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The Journal of Physiological Sciences :... Jul 2018This review traces the examination of autonomic, cardiovascular, and respiratory derangements associated with seizure activity in the clinical and preclinical literature... (Review)
Review
This review traces the examination of autonomic, cardiovascular, and respiratory derangements associated with seizure activity in the clinical and preclinical literature generally, and in the author's animal model specifically, and concludes with the author's views on the potential mechanisms for sudden death in epilepsy (SUDEP). An animal model that employs kainic acid-induced seizures on a background of urethane anesthesia has permitted unprecedented access to the behavior of autonomic, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems during seizure activity. The result is a detailed description of the major causes of death and how this animal model can be used to develop and test preventative and interventional strategies. A critical translational step was taken when the rat data were shown to directly parallel data from definite SUDEP cases in the clinical literature. The reasons why ventricular fibrillation as a cause of death is so rarely reported and tools for verifying that seizure-associated laryngospasm can induce obstructive apnea as a cause of death are discussed in detail. Many details of the specific kinetics of activation of brainstem neurons serving autonomic and respiratory function remain to be elucidated, but the boundary conditions described in this review provide an excellent framework for more focused studies. A number of studies conducted in animal models of seizure activity and in epilepsy patients have contributed information on the autonomic, cardiovascular, and respiratory consequences of seizure activity spreading through hypothalamus and brainstem to the periphery. The result is detailed information on the systemic impact of seizure spread and the development of an understanding of the essential mechanistic features of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). This review summarizes translation of data obtained from animal models to biomarkers that are useful in evaluating data from epilepsy patients.
Topics: Animals; Autonomic Nervous System; Death, Sudden; Disease Models, Animal; Epilepsy; Humans; Rats
PubMed: 29542031
DOI: 10.1007/s12576-018-0602-z -
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Sep 2023Preclinical trials play critical roles in assessing the safety and efficiency of novel therapeutic strategies for human diseases including live cancer. However, most... (Review)
Review
Preclinical trials play critical roles in assessing the safety and efficiency of novel therapeutic strategies for human diseases including live cancer. However, most therapeutic strategies that were proved to be effective in preclinical cancer models failed in human clinical trials due to the lack of appropriate disease animal models. Therefore, it is of importance and urgent to develop a precise animal model for preclinical cancer research. Liver cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers with low 5-year survival rate. Recently, porcine attracted increasing attentions as animal model in biomedical research. Porcine liver cancer model may provide a promising platform for biomedical research due to their similarities to human being in body size, anatomical characteristics, physiology and pathophysiology. In this review, we comprehensively summarized and discussed the advantages and disadvantages, rationale, current status and progress of pig models for liver cancer research.
Topics: Swine; Animals; Humans; Disease Models, Animal; Biomedical Research; Liver Neoplasms
PubMed: 37536038
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115256 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2023Osteosarcopenia(OS) is a significant health concern resulting from the ageing process. Currently, as the population grows older, the prevalence of OS, a disease that... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Osteosarcopenia(OS) is a significant health concern resulting from the ageing process. Currently, as the population grows older, the prevalence of OS, a disease that entails the synchronous degeneration of muscles and bones, is mounting. This poses a serious threat to the health of the elderly while placing an enormous burden on social care. In order to comprehend the pathological mechanism of OS and develop clinical drugs, it is pertinent to construct an efficient animal model of OS. To investigate the modeling techniques of diverse experimental models of OS and elucidate their respective benefits and drawbacks, with the purpose of furnishing a theoretical foundation to advance experimental research on OS.
METHODS
We searched PubMed, Embase database, China Knowledge Network, Wanfang data platform and Vipshop journal platform databases from 2000 through to September 1, 2023. We included animal studies on sarcopenia or osteoporosis or osteosarcopenia or sarcopenia-osteoporosis, modeling methods for osteosarcopenia. Two independently screened study abstracts and full reports and complete data extraction.
RESULTS
Eventually, Of 112, 106 citations screened. 4938 underwent full-text review and 38 met the inclusion criteria. we reviewed and analyzed the literature and categorized the animal models of OS into the following five categories: Aging OS models; Hormonal deficiency model of OS;Chemical injection to induce OS;Disuse OS models and Genetic engineering OS models.
CONCLUSION
This review outlines animal modeling approaches for OS, providing a comprehensive summary of their advantages and disadvantages. The different models were evaluated and selected based on their respective strengths and weaknesses to enable higher quality research outcomes in various research directions. The most widely used and established approach is considered to be the ageing and chemical injection OS model, which has the advantages of excellent reproducibility and low cost.
THE TRANSLATIONAL POTENTIAL OF THIS ARTICLE
To gain a profound comprehension of the pathological mechanism of OS and to devise efficacious clinical treatments, it is imperative to establish a viable laboratory animal model of OS. This article surveys various modeling techniques assessing their benefits, drawbacks and areas of applicability while predominantly employing mice as the primary model animal. Additionally, the evaluation indicators of OS models are briefly described.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Mice; Aged; Sarcopenia; Reproducibility of Results; Osteoporosis; Aging; Models, Animal
PubMed: 37964970
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1228937 -
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Feb 2022Despite considerable progress in the understanding of clinical pertussis, the contemporary emergence of antimicrobial resistance for Bordetella pertussis and an... (Review)
Review
Despite considerable progress in the understanding of clinical pertussis, the contemporary emergence of antimicrobial resistance for Bordetella pertussis and an evolution of concerns with acellular component vaccination have both sparked a renewed interest. Although simian models of infection best correlate with the observed attributes of human infection, several animal models have been used for decades and have positively contributed in many ways to the related science. Nevertheless, there is yet the lack of a reliable small animal model system that mimics the combination of infection genesis, variable upper and lower respiratory infection, systemic effects, infection resolution, and vaccine responses. This narrative review examines the history and attributes of non-primate animal models for pertussis and places context with the current use and needs. Emerging from the latter is the necessity for further such study to better create the optimal model of infection and vaccination with use of current molecular tools and a broader range of animal systems. KEY POINTS: • Currently used and past non-primate animal models of B. pertussis infection often have unique and focused applications. • A non-primate animal model that consistently mimics human pertussis for the majority of key infection characteristics is lacking. • There remains ample opportunity for an improved non-primate animal model of pertussis with the use of current molecular biology tools and with further exploration of species not previously considered.
Topics: Animals; Bordetella pertussis; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Pertussis Vaccine; Vaccination; Whooping Cough
PubMed: 35103810
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11798-1 -
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research :... Aug 2023Major achievements in bone research have always relied on animal models and in vitro systems derived from patient and animal material. However, the use of animals in... (Review)
Review
Major achievements in bone research have always relied on animal models and in vitro systems derived from patient and animal material. However, the use of animals in research has drawn intense ethical debate and the complete abolition of animal experimentation is demanded by fractions of the population. This phenomenon is enhanced by the reproducibility crisis in science and the advance of in vitro and in silico techniques. 3D culture, organ-on-a-chip, and computer models have improved enormously over the last few years. Nevertheless, the overall complexity of bone tissue cross-talk and the systemic and local regulation of bone physiology can often only be addressed in entire vertebrates. Powerful genetic methods such as conditional mutagenesis, lineage tracing, and modeling of the diseases enhanced the understanding of the entire skeletal system. In this review endorsed by the European Calcified Tissue Society (ECTS), a working group of investigators from Europe and the US provides an overview of the strengths and limitations of experimental animal models, including rodents, fish, and large animals, as well the potential and shortcomings of in vitro and in silico technologies in skeletal research. We propose that the proper combination of the right animal model for a specific hypothesis and state-of-the-art in vitro and/or in silico technology is essential to solving remaining important questions in bone research. This is crucial for executing most efficiently the 3R principles to reduce, refine, and replace animal experimentation, for enhancing our knowledge of skeletal biology, and for the treatment of bone diseases that affect a large part of society. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Topics: Animals; Animal Experimentation; Reproducibility of Results; Models, Animal; Bone Diseases; Bone and Bones
PubMed: 37314012
DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4868 -
Pharmacology & Therapeutics Mar 2014The mammalian heart is responsible for not only pumping blood throughout the body but also adjusting this pumping activity quickly depending upon sudden changes in the... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
The mammalian heart is responsible for not only pumping blood throughout the body but also adjusting this pumping activity quickly depending upon sudden changes in the metabolic demands of the body. For the most part, the human heart is capable of performing its duties without complications; however, throughout many decades of use, at some point this system encounters problems. Research into the heart's activities during healthy states and during adverse impacts that occur in disease states is necessary in order to strategize novel treatment options to ultimately prolong and improve patients' lives. Animal models are an important aspect of cardiac research where a variety of cardiac processes and therapeutic targets can be studied. However, there are differences between the heart of a human being and an animal and depending on the specific animal, these differences can become more pronounced and in certain cases limiting. There is no ideal animal model available for cardiac research, the use of each animal model is accompanied with its own set of advantages and disadvantages. In this review, we will discuss these advantages and disadvantages of commonly used laboratory animals including mouse, rat, rabbit, canine, swine, and sheep. Since the goal of cardiac research is to enhance our understanding of human health and disease and help improve clinical outcomes, we will also discuss the role of human cardiac tissue in cardiac research. This review will focus on the cardiac ventricular contractile and relaxation kinetics of humans and animal models in order to illustrate these differences.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Heart Diseases; Heart Ventricles; Humans; Models, Animal; Myocardial Contraction; Species Specificity; Ventricular Function
PubMed: 24140081
DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.10.007 -
American Journal of Physiology. Lung... Sep 2009Studies in animal models form the basis for much of our current understanding of the pathophysiology of asthma, and are central to the preclinical development of drug... (Review)
Review
Studies in animal models form the basis for much of our current understanding of the pathophysiology of asthma, and are central to the preclinical development of drug therapies. No animal model completely recapitulates all features of the human disease, however. Research has focused primarily on ways to generate allergic inflammation by sensitizing and challenging animals with a variety of foreign proteins, leading to an increased understanding of the immunological factors that mediate the inflammatory response and its physiological expression in the form of airways hyperresponsiveness. Animal models of exaggerated airway narrowing are also lending support to the notion that asthma may represent an abnormality of the airway smooth muscle. The mouse is now the species of choice for asthma research involving animals. This presents practical challenges for physiological study because the mouse is so small, but modern imaging methodologies, coupled with the forced oscillation technique for measuring lung mechanics, have allowed the asthma phenotype in mice to be precisely characterized.
Topics: Animals; Asthma; Disease Models, Animal; Lung; Mice; Muscle, Smooth; Organ Size
PubMed: 19561139
DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00027.2009 -
Comparative Biochemistry and... Nov 2022Nanomaterials have been widely employed from industrial to medical fields due to their small sizes and versatile characteristics. However, nanomaterials can also induce... (Review)
Review
Nanomaterials have been widely employed from industrial to medical fields due to their small sizes and versatile characteristics. However, nanomaterials can also induce unexpected adverse effects on health. In particular, exposure of the nervous system to nanomaterials can cause serious neurological dysfunctions and neurodegenerative diseases. A number of studies have adopted various animal models to evaluate the neurotoxic effects of nanomaterials. Among them, zebrafish has become an attractive animal model for neurotoxicological studies due to several advantages, including the well-characterized nervous system, efficient genome editing, convenient generation of transgenic lines, high-resolution in vivo imaging, and an array of behavioral assays. In this review, we summarize recent studies on the neurotoxicological effects of nanomaterials, particularly engineered nanomaterials and nanoplastics, using zebrafish and discuss key findings with advantages and limitations of the zebrafish model in neurotoxicological studies.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Genetically Modified; Disease Models, Animal; Nanostructures; Neurotoxicity Syndromes; Zebrafish
PubMed: 35940544
DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109428 -
Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience Sep 2013A plethora of magnetic resonance (MR) techniques developed in the last two decades provide unique and noninvasive measurement capabilities for studies of basic brain... (Review)
Review
A plethora of magnetic resonance (MR) techniques developed in the last two decades provide unique and noninvasive measurement capabilities for studies of basic brain function and brain diseases in humans. Animal model experiments have been an indispensible part of this development. MR imaging and spectroscopy measurements have been employed in animal models, either by themselves or in combination with complementary and often invasive techniques, to enlighten us about the information content of such MR methods and/or verify observations made in the human brain. They have also been employed, with or independently of human efforts, to examine mechanisms underlying pathological developments in the brain, exploiting the wealth of animal models available for such studies. In this endeavor, the desire to push for ever-higher spatial and/or spectral resolution, better signal-to-noise ratio, and unique image contrast has inevitably led to the introduction of increasingly higher magnetic fields. As a result, today, animal model studies are starting to be conducted at magnetic fields ranging from ~ 11 to 17 Tesla, significantly enhancing the armamentarium of tools available for the probing brain function and brain pathologies.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Brain Diseases; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Models, Animal; Species Specificity
PubMed: 24174899
DOI: 10.31887/DCNS.2013.15.3/goz -
Acta Neurologica Belgica Apr 2020Transient ischemic attack (TIA) is defined as a brief episode of neurological dysfunction caused by focal cerebral ischemia. TIA is a critical early warning signal of... (Review)
Review
Transient ischemic attack (TIA) is defined as a brief episode of neurological dysfunction caused by focal cerebral ischemia. TIA is a critical early warning signal of stroke. Patients with TIA may have long-term cognitive decline. The pathogenesis and pathological changes of TIA have not been fully elucidated. Animal models can simulate the process of human diseases and are essential tools to investigate injury mechanisms and therapeutic approaches of TIA. Most TIA animal models are based on ischemic stroke models and the definition of TIA. Each model has unique strengths and weaknesses. The establishment of a successful and reliable TIA model should follow three criteria: (1) objective evidence of cerebral arteries occlusion and reperfusion, (2) no permanent neurological deficit, and (3) no acute cerebral infarction. However, experimental animal models are impossible to be completely consistent with human TIA, because TIA itself is a heterogeneous disease. In the present review, the selection of animals, methodological development, and evaluation of cerebral blood flow of animal models of TIA are comprehensively evaluated.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Ischemic Attack, Transient
PubMed: 32048230
DOI: 10.1007/s13760-020-01295-5