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Parasites, Hosts and Diseases Aug 2023The genus Anisakis is among the most significant parasites to public health, as it causes anisakiasis, a parasitic infection in humans resulting from consuming raw or...
The genus Anisakis is among the most significant parasites to public health, as it causes anisakiasis, a parasitic infection in humans resulting from consuming raw or undercooked seafood. Although the infection status of i>Anisakis in second intermediate hosts, such as marine fishes and cephalopods, and humans have been severally reported in Korea, no information about the definitive host in Korean waters is available. In 2014, 2 adult gastric nematodes were collected from a common minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) found in the East Sea, Korea. These worms were identified as A. simplex sensu stricto (s.s.) by comparing the mitochondrial COX2 marker with previously deposited sequences. Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses of A. simplex (s.s.) worldwide revealed 2 distinct populations: the Pacific population and the European waters population. This is the first report on adult i>Anisakis and its definitive host species in Korea. Further studies on Anisakis infection in other cetacean species and marine mammals in Korean seas are warrantedi>Anisakis.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Animals; Anisakis; Minke Whale; Phylogeny; Ascaridoidea; Anisakiasis; Caniformia; Cetacea; Republic of Korea
PubMed: 37648229
DOI: 10.3347/PHD.23046 -
Biology Feb 2021( infection, in humans, causes a series of clinical manifestations affecting the gastro-intestinal tract known as Anisakiasis/Anisakidosis. Patients may also present...
BACKGROUND
( infection, in humans, causes a series of clinical manifestations affecting the gastro-intestinal tract known as Anisakiasis/Anisakidosis. Patients may also present allergic manifestations such as hives and/or angioedema and even anaphylactic shock. The aim of this study was to investigate whether aquacultured fish could be considered -free food and constitute a safe, alternative, wild-capture fish food for Gastro-Allergic Anisakiasis (GAA)-sensitized subjects.
METHODS
Protein extracts from larvae in the third stage (L3) and from edible part of heavily infected horse mackerel () and aquacultured sea bream, have been tested for allergens presence by immunological analysis. Western blot analysis using, as source of specific allergens antibodies, serum samples from subjects referring allergic symptoms after raw fish ingestion, was performed. These subjects showed high levels of specific IgE anti allergens determined by clinical laboratory tests (ISAC test).
RESULTS
Our data demonstrate the presence of Ani s4 allergen in both infected and aquacultured fish extracts, providing a possible interpretation for the allergic manifestations reported by subjects, already sensitized to , who ate frozen or well-cooked or, even, aquacultured fish.
CONCLUSIONS
The present data stimulate more accurate prophylaxis suggestions for allergy and more specific controls of fishmeal used in aquaculture.
PubMed: 33540832
DOI: 10.3390/biology10020106 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Aug 2021The sibling species (s.s.) and are parasites of marine mammals and fish worldwide and the main causative agents of human anisakiasis. In sympatric areas, a hybrid...
The sibling species (s.s.) and are parasites of marine mammals and fish worldwide and the main causative agents of human anisakiasis. In sympatric areas, a hybrid genotype between the two species has been identified, mainly in third-stage larvae, but rarely in fourth-stage and adult forms. The aim of this study was to confirm the presence of hybrid genotypes in larvae parasitizing fish caught in sympatric and allopatric Spanish marine waters, the North-East Atlantic and West Mediterranean, respectively, and to study possible differences in the growth behaviour between genotypes. Of the 254 molecularly analysed larvae, 18 were identified as hybrids by PCR-RFLP analysis of the rDNA ITS region, 11 of which were subsequently confirmed by EF1 α-1 nDNA gene sequencing. These results therefore indicate an overestimation of hybrid genotypes when identification is based only on the ITS region. We also report the detection of a hybrid specimen in a host from the West Mediterranean, considered an allopatric zone. Additionally, fourth-stage larvae with a hybrid genotype were obtained in vitro for the first time, and no differences were observed in their growth behaviour compared to larvae with (s.s.) and genotypes.
PubMed: 34438915
DOI: 10.3390/ani11082458 -
Parasites & Vectors Jan 2018Larval stages of the sibling species of parasitic nematodes Anisakis simplex (sensu stricto) (s.s.) (AS) and Anisakis pegreffii (AP) are responsible for a fish-borne...
BACKGROUND
Larval stages of the sibling species of parasitic nematodes Anisakis simplex (sensu stricto) (s.s.) (AS) and Anisakis pegreffii (AP) are responsible for a fish-borne zoonosis, known as anisakiasis, that humans aquire via the ingestion of raw or undercooked infected fish or fish-based products. These two species differ in geographical distribution, genetic background and peculiar traits involved in pathogenicity. However, thus far little is known of key molecules potentially involved in host-parasite interactions. Here, high-throughput RNA-Seq and bioinformatics analyses of sequence data were applied to the characterization of the whole sets of transcripts expressed by infective larvae of AS and AP, as well as of their pharyngeal tissues, in a bid to identify transcripts potentially involved in tissue invasion and host-pathogen interplay.
RESULTS
Approximately 34,000,000 single-end reads were generated from cDNA libraries for each species. Transcripts identified in AS and AP encoded 19,403 and 10,424 putative peptides, respectively, and were classified based on homology searches, protein motifs, gene ontology and biological pathway mapping. Differential gene expression analysis yielded 226 and 339 transcripts upregulated in the pharyngeal regions of AS and AP, respectively, compared with their corresponding whole-larvae datasets. These included proteolytic enzymes, molecules encoding anesthetics, inhibitors of primary hemostasis and virulence factors, anticoagulants and immunomodulatory peptides.
CONCLUSIONS
This work provides the scientific community with a list of key transcripts expressed by AS and AP pharyngeal tissues and corresponding annotation information which represents a ready-to-use resource for future functional studies of biological pathways specifically involved in host-parasite interplay.
Topics: Animals; Anisakiasis; Anisakis; Computational Biology; DNA, Helminth; Fish Diseases; Fishes; Host-Parasite Interactions; Larva; Peptide Hydrolases; Pharynx; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; Sequence Analysis, RNA; Species Specificity; Transcriptome; Virulence
PubMed: 29321072
DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2585-7 -
International Journal of Molecular... Apr 2022s. s. is a parasitic nematode of marine mammals and causative agent of anisakiasis in humans. The cuticle and intestine of the larvae are the tissues most responsible...
Tandem Mass Tagging (TMT) Reveals Tissue-Specific Proteome of L4 Larvae of s. s.: Enzymes of Energy and/or Carbohydrate Metabolism as Potential Drug Targets in Anisakiasis.
s. s. is a parasitic nematode of marine mammals and causative agent of anisakiasis in humans. The cuticle and intestine of the larvae are the tissues most responsible for direct and indirect contact, respectively, of the parasite with the host. At the L4 larval stage, tissues, such as the cuticle and intestine, are fully developed and functional, in contrast to the L3 stage. As such, this work provides for the first time the tissue-specific proteome of s. s. larvae in the L4 stage. Statistical analysis (FC ≥ 2; -value ≤ 0.01) showed that 107 proteins were differentially regulated (DRPs) between the cuticle and the rest of the larval body. In the comparison between the intestine and the rest of the larval body at the L4 stage, 123 proteins were identified as DRPs. Comparison of the individual tissues examined revealed a total of 272 DRPs, with 133 proteins more abundant in the cuticle and 139 proteins more abundant in the intestine. Detailed functional analysis of the identified proteins was performed using bioinformatics tools. Glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle were the most enriched metabolic pathways by cuticular and intestinal proteins, respectively, in the L4 stage of s. s. The presence of two proteins, folliculin (FLCN) and oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (OGDH), was confirmed by Western blot, and their tertiary structure was predicted and compared with other species. In addition, host-pathogen interactions were identified, and potential new allergens were predicted. The result of this manuscript shows the largest number of protein identifications to our knowledge using proteomics tools for different tissues of L4 larvae of s. s. The identified tissue-specific proteins could serve as targets for new drugs against anisakiasis.
Topics: Animals; Anisakiasis; Anisakis; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Humans; Larva; Mammals; Proteome
PubMed: 35457153
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084336 -
Internal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2015Kounis syndrome is hypersensitivity coronary disorder induced by various types of environmental exposures, drugs, conditions and stents. Allergic, hypersensitivity,... (Review)
Review
Kounis syndrome is hypersensitivity coronary disorder induced by various types of environmental exposures, drugs, conditions and stents. Allergic, hypersensitivity, anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions are associated with this syndrome. The disorder manifests as coronary spasms, acute myocardial infarction and stent thrombosis and affects the cerebral and mesenteric as well as coronary arteries. Importantly, its manifestations are broad and its etiology is continuously increasing. Recently, a variety of unusual etiologies have been reported including Anisakis simplex, scombroid syndrome, the use of Gelofusin or ultrasound contrast agents, kiwifruit, fly bites, and bee stings. Furthermore, losartan and the paradox of corticosteroid allergy have been implicated as possible causes. Although not rare, Kounis syndrome is infrequently diagnosed. Therefore, awareness of its etiology, manifestations and pathophysiology is important for providing the proper diagnosis and treatment and determining prognosis.
Topics: Actinidia; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Anaphylaxis; Antihypertensive Agents; Contrast Media; Coronary Vasospasm; Drug Hypersensitivity; Drug-Eluting Stents; Environmental Exposure; Histamine Antagonists; Histamine Release; Humans; Hypersensitivity, Immediate; Insect Bites and Stings; Losartan; Prognosis; Syndrome
PubMed: 26134186
DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.54.3684 -
Food Safety (Tokyo, Japan) Dec 2021Anisakiasis is a gastrointestinal disease caused by infection with anisakid nematodes. larvae have been listed as distinct food poisoning agents in the manual of Food...
Anisakiasis is a gastrointestinal disease caused by infection with anisakid nematodes. larvae have been listed as distinct food poisoning agents in the manual of Food Poisoning Statistics, Japan since 2013. The reported numbers of food poisoning cases caused by larvae are gradually increasing. A total of 94.0% of the causative larvae species were identified as sensu stricto (), and 4.4% were identified as , among human-isolated anisakid nematodes examined in Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Japan from 2011 to 2018. species infecting fishes in Japanese waters differ depending on their habitat and depth. mainly infects fishes in the Pacific side of Japan, and mainly infects fishes in the East China Sea and Sea of Japan sides. Regarding the causative foods of anisakiasis, cases by ingestion of mackerel ( spp.) have been the most common in Japan, and cases caused by eating "marinated mackerel" accounted for 32.8% of the total in Tokyo from 2011 to 2017. However, the number of reports of food poisoning caused by skipjack tuna () was highest in May 2018 in Japan. A parasitological surveys of third-stage larvae in skipjack tuna in Japanese waters were conducted in 2018 and 2019, and it was confirmed that more infections of skipjack tuna may have occurred in 2018 than usual due to the meandering flow of the Black Current. Moreover, a portion of larvae migrated from visceral organs to the ventral muscle in live skipjack tuna before capture, suggesting that an extensive cold chain after capture cannot prevent anisakiasis. In fish species that were reported to be high frequency of causative food of anisakiasis, it is necessary to freeze or at least remove the ventral muscle.
PubMed: 35004097
DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.D-21-00004 -
Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica Jun 2017Parasites from the family Anisakidae are widely distributed in marine fish populations worldwide and mainly nematodes of the three genera Anisakis, Pseudoterranova and... (Review)
Review
Parasites from the family Anisakidae are widely distributed in marine fish populations worldwide and mainly nematodes of the three genera Anisakis, Pseudoterranova and Contracaecum have attracted attention due to their pathogenicity in humans. Their life cycles include invertebrates and fish as intermediate or transport hosts and mammals or birds as final hosts. Human consumption of raw or underprocessed seafood containing third stage larvae of anisakid parasites may elicit a gastrointestinal disease (anisakidosis) and allergic responses. Excretory and secretory (ES) compounds produced by the parasites are assumed to be key players in clinical manifestation of the disease in humans, but the molecules are likely to play a general biological role in invertebrates and lower vertebrates as well. ES products have several functions during infection, e.g. penetration of host tissues and evasion of host immune responses, but are at the same time known to elicit immune responses (including antibody production) both in fish and mammals. ES proteins from anisakid nematodes, in particular Anisakis simplex, are currently applied for diagnostic purposes but recent evidence suggests that they also may have a therapeutic potential in immune-related diseases.
Topics: Animals; Anisakis; Humans
PubMed: 28645306
DOI: 10.1186/s13028-017-0310-3 -
Genes Aug 2020The total proteomes of s.s., and their hybrid genotype have been compared by quantitative proteomics (iTRAQ approach), which considers the level of expressed proteins....
The total proteomes of s.s., and their hybrid genotype have been compared by quantitative proteomics (iTRAQ approach), which considers the level of expressed proteins. Comparison was made by means of two independent experiments considering four biological replicates of and two each for and hybrid between both species. A total of 1811 and 1976 proteins have been respectively identified in the experiments using public databases. One hundred ninety-six proteins were found significantly differentially expressed, and their relationships with the nematodes' biological replicates were estimated by a multidimensional statistical approach. Results of pairwise Log ratio comparisons among them were statistically treated and supported in order to convert them into discrete character states. Principal component analysis (PCA) confirms the validity of the method. This comparison selected thirty seven proteins as discriminant taxonomic biomarkers among , and their hybrid genotype; 19 of these biomarkers, encoded by ten loci, are specific allergens of (Ani s7, Ani s8, Ani s12, and Ani s14) and other (Ancylostoma secreted) is a common nematodes venom allergen. The rest of the markers comprise four unknown or non-characterized proteins; five different proteins (leucine) related to innate immunity, four proteolytic proteins (metalloendopeptidases), a lipase, a mitochondrial translocase protein, a neurotransmitter, a thyroxine transporter, and a structural collagen protein. The proposed methodology (proteomics and statistical) solidly characterize a set of proteins that are susceptible to take advantage of the new targeted proteomics.
Topics: Animals; Anisakis; Biomarkers; Chromatography, Liquid; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic; Gene Regulatory Networks; Genotype; Hybridization, Genetic; Mass Spectrometry; Proteome; Proteomics
PubMed: 32785065
DOI: 10.3390/genes11080913 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2020The third-stage larvae (L3) of are the most important source of hidden allergens in seafood products. However, there exist no commercial methods for detecting proteins...
The third-stage larvae (L3) of are the most important source of hidden allergens in seafood products. However, there exist no commercial methods for detecting proteins in food. Furthermore, only a few methods have been validated for the detection of in thermally processed food. The aims of our study are (i) the development and validation of high-sensitivity chemiluminescent (CL) immunoassays for the detection of proteins in processed seafood, (ii) and antigen detection in common seafood products from Polish markets. We developed and validated CL sandwich ELISA (S-ELISA) and CL competitive ELISA (C-ELISA) methods for proteins detection in food, with respective detection limits of 0.5 and 5 ng/mL. The usefulness of the assays for detecting proteins in highly processed food was evaluated by examination of autoclaved canned fish spiked with larvae (1-8 larvae/200 g). Commercial real-time PCR was unable to detect in autoclaved samples at all levels of enrichment with larvae. CL-S-ELISA was used to test various types of seafood products from Polish markets. Among all tested products ( = 259), 28% were positive. antigens were found mostly ( = 39) in smoked fish products: mackerel, herring, cod, and hake. Other positive samples were found in marinated herrings, canned cod livers, canned mackerels, and surimi sticks. In tuna, Atlantic argentine, anchovy, sardine, sprat, and squid products, antigens were not detected. This study provides novel effective tools for the detection of proteins in processed food and highlights the potential allergic hazards for -sensitized Polish consumers of seafood.
PubMed: 32977528
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9100777