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The European Respiratory Journal Mar 2022
Topics: Animal Experimentation; Animals; Humans; Models, Animal
PubMed: 35301241
DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02438-2021 -
FEMS Microbiology Reviews May 2023Periodontitis and caries are driven by complex interactions between the oral microbiome and host factors, i.e. inflammation and dietary sugars, respectively. Animal... (Review)
Review
Periodontitis and caries are driven by complex interactions between the oral microbiome and host factors, i.e. inflammation and dietary sugars, respectively. Animal models have been instrumental in our mechanistic understanding of these oral diseases, although no single model can faithfully reproduce all aspects of a given human disease. This review discusses evidence that the utility of an animal model lies in its capacity to address a specific hypothesis and, therefore, different aspects of a disease can be investigated using distinct and complementary models. As in vitro systems cannot replicate the complexity of in vivo host-microbe interactions and human research is typically correlative, model organisms-their limitations notwithstanding-remain essential in proving causality, identifying therapeutic targets, and evaluating the safety and efficacy of novel treatments. To achieve broader and deeper insights into oral disease pathogenesis, animal model-derived findings can be synthesized with data from in vitro and clinical research. In the absence of better mechanistic alternatives, dismissal of animal models on fidelity issues would impede further progress to understand and treat oral disease.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Periodontitis; Microbiota; Host Microbial Interactions; Models, Animal; Dysbiosis
PubMed: 37113021
DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuad018 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2016The aim of this review is to provide an overview of various retinal cell degeneration models in animal induced by chemicals (N-methyl-D-aspartate- and CoCl2-induced),... (Review)
Review
The aim of this review is to provide an overview of various retinal cell degeneration models in animal induced by chemicals (N-methyl-D-aspartate- and CoCl2-induced), autoimmune (experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis), mechanical stress (optic nerve crush-induced, light-induced) and ischemia (transient retinal ischemia-induced). The target regions, pathology and proposed mechanism of each model are described in a comparative fashion. Animal models of retinal cell degeneration provide insight into the underlying mechanisms of the disease, and will facilitate the development of novel effective therapeutic drugs to treat retinal cell damage.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental; Ischemia; Light; Optic Nerve Injuries; Retinal Degeneration; Retinal Neurons
PubMed: 26784179
DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010110 -
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews May 2017Research with animal models of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) shows the following: (1) Optogenetic studies in mice provide evidence for a plausible cause-effect... (Review)
Review
Research with animal models of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) shows the following: (1) Optogenetic studies in mice provide evidence for a plausible cause-effect relation between increased activity in cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical (CBGTC) circuits and OCD by demonstrating the induction of compulsive behavior with the experimental manipulation of the CBGTC circuit. (2) Parallel use of several animal models is a fruitful paradigm to examine the mechanisms of treatment effects of deep brain stimulation in distinct OCD endophenotypes. (3) Features of spontaneous behavior in deer mice constitute a rich platform to investigate the neurobiology of OCD, social ramifications of a compulsive phenotype, and test novel drugs. (4) Studies in animal models for psychiatric disorders comorbid with OCD suggest comorbidity may involve shared neural circuits controlling expression of compulsive behavior. (5) Analysis of compulsive behavior into its constitutive components provides evidence from an animal model for a motivational perspective on OCD. (6) Methods of behavioral analysis in an animal model translate to dissection of compulsive rituals in OCD patients, leading to diagnostic tests.
Topics: Animals; Basal Ganglia; Compulsive Behavior; Deep Brain Stimulation; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
PubMed: 27168347
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.04.019 -
Cancer Medicine Jul 2023Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignant tumor with insidious early symptoms, easy metastasis, postoperative recurrence, poor drug efficacy, and a high drug... (Review)
Review
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignant tumor with insidious early symptoms, easy metastasis, postoperative recurrence, poor drug efficacy, and a high drug resistance rate when surgery is missed, leading to a low 5-year survival rate. Research on the pathogenesis and drugs is particularly important for clinical treatment. Animal models are crucial for basic research, which is conducive to studying pathogenesis and drug screening more conveniently and effectively. An appropriate animal model can better reflect disease occurrence and development, and the process of anti-tumor immune response in the human body. This review summarizes the classification, characteristics, and advances in experimental animal models of HCC to provide a reference for researchers on model selection.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Liver Neoplasms; Models, Animal; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Survival Rate
PubMed: 37248746
DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6163 -
Eye (London, England) Feb 2020Filtration surgery has, for the past 50 years been key in the treatment of glaucoma yet a significant issue in the long-term success of such surgery is fibrosis limiting...
Filtration surgery has, for the past 50 years been key in the treatment of glaucoma yet a significant issue in the long-term success of such surgery is fibrosis limiting aqueous drainage. Numerous methods have been used to reduce such scarring after filtration surgery and animal models have been important in the development of such techniques. First animal models have been central in understanding molecular and cellular changes occurring in fibrosis and thus which pathways might be valuable therapeutic. Secondly animal models have been critical in determining which of these therapies is likely to be most worthwhile. Having said that animals differ substantially from humans in the anatomy of their aqueous drainage pathways and in the mechanisms of fibrotic change. Rodents and lagomorphs vary more markedly from humans than do primates at an anatomic, biochemical and physiological level, and thus the latter might seem more appropriate as models for antifibrotic techniques. However the welfare implications, and thus ethical issues, in using primates are more concerning than with rodents or rabbits and efforts to refine, reduce and replace living animals in such model systems are crucially important. One problem is that the animal models normally involve healthy eyes, not ones with glaucoma. In veterinary ophthalmology we see large numbers of dogs with glaucoma, many of which have filtration implants placed. Potentially these could be a valuable animal model where benefits of antifibrotic treatment could benefit the animals involved and the research seeking to optimise such treatments.
Topics: Animals; Cicatrix; Disease Models, Animal; Dogs; Fibrosis; Filtering Surgery; Glaucoma; Rabbits
PubMed: 31822860
DOI: 10.1038/s41433-019-0727-1 -
Computational and Mathematical Methods... 2022Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a kind of inflammatory bowel disease which is needed to be predicted.
BACKGROUND
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a kind of inflammatory bowel disease which is needed to be predicted.
OBJECTIVE
To analyze various animal models of UC conditions and summarizes the animal selection, model progression, and pathogenic mechanisms of UC animal models.
METHODS
We surveyed the research papers published in PubMed, Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar, CNKI, SciFinder, and Web of Science in the past 5 years and discussed the experimental animals, modeling methods, and pathogenic mechanisms.
RESULTS
In the selection of experimental animals, rats are considered the best experimental animals. The mainstream modeling methods can be categorized into the chemical stimulation method, immune stimulation method, and compound method, among which the compound method is the most successful. In the study of the pathogenesis of UC, the pathogenesis of UC is due to various pathogenic factors, such as nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandins (PG), proinflammatory factors (IL, TNF-), and intestinal flora.
CONCLUSION
The method of building an animal model of UC is well-established, providing a more targeted selection of animal models for future related experiments.
Topics: Animals; Colitis, Ulcerative; Disease Models, Animal; Intestinal Mucosa; Rats; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
PubMed: 35860188
DOI: 10.1155/2022/5927384 -
Arthritis Research & Therapy Mar 2023Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is a life-threatening complication of pediatric rheumatic diseases, occurring most commonly in children with systemic juvenile... (Review)
Review
Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is a life-threatening complication of pediatric rheumatic diseases, occurring most commonly in children with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SJIA). Despite several classes of currently available treatment options for SJIA, including biologic agents targeting IL-1 or IL-6, there remain severe cases suffering from refractory disease and recurrent MAS. The phenotype of MAS is similar to hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), but the underlying pathophysiology of MAS complicating SJIA or other disorders has not been fully clarified. These facts make it challenging to develop and utilize animal models to study MAS. To date, there is no "perfect" model replicating MAS, but several models do demonstrate aspects of SJIA and/or MAS. In this review, we examine the proposed animal models of SJIA and MAS, focusing on how they reflect these disorders, what we have learned from the models, and potential future research questions. As we better understand the key features of each, animal models can be powerful tools to further define the pathophysiology of SJIA and MAS, and develop new treatment targets and strategies.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Macrophage Activation Syndrome; Arthritis, Juvenile; Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic; Biological Factors; Disease Models, Animal
PubMed: 36964620
DOI: 10.1186/s13075-023-03032-8 -
International Journal of Surgery... Dec 2016The etiology of stone disease remains unknown despite the major technological advances in the treatment of urinary calculi. Clinically, urologists have relied on 24-h... (Review)
Review
The etiology of stone disease remains unknown despite the major technological advances in the treatment of urinary calculi. Clinically, urologists have relied on 24-h urine collections for the last 30-40 years to help direct medical therapy in hopes of reducing stone recurrence; yet little progress has been made in preventing stone disease. As such, there is an urgent need to develop reliable animal models to study the pathogenesis of stone formation and to assess novel interventions. A variety of vertebrate and invertebrate models have been used to help understand stone pathogenesis. Genetic knockout and exogenous induction models are described. Surrogates for an endpoint of stone formation have been urinary crystals on histologic examination and/or urinalyses. Other models are able to actually develop true stones. It is through these animal models that real breakthroughs in the management of urinary stone disease will become a reality.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Urinary Calculi
PubMed: 27840313
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2016.11.018 -
Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Jun 2022Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative joint disease and a leading cause of disability worldwide. Pain is the main symptom, yet no current treatment can halt... (Review)
Review
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative joint disease and a leading cause of disability worldwide. Pain is the main symptom, yet no current treatment can halt disease progression or effectively provide symptomatic relief. Numerous animal models have been described for studying OA and some for the associated OA pain. This review aims to update on current models used for studying OA pain, focusing on mice and rats. These models include surgical, chemical, mechanical, and spontaneous OA models. The impact of sex and age will also be addressed in the context of OA modelling. Although no single animal model has been shown ideal for studying OA pain, increased efforts to phenotype OA will likely impact the choice of models for pre-clinical and basic research studies.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Mice; Osteoarthritis, Knee; Pain; Rats; Rodentia
PubMed: 35139423
DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2022.01.010