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Hematinics; Humans; Iron; Nephrology; Referral and Consultation; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
PubMed: 29128260
DOI: 10.1016/j.nefro.2017.09.004 -
The Netherlands Journal of Medicine Apr 2020Anaemia is a common diagnosis for clinicians. This mini-review summarises criteria for diagnosing the cause of anaemia. Within the microcytic anaemias, iron-deficient... (Review)
Review
Anaemia is a common diagnosis for clinicians. This mini-review summarises criteria for diagnosing the cause of anaemia. Within the microcytic anaemias, iron-deficient anaemia is most common. In addition, we would like to raise awareness of thalassaemia as a differential diagnosis. A normocytic anaemia, such as anaemia of chronic disease, is a diagnosis of exclusion. A macrocytic anaemia scheme is provided and differentiates based on reticulocyte count. We aim to provide the readers a clear overview of anaemia and when to refer to haematologists.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anemia; Child; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Hemoglobins; Humans; Male; Pregnancy; Reference Values; Symptom Assessment; Young Adult
PubMed: 32332184
DOI: No ID Found -
Gaceta Medica de Mexico 1998
-
Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North... Dec 2013Anemias continue to present a challenge to the health care profession. Anemia is defined as a reduction in one or more of the RBC indices. Patients presenting with a... (Review)
Review
Anemias continue to present a challenge to the health care profession. Anemia is defined as a reduction in one or more of the RBC indices. Patients presenting with a mild form of anemia may be asymptomatic; however, in more serious cases the anemia can become life threatening. In many cases the clinical presentation also reflects the underlying cause. Anemia may be attributed to various causes, whereas autoimmune RBC destruction may be attributed to intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Laboratory tests are essential in facilitating early detection and differentiation of anemia.
Topics: Anemia; Anemia, Hemolytic; Anemia, Iron-Deficiency; Anemia, Sickle Cell; Hemolysis; Humans; Risk Factors; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency
PubMed: 24267278
DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2013.09.004