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Journal of Translational Medicine Jan 2024Acute lung injury (ALI) is a complex disease with numerous causes. This review begins with a discussion of disease development from direct or indirect pulmonary insults,... (Review)
Review
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a complex disease with numerous causes. This review begins with a discussion of disease development from direct or indirect pulmonary insults, as well as varied pathogenesis. The heterogeneous nature of ALI is then elaborated upon, including its epidemiology, clinical manifestations, potential biomarkers, and genetic contributions. Although no medication is currently approved for this devastating illness, supportive care and pharmacological intervention for ALI treatment are summarized, followed by an assessment of the pathophysiological gap between human ALI and animal models. Lastly, current research progress on advanced nanomedicines for ALI therapeutics in preclinical and clinical settings is reviewed, demonstrating new opportunities towards developing an effective treatment for ALI.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Translational Science, Biomedical; Acute Lung Injury; Models, Animal
PubMed: 38183140
DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04828-7 -
Respiratory Research Nov 2023Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive scarring interstitial lung disease with an unknown cause. Some patients may experience acute exacerbations... (Review)
Review
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive scarring interstitial lung disease with an unknown cause. Some patients may experience acute exacerbations (AE), which result in severe lung damage visible on imaging or through examination of tissue samples, often leading to high mortality rates. However, the etiology and pathogenesis of AE-IPF remain unclear. AE-IPF patients exhibit diffuse lung damage, apoptosis of type II alveolar epithelial cells, and an excessive inflammatory response. Establishing a reliable animal model of AE is critical for investigating the pathogenesis. Recent studies have reported a variety of animal models for AE-IPF, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. These models are usually established in mice with bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, using viruses, bacteria, small peptides, or specific drugs. In this review, we present an overview of different AE models, hoping to provide a useful resource for exploring the mechanisms and targeted therapies for AE-IPF.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Mice; Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis; Lung; Models, Animal; Disease Progression
PubMed: 38007420
DOI: 10.1186/s12931-023-02595-z -
Zoological Research May 2023Large animal models of cardiac ischemia-reperfusion are critical for evaluation of the efficacy of cardioprotective interventions prior to clinical translation.... (Review)
Review
Large animal models of cardiac ischemia-reperfusion are critical for evaluation of the efficacy of cardioprotective interventions prior to clinical translation. Nonetheless, current cardioprotective strategies/interventions formulated in preclinical cardiovascular research are often limited to small animal models, which are not transferable or reproducible in large animal models due to different factors such as: (i) complex and varied features of human ischemic cardiac disease (ICD), which are challenging to mimic in animal models, (ii) significant differences in surgical techniques applied, and (iii) differences in cardiovascular anatomy and physiology between small versus large animals. This article highlights the advantages and disadvantages of different large animal models of preclinical cardiac ischemic reperfusion injury (IRI), as well as the different methods used to induce and assess IRI, and the obstacles faced in using large animals for translational research in the settings of cardiac IR.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury; Disease Models, Animal
PubMed: 37147910
DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2022.487 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2022In competitive sports, the training load is close to the human physiological limit, which will inevitably lead to exercise-induced fatigue. If fatigue cannot be... (Review)
Review
In competitive sports, the training load is close to the human physiological limit, which will inevitably lead to exercise-induced fatigue. If fatigue cannot be recovered in time, it will eventually lead to excessive training and affect sport performance. Therefore, fatigue has become an important part of the physical function assessment for athletes. This paper will review animal models of long-term exercise-induced fatigue, modeling schemes of mice under treadmill and swimming training, phenotypes of long-term exercise-induced fatigue (e.g., nervous system damage, myocardial cell damage, bone mineral density changes, and skeletal muscle damage), and fatigue indicators. The relationship between physiological indicators and biomarkers and long-term exercise-induced fatigue is analyzed to promote exercise-induced fatigue monitoring. This paper attempts to provide a reference for the selection of animal models of long-term exercise-induced fatigue and provide a new theoretical basis for medical supervision and recovery of exercise-induced fatigue.
Topics: Animals; Athletes; Bone Density; Disease Models, Animal; Fatigue; Humans; Mice; Swimming
PubMed: 36093084
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.915937 -
Methods in Cell Biology 2022Burns are a severe form of trauma that account for 1.1 million cases necessitating medical attention and 4500 mortalities annually in the United States alone.... (Review)
Review
Burns are a severe form of trauma that account for 1.1 million cases necessitating medical attention and 4500 mortalities annually in the United States alone. Importantly, the initial trauma is succeeded by extensive, prolonged physiological alterations that detrimentally impact multiple organ systems. Given the complexity of post-burn pathophysiology, in vitro experiments are insufficient to model thermal injuries. Therefore, compatible animal burn models are essential for studying burn-related phenomena. In this chapter, we discuss commonly employed small animal burn models and their comparability and applicability to human studies. In particular, we compare post-burn wound healing between the species as well as relevant hypermetabolic and inflammatory characteristics, providing a better understanding of the pros and cons of utilizing a small animal surrogate for human burns. We further provide an overview of the rodent scald burn model methodology as well as a comparison between elderly, aged and young animals, providing a guide for tailoring animal model choice based on the relevant research question.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Wound Healing
PubMed: 35366981
DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2021.12.014 -
Renal Failure Dec 2024Chronic kidney disease (CKD) with high morbidity and mortality all over the world is characterized by decreased kidney function, a condition which can result from... (Review)
Review
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) with high morbidity and mortality all over the world is characterized by decreased kidney function, a condition which can result from numerous risk factors, including diabetes, hypertension and obesity. Despite significant advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of CKD, there are still no treatments that can effectively combat CKD, which underscores the urgent need for further study into the pathological mechanisms underlying this condition. In this regard, animal models of CKD are indispensable. This article reviews a widely used animal model of CKD, which is induced by adenine. While a physiologic dose of adenine is beneficial in terms of biological activity, a high dose of adenine is known to induce renal disease in the organism. Following a brief description of the procedure for disease induction by adenine, major mechanisms of adenine-induced CKD are then reviewed, including inflammation, oxidative stress, programmed cell death, metabolic disorders, and fibrillation. Finally, the application and future perspective of this adenine-induced CKD model as a platform for testing the efficacy of a variety of therapeutic approaches is also discussed. Given the simplicity and reproducibility of this animal model, it remains a valuable tool for studying the pathological mechanisms of CKD and identifying therapeutic targets to fight CKD.
Topics: Animals; Kidney; Adenine; Reproducibility of Results; Disease Models, Animal; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
PubMed: 38575340
DOI: 10.1080/0886022X.2024.2336128 -
Chinese Journal of Traumatology =... Jan 2023To develop animal models of penetrating thoracic injuries and to observe the effects of the animal model-based training on improving the trainees' performance for...
PURPOSE
To develop animal models of penetrating thoracic injuries and to observe the effects of the animal model-based training on improving the trainees' performance for emergent and urgent thoracic surgeries.
METHODS
With a homemade machine, animal models of lung injuries and penetrating heart injuries were produced in porcine and used for training of chest tube drainage, urgent sternotomy, and emergent thoracotomy. Coefficient of variation of abbreviated injury scale and blood loss was calculated to judge the reproducibility of animal models. Five operation teams from basic-level hospitals (group A) and five operation teams from level III hospitals (group B) were included to be trained and tested. Testing standards for the operations were established after thorough literature review, and expert questionnaires were employed to evaluate the scientificity and feasibility of the testing standards. Tests were carried out after the training. Pre- and post-training performances were compared. Post-training survey using 7-point Likert scale was taken to evaluate the feelings of the trainees to these training approaches.
RESULTS
Animal models of the three kinds of penetrating chest injuries were successfully established and the coefficient of variation of abbreviated injury scale and blood loss were all less than 25%. After literature review, testing standards were established, and expert questionnaire results showed that the scientific score was 7.30 ± 1.49, and the feasibility score was 7.50 ± 0.89. Post-training performance was significantly higher in both group A and group B than pre-training performance. Post-training survey showed that all the trainees felt confident in applying the operations and were generally agreed that the training procedure were very helpful in improving operation skills for thoracic penetrating injury.
CONCLUSIONS
Animal model-based simulation training established in the current study could improve the trainees' performance for emergent and urgent thoracic surgeries, especially of the surgical teams from basic-level hospitals.
Topics: Animals; Swine; Reproducibility of Results; Wounds, Penetrating; Thoracotomy; Thoracic Injuries; Hemorrhage; Models, Animal
PubMed: 36008213
DOI: 10.1016/j.cjtee.2022.07.004 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2023A recent work of our group has shown the significant effects of thyroxine treatment on the restoration of postural balance function in a rodent model of acute peripheral... (Review)
Review
A recent work of our group has shown the significant effects of thyroxine treatment on the restoration of postural balance function in a rodent model of acute peripheral vestibulopathy. Based on these findings, we attempt to shed light in this review on the interaction between the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis and the vestibular system in normal and pathological situations. Pubmed database and relevant websites were searched from inception through to 4 February 2023. All studies relevant to each subsection of this review have been included. After describing the role of thyroid hormones in the development of the inner ear, we investigated the possible link between the thyroid axis and the vestibular system in normal and pathological conditions. The mechanisms and cellular sites of action of thyroid hormones on animal models of vestibulopathy are postulated and therapeutic options are proposed. In view of their pleiotropic action, thyroid hormones represent a target of choice to promote vestibular compensation at different levels. However, very few studies have investigated the relationship between thyroid hormones and the vestibular system. It seems then important to more extensively investigate the link between the endocrine system and the vestibule in order to better understand the vestibular physiopathology and to find new therapeutic leads.
Topics: Animals; Vertigo; Thyroid Gland; Vestibule, Labyrinth; Models, Animal
PubMed: 37372973
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129826 -
Viruses Jul 2022During the last two years following the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, development of potent antiviral drugs and vaccines has... (Review)
Review
During the last two years following the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, development of potent antiviral drugs and vaccines has been a global health priority. In this context, the understanding of virus pathophysiology, the identification of associated therapeutic targets, and the screening of potential effective compounds have been indispensable advancements. It was therefore of primary importance to develop experimental models that recapitulate the aspects of the human disease in the best way possible. This article reviews the information concerning available SARS-CoV-2 preclinical models during that time, including cell-based approaches and animal models. We discuss their evolution, their advantages, and drawbacks, as well as their relevance to drug effectiveness evaluation.
Topics: Animals; Antiviral Agents; COVID-19; Humans; Models, Animal; Pandemics; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 35891487
DOI: 10.3390/v14071507 -
Animal Models and Experimental Medicine Apr 2023Revealing the entire dynamics of pathogenesis is critical for understanding, preventing and treating human disease but is limited by systematic clinical sampling. This...
Revealing the entire dynamics of pathogenesis is critical for understanding, preventing and treating human disease but is limited by systematic clinical sampling. This drawback can be overcome with animal model studies. Recent advances in phenotyping, omics and bioinformatics technologies promote the development of the 4D animal model to simulate and digitally display the spatiotemporal landscapes of phenotypes and molecular dynamics in human diseases and reveal novel targets for diagnosis and therapy. In this commentary, the origin, supporting technologies, content, function and application, and advantages of 4D animal models over clinical studies and traditional animal models, as well as their limitations, are presented.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Computational Biology; Phenotype; Models, Animal
PubMed: 36852490
DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12306