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Acta Medica Portuguesa Jul 2022Ingestion of Anisakis is a common cause of allergic reactions to seafood in countries in which undercooked/raw seafood is part of gastronomic traditions. Despite current... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Ingestion of Anisakis is a common cause of allergic reactions to seafood in countries in which undercooked/raw seafood is part of gastronomic traditions. Despite current trends for the ingestion of raw/marinated/undercooked fish, the prevalence rate of anisakiasis and allergy to Anisakis is still considered to be low in Portugal. We aimed to review the current pathogenic mechanisms, the clinical and diagnostic approach of Anisakis allergy, and Anisakis-related eviction measures, while raising awareness to this problem.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Literature search in the MEDLINE and Scopus databases, regarding Anisakis allergy.
CONCLUSION
Assessment of sensitization to Anisakis should be included in the workup study of urticaria/angioedema and anaphylaxis, as there is a rise in consumption of raw and undercooked fish. Ingestion of previously frozen and properly cooked fish appears to be safe for most patients who are allergic to Anisakis.
Topics: Animals; Anisakis; Seafood; Anisakiasis; Anaphylaxis; Angioedema; Fishes
PubMed: 35377838
DOI: 10.20344/amp.15908 -
Radiologia 2022To review the main findings for anisakiasis in the different imaging tests that can be used to diagnose it, based on studies done at our center.
OBJECTIVE
To review the main findings for anisakiasis in the different imaging tests that can be used to diagnose it, based on studies done at our center.
CONCLUSION
The presence of Anisakis species in food consumed in Western countries is becoming more common. Patients with anisakiasis present with acute abdomen; there are no specific clinical signs or laboratory findings. Careful history taking is key to discovering exposure to Anisakis-contaminated food, but this task is hindered by unfamiliarity with the condition and lack of suspicion and is also confounded by the variable latency period after ingestion of Anisakis-contaminated food. Give the nonspecific presentation, patients with anisakiasis often undergo imaging tests to rule out other processes. Thus, radiologists need to be familiar with the spectrum of imaging findings that should lead to the inclusion of anisakiasis in the differential diagnosis, so they can guide clinicians toward directed history taking and specific tests.
Topics: Abdomen, Acute; Animals; Anisakiasis; Anisakis; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans
PubMed: 35676056
DOI: 10.1016/j.rxeng.2022.05.001 -
International Journal For Parasitology.... Aug 2019Anisakidosis is a zoonotic parasitosis induced by members of the family Anisakidae. The anisakid genera includes and . The final definitive hosts of these nematodes are... (Review)
Review
Anisakidosis is a zoonotic parasitosis induced by members of the family Anisakidae. The anisakid genera includes and . The final definitive hosts of these nematodes are marine mammals with a complex life cycle. These nematode parasites use different crustaceans and fish species as intermediate or paratenic hosts and humans are accidental hosts. Human anisakiasis, the infections caused by members of the genus occurs when seafoods, particularly fish, contaminated with the infective stage (third stage larvae [L3]) of this parasite, are consumed. Pseudoterranovosis, on the other hand is induced by members of the genus These two genera of anisakids have been implicated in human disease globally. There is a rise in reports of gastro-intestinal infections accompanied by allergic reactions caused by and . This review provides an update on current knowledge on as a food-borne parasite with special focus on the increasingly reported diversity of fish and crustacean hosts, allergens and immunological cross-reactivity with invertebrate proteins rendering this parasite a significant public health issue.
PubMed: 31338296
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.04.007 -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Oct 2013Anisakidosis is a parasitic infection caused by anisakid nematodes in the genera Anisakis and Pseudoterranova. Infection is not uncommon in the United States due to... (Review)
Review
Anisakidosis is a parasitic infection caused by anisakid nematodes in the genera Anisakis and Pseudoterranova. Infection is not uncommon in the United States due to increased raw seafood consumption. We report the first known case of parametrial anisakidosis in a 42-year-old woman and review existing literature.
Topics: Adult; Animals; Anisakiasis; Anisakis; Female; Humans; Parametritis; United States
PubMed: 23863565
DOI: 10.1128/JCM.01398-13 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2022The first case of human infection by a species of the Anisakidae family was reported more than 60 years ago. Over the last 20 years, has become a highly studied... (Review)
Review
The first case of human infection by a species of the Anisakidae family was reported more than 60 years ago. Over the last 20 years, has become a highly studied parasite, not only for its parasitism, but also for its role as an inducer of allergic reactions. Several studies have indicated that the pathological changes occurring within the gastrointestinal tract during infection with are the combined result of the direct action of the larvae invading the tissue and the complex interaction between the host's immune system and the parasite. Although the most commonly described pathologies are digestive, urticaria/angioedema and anaphylaxis, occupational asthma and arthritis have been seldom described. This paper is a narrative of the immune-mediated reaction induced by this parasite over the course of the last two decades.
PubMed: 35335650
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11030326 -
Food and Waterborne Parasitology Sep 2022Nematode parasites of the genus (Nematoda, Anisakidae) are considered among the most important biological hazards in seafood products worldwide. In temperate and...
Anisakid nematodes in and (Teleostea) from the South-West Indian Ocean: Genetic evidence for the existence of sister species within (s.l.), and food-safety considerations.
Nematode parasites of the genus (Nematoda, Anisakidae) are considered among the most important biological hazards in seafood products worldwide. In temperate and tropical waters, the most common species appears to be , generally found around the viscera and sporadically in the flesh of various fish host species. This study investigated the infection sites and genetic diversity of infecting commercial fishes from the South-West Indian Ocean. Largehead hairtail ( = 20) and brushtooth lizardfish ( = 72) fished off Tanzania were inspected for anisakid nematodes by UV-press. A subsample of 168 nematodes were identified by sequence analyses of the 2 mtDNA gene and ITS region of rDNA. The species (s.l.) ( = 166), (N = 1) and (N = 1) were molecularly identified. Phylogenetic analysis of (s.l.) sequences based on both genes, indicated the existence of two distinct phylogenetic lineages forming two well-supported clades. The first clade comprised 12 specimens including individuals from its type locality (central Atlantic Ocean). The second clade comprising 154 specimens, clustered with reference sequences retrieved from GenBank including one apparently undescribed taxon, i.e., sp. 1, and var. . The two reciprocally monophyletic clades are closely related and correspond to two distinct sister species within (s.l.), presently indicated as sp. A and sp. B. Two and four fixed alternative nucleotide substitutions (SNPs), i.e., diagnostic positions, between the two taxa, respectively, were found at the mtDNA 2 and the ITS region of rDNA. The genetic data, as well as their occurrence in sympatry, strengthens the hypothesis that the actual specimens represent two distinct gene pools. The occurrence of both sp. A and sp. B in the musculature of freshly examined and suggests that both species can migrate into the flesh Although the zoonotic potential of s.l. is still unclear, the presence of these parasites in the musculature, edible part of the fish, raises health concerns for consumers.
PubMed: 36072478
DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2022.e00177 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2023The dynamically growing incidence of food allergies forces the scientific community to develop new methods for their diagnosis, differentiation, and effective treatment.... (Review)
Review
The dynamically growing incidence of food allergies forces the scientific community to develop new methods for their diagnosis, differentiation, and effective treatment. Parasitoses appear much less frequently in the scientific literature, as well as among the presumed causes of numerous conditions. The similarity of inflammatory mechanisms in allergies and parasitosis necessitates a revision of current diagnostic standards. A lack of specificity and the coincidence of symptoms at an early stage of disease can lead to misdiagnosis. In this paper, we attempted to perform a comparative analysis of the similarities and differences in symptoms for these two types of diseases. We described the molecular mechanisms and metabolic pathways of food allergy and parasitosis. We presented the available research methods and directions of ongoing studies aimed at implementing precise medical techniques for differential diagnosis. We discussed the allergenic properties of certain parasite proteins, using the example of myofibrillar tropomyosins from the nematode . The literature in the fields of allergology and parasitology leads to the conclusion that it is reasonable to run parallel allergological and parasitological diagnostics in patients with non-specific symptoms. This approach will facilitate accurate and early diagnosis and implementation of effective therapy.
PubMed: 37444203
DOI: 10.3390/foods12132465 -
Virchows Archiv : An International... Feb 2022Organic (such as parasites or vegetable remnants) and inorganic substances may be encountered during routine pathology diagnostic work up of endoscopic gastrointestinal... (Review)
Review
Organic (such as parasites or vegetable remnants) and inorganic substances may be encountered during routine pathology diagnostic work up of endoscopic gastrointestinal biopsy samples and major resections, causing possible diagnostic conundrums for the young and not so young pathologists. The main aim of this review is the description of the most frequent oddities one can encounter as foreign bodies, in gastrointestinal pathology, on the basis of the current literature and personal experience. The types of encountered substances are divided into four principal categories: parasites (helminths such as Enterobius vermicularis, Strongyloides, Schistosoma, and Anisakis, and protozoa such as Entamoeba, Giardia and some intestinal coccidia); drugs and pharmaceutical fillers (found as deposits and as bystanders, innocent or not); seeds (possibly confused with worms) and plant remnants; pollutants (secondary to post-resection or post-biopsy contamination of the sample). An ample library of images is provided in order to consent easy referencing for diagnostic routine.
Topics: Animals; Enterobius; Giardia; Giardiasis; Humans; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic
PubMed: 34599376
DOI: 10.1007/s00428-021-03188-1 -
Parasitology Research May 2022Zoonotic larvae of the family Anisakidae found in several fish species represent a serious risk in public health since they may cause food-borne anisakidosis in humans....
Zoonotic larvae of the family Anisakidae found in several fish species represent a serious risk in public health since they may cause food-borne anisakidosis in humans. Chile has culinary preferences including eating raw fish in many traditional preparations. In the present study, a total of 180 fish specimens representing three different fish species, i.e., Chilean hake (Merluccius gayi), snoek (Thyrsites atun), and sea bream (Brama australis), were caught at central coast of Chile. Parasitological examination was performed on musculature and abdominal cavity for subsequent extraction and quantification of anisakid larvae. Estimation of infection parameters, such as prevalence, was performed indicating 100% (CI: 0.94-1.0) prevalence of anisakid L3 in Chilean hakes and snoeks. Moreover, sea breams reached a prevalence of 35% (CI: 0.23-0.48). Prevalence of anisakid larvae in muscle was also analyzed showing values of 18.6% (CI: 0.097-0.309) in Chilean hakes, 15% (CI: 0.07-0.26) in snoeks, and 1.7% (CI: 0-0.089) in sea breams. Meanwhile, prevalence of anisakid larvae in internal organs showed highest values for peritoneum (100% and 83.3%) for snoeks and Chilean hakes, respectively, for liver (96.7%) and gonads (86.6%) in Chilean hakes, and for intestine (98.3%) in snoeks. Molecular analysis of collected anisakid L3 unveiled presence of two potentially zoonotic nematode species, i.e., Pseudoterranova cattani and Anisakis pegreffii. P. cattani was found in Chilean hakes and snoeks being the first molecular host species report for Chilean snoeks. Besides, A. pegreffii was also identified in these species being the first molecular report on this regard. These findings are relevant for better understanding of epidemiology of anisakiasis in Chilean coasts and for public health issues considering potential risk of human population due to its culinary preferences in eating raw fish.
Topics: Animals; Anisakiasis; Anisakis; Ascaridoidea; Chile; Fish Diseases; Fishes; Gadiformes; Humans; Larva; Perciformes; Prevalence
PubMed: 35230547
DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07459-x -
Scientific Reports Aug 2022Parasite biodiversity in cetaceans represents a neglected component of the marine ecosystem. This study aimed to investigate the distribution and genetic diversity of...
Parasite biodiversity in cetaceans represents a neglected component of the marine ecosystem. This study aimed to investigate the distribution and genetic diversity of anisakid nematodes of the genus Anisakis sampled in cetaceans from the Northeast Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. A total of 478 adults and pre-adults of Anisakis spp. was identified by a multilocus genetic approach (mtDNA cox2, EF1 α - 1 nDNA and nas 10 nDNA gene loci) from 11 cetacean species. A clear pattern of host preference was observed for Anisakis spp. at cetacean family level: A. simplex (s.s.) and A. pegreffii infected mainly delphinids; A. physeteris and A. brevispiculata were present only in physeterids, and A. ziphidarum occurred in ziphiids. The role of cetacean host populations from different waters in shaping the population genetic structure of A. simplex (s.s.), A. pegreffii and A. physeteris was investigated for the first time. Significant genetic sub-structuring was found in A. simplex (s.s.) populations of the Norwegian Sea and the North Sea compared to those of the Iberian Atlantic, as well as in A. pegreffii populations of the Adriatic and the Tyrrhenian Seas compared to those of the Iberian Atlantic waters. Substantial genetic homogeneity was detected in the Mediterranean Sea population of A. physeteris. This study highlights a strong preference by some Anisakis spp. for certain cetacean species or families. Information about anisakid biodiversity in their cetacean definitive hosts, which are apex predators of marine ecosystems, acquires particular importance for conservation measures in the context of global climate change phenomena.
Topics: Animals; Anisakis; Atlantic Ocean; Cetacea; Ecosystem; Fish Diseases; Genetic Variation; Humans; Larva; Mediterranean Sea; Phylogeny
PubMed: 35953527
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17710-1