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Adicciones Sep 2017The development of animal models of drug reward and addiction is an essential factor for progress in understanding the biological basis of this disorder and for the... (Review)
Review
The development of animal models of drug reward and addiction is an essential factor for progress in understanding the biological basis of this disorder and for the identification of new therapeutic targets. Depending on the component of reward to be studied, one type of animal model or another may be used. There are models of reinforcement based on the primary hedonic effect produced by the consumption of the addictive substance, such as the self-administration (SA) and intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) paradigms, and there are models based on the component of reward related to associative learning and cognitive ability to make predictions about obtaining reward in the future, such as the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. In recent years these models have incorporated methodological modifications to study extinction, reinstatement and reconsolidation processes, or to model specific aspects of addictive behavior such as motivation to consume drugs, compulsive consumption or drug seeking under punishment situations. There are also models that link different reinforcement components or model voluntary motivation to consume (two-bottle choice, or drinking in the dark tests). In short, innovations in these models allow progress in scientific knowledge regarding the different aspects that lead individuals to consume a drug and develop compulsive consumption, providing a target for future treatments of addiction.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 28170057
DOI: 10.20882/adicciones.862 -
Viruses Jun 2019Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an underdiagnosed pathogen with approximately 20 million infections each year and currently the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis.... (Review)
Review
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an underdiagnosed pathogen with approximately 20 million infections each year and currently the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis. HEV was long considered to be confined to developing countries but there is increasing evidence that it is also a medical problem in the Western world. HEV that infects humans belongs to the species of the family. Novel HEV-like viruses have been observed in a variety of animals and some have been shown to be able to cross the species barrier, causing infection in humans. Several cell culture models for HEV have been established in the past years, but their efficiency is usually relatively low. With the circulation of this virus and related viruses in a variety of species, several different animal models have been developed. In this review, we give an overview of these animal models, indicate their main characteristics, and highlight how they may contribute to our understanding of the basic aspects of the viral life cycle and cross-species infection, the study of pathogenesis, and the evaluation of novel preventative and therapeutic strategies.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Hepatitis E; Hepatitis E virus
PubMed: 31216711
DOI: 10.3390/v11060564 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022Basic research for prevention and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), continues... (Review)
Review
Basic research for prevention and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), continues worldwide. In particular, multiple newly reported cases of autoimmune-related diseases after COVID-19 require further research on coronavirus-related immune injury. However, owing to the strong infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 and the high mortality rate, it is difficult to perform relevant research in humans. Here, we reviewed animal models, specifically mice with coronavirus-related immune disorders and immune damage, considering aspects of coronavirus replacement, viral modification, spike protein, and gene fragments. The evaluation of mouse models of coronavirus-related immune injury may help establish a standardised animal model that could be employed in various areas of research, such as disease occurrence and development processes, vaccine effectiveness assessment, and treatments for coronavirus-related immune disorders. COVID-19 is a complex disease and animal models cannot comprehensively summarise the disease process. The application of genetic technology may change this status.
Topics: Animals; COVID-19; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Mice; SARS-CoV-2; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus
PubMed: 36119040
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.943783 -
The Journal of Allergy and Clinical... Feb 2021Research into the pathophysiology of psoriasis remains challenging, because this disease does not occur naturally in laboratory animals. However, specific aspects of its... (Review)
Review
Research into the pathophysiology of psoriasis remains challenging, because this disease does not occur naturally in laboratory animals. However, specific aspects of its complex immune-pathology can be illuminated through transgenic, knockout, xenotransplantation, immunological reconstitution, drug-induced, or spontaneous mutation models in rodents. Although some of these approaches have already been pursued for more than 5 decades and even more models have been described in recent times, they have surprisingly not yet been systematically validated. As a consequence, researchers regularly examine specific aspects that only partially reflect the complex overall picture of the human disease. Nonetheless, animal models are of great utility to investigate inflammatory mediators, the communication between cells of the innate and the adaptive immune systems, the role of resident cells as well as new therapies. Of note, various manipulations in experimental animals resulted in rather similar phenotypes. These were called "psoriasiform", "psoriasis-like" or even "psoriasis" usually on the basis of some similarities with the human disorder. Xenotransplantation of human skin onto immunocompromised animals can overcome this limitation only in part. In this review, we elucidate approaches for the generation of animal models of psoriasis and assess their strengths and limitations with a certain focus on more recently developed models.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Psoriasis
PubMed: 32560971
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.04.034 -
Animal Models and Experimental Medicine Apr 2022Animal models of human diseases play a critical role in medical research. Pigs are anatomically and physiologically more like humans than are small rodents such as mice,... (Review)
Review
Animal models of human diseases play a critical role in medical research. Pigs are anatomically and physiologically more like humans than are small rodents such as mice, making pigs an attractive option for modeling human diseases. Advances in recent years in genetic engineering have facilitated the rapid rise of pig models for use in studies of human disease. In the present review, we summarize the current status of pig models for human cardiovascular, metabolic, neurodegenerative, and various genetic diseases. We also discuss areas that need to be improved. Animal models of human diseases play a critical role in medical research. Advances in recent years in genetic engineering have facilitated the rapid rise of pig models for use in studies of human disease. In the present review, we summarize the current status of pig models for human cardiovascular, metabolic, neurodegenerative, various genetic diseases and xenotransplantation.
Topics: Animals; Biomedical Research; Genetic Engineering; Humans; Mice; Models, Animal; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Swine; Transplantation, Heterologous
PubMed: 35343091
DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12223 -
ILAR Journal Dec 2021There is no prescribed stage or standardized point at which an animal model protocol is reviewed for reproducibility and translatability. The method of review for a... (Review)
Review
There is no prescribed stage or standardized point at which an animal model protocol is reviewed for reproducibility and translatability. The method of review for a reproducible and translatable study is not consistently documented in peer literature, and this is a major challenge for those working with animal models of human diseases. If the study is ill designed, it is impossible to perform an accurate harm/benefit analysis. In addition, there may be an ethical challenge if the work is not reproducible and translatable. Animal welfare regulations and other documents of control clearly state the role of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees are to look at science justification within the context of animal welfare. This article, concentrating on models not governed by regulations, outlines issues and offers recommendations for refining animal model review with a goal to improve study reproducibility and translatability.
Topics: Animal Care Committees; Animal Experimentation; Animal Welfare; Animals; Models, Animal; Reproducibility of Results
PubMed: 33693624
DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilaa027 -
Comptes Rendus Biologies Jul 2021This review recapitulates the recent knowledge accumulation on overgrowth syndrome related to gain of function of the phosphoinositide3 kinase (PI3K)-alpha. These... (Review)
Review
This review recapitulates the recent knowledge accumulation on overgrowth syndrome related to gain of function of the phosphoinositide3 kinase (PI3K)-alpha. These disorders, known as PIK3CA related overgrowth syndromes (PROS) are caused by somatic PIK3CA mutation occurring during embryogenesis. We summarize here the currently available animal models and new treatments undergoing development.
Topics: Animals; Class I Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Discovery; Mutation
PubMed: 34213856
DOI: 10.5802/crbiol.50 -
Computational and Mathematical Methods... 2022Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a kind of inflammatory bowel disease which is needed to be predicted.
BACKGROUND
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a kind of inflammatory bowel disease which is needed to be predicted.
OBJECTIVE
To analyze various animal models of UC conditions and summarizes the animal selection, model progression, and pathogenic mechanisms of UC animal models.
METHODS
We surveyed the research papers published in PubMed, Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar, CNKI, SciFinder, and Web of Science in the past 5 years and discussed the experimental animals, modeling methods, and pathogenic mechanisms.
RESULTS
In the selection of experimental animals, rats are considered the best experimental animals. The mainstream modeling methods can be categorized into the chemical stimulation method, immune stimulation method, and compound method, among which the compound method is the most successful. In the study of the pathogenesis of UC, the pathogenesis of UC is due to various pathogenic factors, such as nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandins (PG), proinflammatory factors (IL, TNF-), and intestinal flora.
CONCLUSION
The method of building an animal model of UC is well-established, providing a more targeted selection of animal models for future related experiments.
Topics: Animals; Colitis, Ulcerative; Disease Models, Animal; Intestinal Mucosa; Rats; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
PubMed: 35860188
DOI: 10.1155/2022/5927384 -
Arthritis Research & Therapy 2013Animal models of disease states are valuable tools for developing new treatments and investigating underlying mechanisms. They should mimic the symptoms and pathology of... (Review)
Review
Animal models of disease states are valuable tools for developing new treatments and investigating underlying mechanisms. They should mimic the symptoms and pathology of the disease and importantly be predictive of effective treatments. Fibromyalgia is characterized by chronic widespread pain with associated co-morbid symptoms that include fatigue, depression, anxiety and sleep dysfunction. In this review, we present different animal models that mimic the signs and symptoms of fibromyalgia. These models are induced by a wide variety of methods that include repeated muscle insults, depletion of biogenic amines, and stress. All potential models produce widespread and long-lasting hyperalgesia without overt peripheral tissue damage and thus mimic the clinical presentation of fibromyalgia. We describe the methods for induction of the model, pathophysiological mechanisms for each model, and treatment profiles.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Fibromyalgia
PubMed: 24314231
DOI: 10.1186/ar4402 -
Seminars in Perinatology Feb 2023Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the leading cause of death and disability from gastrointestinal disease in premature infants. The mortality of patients with NEC is... (Review)
Review
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the leading cause of death and disability from gastrointestinal disease in premature infants. The mortality of patients with NEC is approximately 30%, a figure that has not changed in many decades, reflecting the need for a greater understanding of its pathogenesis. Progress towards understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying NEC requires the study of highly translational animal models. Such animal models must mimic the biology and physiology of premature infants, while still allowing for safe experimental manipulation of environmental and microbial factors thought to be associated with the risk and severity of NEC. Findings from animal models have yielded insights into the interactions between the host, the colonizing microbes, and the innate immune receptor Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4) in driving disease development. This review discusses the relative strengths and weaknesses of available in vivo, in vitro, and NEC-in-a-dish models of this disease. We also highlight the unique contributions that each model has made to our understanding of the complex interactions between enterocytes, microbiota, and immune cells in the pathogenesis of NEC. The overall purpose of this review is to provide a menu of options regarding currently available animal models of NEC, while in parallel hopefully reducing the potential uncertainty and confusion regarding NEC models to assist those who wish to enter this field from other disciplines.
Topics: Animals; Female; Infant, Newborn; Humans; Enterocolitis, Necrotizing; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Infant, Premature; Models, Animal; Microbiota; Fetal Diseases; Disease Models, Animal
PubMed: 36599763
DOI: 10.1016/j.semperi.2022.151695