-
Current Neuropharmacology 2022Tobacco use in humans is a long-standing public health concern. Flavors are common additives in tobacco and alternative tobacco products, added to mask nicotine's harsh... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Tobacco use in humans is a long-standing public health concern. Flavors are common additives in tobacco and alternative tobacco products, added to mask nicotine's harsh orosensory effects and increase the appeal of these products. Animal models are integral for investigating nicotine use and addiction and are helpful for understanding the effects of flavor additives on the use of nicotine delivery products.
OBJECTIVE
This review focuses on preclinical models to evaluate the contribution of flavor additives to nicotine addiction.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
An electronic literature search was conducted by authors up to May 2022. Original articles were selected.
RESULTS
The behavioral models of rodents described here capture multiple dimensions of human flavored nicotine use behaviors, including advantages and disadvantages.
CONCLUSION
The consensus of the literature search was that human research on nicotine use behavior has not caught up with fast-changing product innovations, marketing practices, and federal regulations. Animal models are therefore needed to investigate mechanisms underlying nicotine use and addiction. This review provides a comprehensive overvie.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Tobacco Use Disorder; Nicotine; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Flavoring Agents; Models, Animal
PubMed: 35611777
DOI: 10.2174/1570159X20666220524120231 -
Virology Journal Dec 2019Marburg virus (MARV) is a highly pathogenic virus associated with severe disease and mortality rates as high as 90%. Outbreaks of MARV are sporadic, deadly, and often... (Review)
Review
Marburg virus (MARV) is a highly pathogenic virus associated with severe disease and mortality rates as high as 90%. Outbreaks of MARV are sporadic, deadly, and often characterized by a lack of resources and facilities to diagnose and treat patients. There are currently no approved vaccines or treatments, and the chaotic and infrequent nature of outbreaks, among other factors, makes testing new countermeasures during outbreaks ethically and logistically challenging. Without field efficacy studies, researchers must rely on animal models of MARV infection to assess the efficacy of vaccines and treatments, with the limitations being the accuracy of the animal model in recapitulating human pathogenesis. This review will compare various animal models to the available descriptions of human pathogenesis and aims to evaluate their effectiveness in modeling important aspects of Marburg virus disease.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Marburg Virus Disease; Marburgvirus
PubMed: 31888676
DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1272-z -
Bone Nov 2021Scoliosis is a complex disease with undetermined pathogenesis and has a strong relationship with genetics. Models of scoliosis in animals have been established for... (Review)
Review
Scoliosis is a complex disease with undetermined pathogenesis and has a strong relationship with genetics. Models of scoliosis in animals have been established for better comprehending its pathogenesis and treatment. In this review, we searched all the genetic animal models with body curvature in databases, and reviewed the related genes and scoliosis types. Meanwhile, we also summarized the pathogenesis of scoliosis reported so far. Summarizing the positive phenotypic animal models contributes to a better understanding on the pathogenesis of scoliosis and facilitates the selection of experimental models when a possible pathogenic factor is concerned.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Scoliosis
PubMed: 34174503
DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116075 -
Journal of Microbiology (Seoul, Korea) Mar 2022As of February 2022, SARS-CoV-2 is still one of the most serious public health threats due to its high mortality rate and rapid spread of novel variants. Since the first... (Review)
Review
As of February 2022, SARS-CoV-2 is still one of the most serious public health threats due to its high mortality rate and rapid spread of novel variants. Since the first outbreak in 2019, general understanding of SARS-CoV-2 has been improved through basic and clinical studies; however, knowledge gaps still exist in our understanding of the emerging novel SARSCoV-2 variants, which impacts the corresponding development of vaccines and therapeutics. Especially, accumulation of mutations in SARS-CoV-2 and rapid spread in populations with previous immunity has resulted in selection of variants that evade the host immune response. This phenomenon threatens to render current SARS-CoV-2 vaccines ineffective for controlling the pandemic. Proper animal models are essential for detailed investigations into the viral etiology, transmission and pathogenesis mechanisms, as well as evaluation of the efficacy of vaccine candidates against recent SARS-CoV-2 variants. Further, the choice of animal model for each research topic is important for researchers to gain better knowledge of recent SARS-CoV-2 variants. Here, we review the advantages and limitations of each animal model, including mice, hamsters, ferrets, and non-human primates, to elucidate variant SARS-CoV-2 etiology and transmission and to evaluate therapeutic and vaccine efficacy.
Topics: Animals; COVID-19; COVID-19 Vaccines; Disease Models, Animal; Ferrets; Humans; Mice; SARS-CoV-2; Virulence
PubMed: 35235177
DOI: 10.1007/s12275-022-2033-z -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022The adaptive immune response induced by SARS-CoV-2 plays a key role in the antiviral process and can protect the body from the threat of infection for a certain period... (Review)
Review
The adaptive immune response induced by SARS-CoV-2 plays a key role in the antiviral process and can protect the body from the threat of infection for a certain period of time. However, owing to the limitations of clinical studies, the antiviral mechanisms, protective thresholds, and persistence of the immune memory of adaptive immune responses remain unclear. This review summarizes existing research models for SARS-CoV-2 and elaborates on the advantages of animal models in simulating the clinical symptoms of COVID-19 in humans. In addition, we systematically summarize the research progress on the SARS-CoV-2 adaptive immune response and the remaining key issues, as well as the application and prospects of animal models in this field. This paper provides direction for in-depth analysis of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 mechanism of the adaptive immune response and lays the foundation for the development and application of vaccines and drugs.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Animals; Antiviral Agents; COVID-19; Humans; Models, Animal; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 36189203
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.993754 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2019Infectious diseases still remain one of the biggest challenges for human health. In order to gain a better understanding of the pathogenesis of infectious diseases and... (Review)
Review
Infectious diseases still remain one of the biggest challenges for human health. In order to gain a better understanding of the pathogenesis of infectious diseases and develop effective diagnostic tools, therapeutic agents, and preventive vaccines, a suitable animal model which can represent the characteristics of infectious is required. The Syrian hamster immune responses to infectious pathogens are similar to humans and as such, this model is advantageous for studying pathogenesis of infection including post-bacterial, viral and parasitic pathogens, along with assessing the efficacy and interactions of medications and vaccines for those pathogens. This review summarizes the current status of Syrian hamster models and their use for understanding the underlying mechanisms of pathogen infection, in addition to their use as a drug discovery platform and provides a strong rationale for the selection of Syrian hamster as animal models in biomedical research. The challenges of using Syrian hamster as an alternative animal model for the research of infectious diseases are also addressed.
Topics: Animals; Communicable Diseases; Cricetinae; Disease Models, Animal; Disease Susceptibility; Host-Parasite Interactions; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Research
PubMed: 31632404
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02329 -
Seminars in Pediatric Surgery Feb 2018Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) remains one of the highest causes of mortality and of acute and long-term morbidity in premature infants. Multiple factors are involved... (Review)
Review
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) remains one of the highest causes of mortality and of acute and long-term morbidity in premature infants. Multiple factors are involved in the pathophysiology of NEC including the immaturity of the immune system and the complex changing composition of the intestinal microbiome. This is compounded by the fact that the premature infant should ideally still be a developing fetus and has an immature intestinal tract. Because these complexities are beyond the scope of studies in single-cell cultures, animal models are absolutely essential to understand the mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of NEC and the effects of inflammation on the immature intestinal tract. To this end, investigators have utilized many different species (e.g., rats, mice, rabbits, quails, piglets, and non-human primates) and conditions to develop models of NEC. Each animal has distinct advantages and drawbacks related to its preterm viability, body size, genetic variability, and cost. The choice of animal model is strongly influenced by the scientific question being addressed. While no model perfectly mimics human NEC, each has greatly improved our understanding of disease. Examples of recent discoveries in NEC pathogenesis and prevention underscore the importance of continued animal research in NEC.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Enterocolitis, Necrotizing; Mice; Rats; Swine
PubMed: 29275813
DOI: 10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2017.11.006 -
Trends in Genetics : TIG Jul 2020Progress in the identification of causal genes and understanding of the mechanism underlying kidney disease is hindered by the almost exclusive use of a few animal... (Review)
Review
Progress in the identification of causal genes and understanding of the mechanism underlying kidney disease is hindered by the almost exclusive use of a few animal models with restrictive monogenic backgrounds that may be more resistant to kidney disease compared with humans and, therefore, poor models. Exploring the large genetic diversity in classical animal models, such as mice and rats, and leveraging species diversity will allow us to use the genetic advantages of zebrafish, Drosophila, and other species, to develop both new animal models that are more relevant to the study of human kidney disease and potential therapies.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Species Specificity
PubMed: 32362446
DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2020.04.001 -
Current Protocols Dec 2021Microbiome composition studies are increasingly shedding light on animal models of disease. This paper describes a protocol for analyzing the gut microbiome composition...
Microbiome composition studies are increasingly shedding light on animal models of disease. This paper describes a protocol for analyzing the gut microbiome composition prior to and after the induction of mice to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the principal animal model of the human neuroinflammatory demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis (MS). We also address and provide data assessing the impact of mice reared in different animal facilities on EAE induction. Furthermore, we discuss potential regulators of the gut-microbiome-brain axis (GMBA) in relation to neuroinflammation and implications on demyelinating disease states. Our results suggest that mice reared in different animal facilities produce different levels of EAE induction. These results highlight the importance of accounting for consistent environmental conditions when inducing EAE and other animal models of disease. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Study of the composition of the gut microbiome in the neuroinflammatory model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis Basic Protocol 2: Experimental procedures for DNA extraction and microbiome analysis.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Mice; Multiple Sclerosis; Neuroinflammatory Diseases
PubMed: 34870901
DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.314 -
Journal of Vascular Research 2022Animal models have significantly advanced our understanding of the mechanisms of atherosclerosis formation and the evaluation of therapeutic options. The current focus... (Review)
Review
Animal models have significantly advanced our understanding of the mechanisms of atherosclerosis formation and the evaluation of therapeutic options. The current focus of research is on preventive strategies and includes pharmacologic and biologic interventions directed primarily against smooth-muscle cell proliferation, endovascular devices for recanalization and/or drug delivery, and an integrated approach using both devices and pharmacobiologic agents. The experience over many decades with animal models in vascular research has established that a single, ideal, naturally available model for atherosclerosis does not exist. The spectrum ranges from large animals such as pigs to small animal experiments with genetically modified rodents such as the ApoE-/- mouse with correspondingly differently pronounced changes in their lipid and lipoprotein levels. The development of transgenic variants of currently available models, e.g., an ApoE-deficient rabbit line, has widened our options. Nevertheless, an appreciation of the individual features of natural or stimulated disease in each species is of importance for the proper design and execution of relevant experiments.
Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Disease Models, Animal; Mice; Mice, Knockout, ApoE; Rabbits; Swine; Vascular Surgical Procedures
PubMed: 35760040
DOI: 10.1159/000524795