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European Review For Medical and... Jun 2023Anisakiasis is an arising zoonosis induced by parasitic nematodes belonging to the family Anisakidae. Anisakiasis is often caused by the ingestion of larval nematodes in... (Review)
Review
Anisakiasis is an arising zoonosis induced by parasitic nematodes belonging to the family Anisakidae. Anisakiasis is often caused by the ingestion of larval nematodes in uncooked or minimally processed seafood dishes, which are regularly consumed by humans. Significant potential sources of infection are raw fish (e.g., sushi and sashimi) that can be found in traditional Japanese cuisine and can be part of the culinary tradition of consumption of raw or marinated fish that is particularly diffused in European countries. During the last five decades, the global prevalence of human anisakiasis has been rising, becoming an emergent major public health problem. Thus, there is an unmet need for well-defined and cost-effective methods aimed at killing Anisakis larvae, thus reducing the incidence of anisakiasis. In this mini-review, we discuss the clinical features of anisakiasis as well as the effectiveness and mechanisms of action of the main methods employed for increasing seafood safety and killing Anisakis larvae, including freezing, heating, use of high hydrostatic pressure, salting process, pepsin digestion method and use of garlic oil.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Anisakis; Anisakiasis; Larva; Seafood; Fishes
PubMed: 37318499
DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202306_32643 -
Gastroenterologie Clinique Et Biologique Mar 2009
Topics: Anisakiasis; Humans; Terminology as Topic
PubMed: 19243904
DOI: 10.1016/j.gcb.2008.12.009 -
Gastroenterology Research and Practice 2018Chronic gastric anisakiasis is a rare, usually asymptomatic, and difficult to diagnose infection incidentally discovered during endoscopy, resembling a subepithelial...
BACKGROUND
Chronic gastric anisakiasis is a rare, usually asymptomatic, and difficult to diagnose infection incidentally discovered during endoscopy, resembling a subepithelial tumor (SET). Because its endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) findings are not established, it is occasionally misdiagnosed as gastrointestinal mesenchymal tumors and removed by endoscopic or surgical resection. We aimed to assess the characteristic EUS findings of chronic gastric anisakiasis and the clinical course during follow-up.
METHODS
The database of all patients who underwent EUS at Pusan National University Hospital (Busan, Korea) between January 2011 and December 2016 was retrospectively analyzed. A total of 28 SET cases with EUS features suggesting chronic gastric anisakiasis were included in the study. The EUS, histopathologic, and follow-up endoscopic features were analyzed.
RESULTS
On EUS, the lesions were mainly located in the submucosal and/or propria muscle layers. Twenty-seven lesions (27/28, 96%) showed hypoechoic echogenicity, and 22 lesions (22/28, 79%) were heterogeneous. Hyperechoic tubular structures suggesting denaturalized Anisakidae larvae were seen in 22 lesions (22/28, 79%). Endoscopic biopsies revealed significant eosinophil infiltration (≥30 per high-power field) in 12 lesions (12/21, 57%). During the median follow-up period of 9 months (range, 1-55 months), SETs decreased or subsided in 26 lesions (26/28, 93%) with no change in the size of the two lesions (2/28, 7%).
CONCLUSIONS
Chronic gastric anisakiasis, although rare, should be included in the differential diagnoses for gastric SETs, especially in regions where raw fish is widely consumed. EUS findings suggesting chronic gastric anisakiasis are heterogeneously hypoechoic lesions with hyperechoic tubular structures, mainly in the submucosal and/or muscularis propria layers. Because chronic gastric anisakiasis decreases or subsides in most cases, follow-up endoscopy 6-12 months later is recommended.
PubMed: 30327668
DOI: 10.1155/2018/8562792 -
Abdominal Imaging Apr 2014To illustrate the CT findings of gastrointestinal anisakiasis.
PURPOSE
To illustrate the CT findings of gastrointestinal anisakiasis.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
The Institutional Review Board approving this retrospective study waived the requirement for informed consent. Review of our emergency department's clinical records from September 2008 to January 2012 identified 41 consecutive patients who were diagnosed with gastrointestinal anisakiasis. 20 patients were diagnosed with gastric anisakiasis with endoscopically proven Anisakis larvae, and 21 patients were diagnosed with intestinal anisakiasis with positive test results for anti-anisakidae antibody and the presence of intestinal lesions on CT. Two radiologists retrospectively assessed the CT findings.
RESULTS
The mean time delay from raw fish ingestion to symptom onset was 5.2 h (range 0.5-24 h) in gastric anisakiasis and 39 h (range 12-120 h) in intestinal anisakiasis. Gastric anisakiasis showed marked submucosal edema of the gastric wall (20/20 patients, 100%), increased attenuation of adjacent fat (19/20, 95%), and ascites (14/20, 70%) on CT. Intestinal anisakiasis showed marked submucosal edema of the intestine (21/21 patients, 100%) without showing complete intraluminal occlusion, ascites (21/21, 100%), increased attenuation of adjacent fat (19/21, 90%), and fluid collection in the distal segment of the constricted small intestine (13/21, 62%) on CT.
CONCLUSION
Severe submucosal edema with ascites is a characteristic finding of gastrointestinal anisakiasis when compared with other forms of gastroenteritis. When CT shows the typical findings of gastrointestinal anisakiasis, radiologists may suggest the possibility of clinically undiagnosed anisakiasis, especially in intestinal anisakiasis as the diagnosis is sometimes difficult due to the long interval between food intake and symptom onset.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Animals; Anisakiasis; Contrast Media; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Female; Fishes; Humans; Intestines; Male; Middle Aged; Retrospective Studies; Stomach; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 24441579
DOI: 10.1007/s00261-014-0075-3 -
Revue Scientifique Et Technique... Aug 2013Nematodes of the genera Anisakis and Pseudoterranova (family Anisakidae) are zoonotic parasites for which marine mammals (e.g., whales, dolphins, porpoises, seals, sea... (Review)
Review
Nematodes of the genera Anisakis and Pseudoterranova (family Anisakidae) are zoonotic parasites for which marine mammals (e.g., whales, dolphins, porpoises, seals, sea lions, walruses) act as final hosts, and crustaceans, cephalopods and fish as intermediate and/or paratenic hosts. In humans, the ingestion of Anisakidae larvae can result in infection with live larvae, an allergic reaction to Anisakidae allergens (even when dead larvae are ingested), or both. Worldwide, more than 2000 infections are diagnosed in humans every year, yet most of the infections and allergic reactions are undiagnosed. A very high prevalence of anisakid larvae has been found in many commercially important species of fish, cephalopods and crustaceans. Preventive measures for anisakiosis focus on post-harvest handling.
Topics: Animal Diseases; Animals; Anisakiasis; Anisakis; Food Safety; Foodborne Diseases; Humans; Zoonoses
PubMed: 24547652
DOI: 10.20506/rst.32.2.2246 -
Case Reports in Gastroenterology 2020Most cases of anisakiasis occur in the stomach. Colonic anisakiasis, especially when asymptomatic, is extremely rare. We report a case of asymptomatic colonic...
Most cases of anisakiasis occur in the stomach. Colonic anisakiasis, especially when asymptomatic, is extremely rare. We report a case of asymptomatic colonic anisakiasis and present a literature review of cases of colonic anisakiasis. A 52-year-old man underwent colonoscopy for colorectal cancer screening. Although no colorectal neoplasm was found, an larva was detected in the transverse colon and the larva was removed by grasping forceps. Our review of PubMed revealed that 40% of cases of colonic anisakiasis are asymptomatic. We conclude that asymptomatic colonic anisakiasis may not be as rare as conventionally assumed.
PubMed: 33250702
DOI: 10.1159/000508822 -
International Journal of Surgery Case... 2019Anisakiasis is a parasitic disease caused by anisakid nematode larvae, which are found in raw or undercooked fish. It occurs more frequently in the digestive tract, but...
INTRODUCTION
Anisakiasis is a parasitic disease caused by anisakid nematode larvae, which are found in raw or undercooked fish. It occurs more frequently in the digestive tract, but has also been reported outside the gastrointestinal tract. This report details a case of rare hepatic anisakiasis that was initially diagnosed as metastatic rectal cancer.
PRESENTATION OF CASE
A 60-year-old male underwent radical resection for stage III rectal cancer followed by adjuvant chemotherapy for six months. Seven months after surgery, a new, 10 mm diameter area of low density was seen in segment 4/8 margin of the liver on enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan. Metastatic liver tumour from rectal cancer was suspected. Laparoscopic partial hepatectomy was performed. The diagnosis was revised to hepatic anisakiasis when pathological examination revealed anisakis simplex larvae in the necrotic tissue.
DISCUSSION
Anisakiasis outside of the gastrointestinal tract is a rare finding, but may be seen more frequently with the recent increase in the consumption of raw fish around the world. Hepatic anisakiasis may mimic tumours in the liver. Clinicians should consider dietary inquiry and further evaluation in patients with liver margin tumours less than 20 mm in size that are not positively malignant, as hepatic anisakiasis may be a possible diagnosis.
CONCLUSION
We report a rare case of hepatic anisakiasis which initially presented as suspected metastatic cancer. Hepatic anisakiasis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of low density liver tumours less than 20 mm, where the patient's diet includes raw fish.
PubMed: 31238201
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2019.06.010 -
Anales Del Sistema Sanitario de Navarra 2003Anisakis simplex is a parasite, belonging to the Anisakidae family. The life cycle of the parasite can include one or more intermediary hosts, their final hosts being... (Review)
Review
Anisakis simplex is a parasite, belonging to the Anisakidae family. The life cycle of the parasite can include one or more intermediary hosts, their final hosts being marine mammals or large fish, in which the larvae develop until the adult stage is reached. Man is an accidental host who acquires the larvae by eating raw or undercooked fish. Since the mid-50s, when the first case studies were published in Holland and Japan, new cases have been emerging in different countries including Spain. Parasitization of man by the living larva is known as anisakiasis, principally giving rise to digestive symptomology, with other rare cases described of invasion of other organs such as the lung, the liver, the spleen, the pancreas, etc. Clinical pictures of allergy to IgE mediated anisakis simplex have also been described: reactions by thermostable antigens of the parasite that develop in spite of the fish being cooked or frozen, and an acute digestive parasitization with allergic symptoms called gastro-allergic anisakiasis. In the diagnosis of anisakiasis and/or allergy to Anisakis, the antecedent of the prior ingestion of fish as well as the clinical accompaniment can form basic data of considerable orientational value, and endoscopy can reveal the presence of the larvae and make possible their extraction. Besides, in cases of allergy the detection test for specific IgE facing Anisakis simplex, and cutaneous tests with fish should be carried out. The best treatment for avoiding this parasitization is prophylactic, avoiding the consumption of raw or undercooked fish, while a fish free diet is necessary in cases of true allergy to the thermostable proteins of the parasite.
Topics: Anisakiasis; Humans; Hypersensitivity
PubMed: 13679960
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Clinical Medicine Jul 2023Anisakiasis, a zoonotic disease that can lead to small intestine obstruction, has seen a significant rise in Spain. The country has become the first in Europe with an...
Anisakiasis, a zoonotic disease that can lead to small intestine obstruction, has seen a significant rise in Spain. The country has become the first in Europe with an annual incidence of 8000 cases, primarily due to the popularity of consuming exotic dishes of undercooked or raw fish and the impact of climate change. The clinical presentation of anisakiasis can mimic symptoms of acute appendicitis or intestinal obstruction, leading to potential misdiagnosis. This case report describes a 37-year-old patient with no significant medical history who presented abdominal distension and intense pain in the right lower quadrant. The patient underwent surgery and received physiotherapy treatment, including therapeutic exercises and pulsed-pressure myofascial vacuum therapy, to facilitate functional recovery. The increasing incidence of anisakiasis in Spain underscores the need to consider it in the differential diagnosis of digestive diseases, given the high consumption of poorly prepared or raw fish in the region.
PubMed: 37445505
DOI: 10.3390/jcm12134470 -
Clinical Case Reports Sep 2020We present a unique image from a case of anisakiasis that was detected incidentally in an elderly man during surveillance esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Given the...
We present a unique image from a case of anisakiasis that was detected incidentally in an elderly man during surveillance esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Given the popularity of sushi and sashimi throughout the world, we believe that our observations will raise awareness about the risk of Anisakis contamination in seafood.
PubMed: 32983508
DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.2948