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Anales Del Sistema Sanitario de Navarra 2003Anisakis simplex is a parasite, belonging to the Anisakidae family. The life cycle of the parasite can include one or more intermediary hosts, their final hosts being... (Review)
Review
Anisakis simplex is a parasite, belonging to the Anisakidae family. The life cycle of the parasite can include one or more intermediary hosts, their final hosts being marine mammals or large fish, in which the larvae develop until the adult stage is reached. Man is an accidental host who acquires the larvae by eating raw or undercooked fish. Since the mid-50s, when the first case studies were published in Holland and Japan, new cases have been emerging in different countries including Spain. Parasitization of man by the living larva is known as anisakiasis, principally giving rise to digestive symptomology, with other rare cases described of invasion of other organs such as the lung, the liver, the spleen, the pancreas, etc. Clinical pictures of allergy to IgE mediated anisakis simplex have also been described: reactions by thermostable antigens of the parasite that develop in spite of the fish being cooked or frozen, and an acute digestive parasitization with allergic symptoms called gastro-allergic anisakiasis. In the diagnosis of anisakiasis and/or allergy to Anisakis, the antecedent of the prior ingestion of fish as well as the clinical accompaniment can form basic data of considerable orientational value, and endoscopy can reveal the presence of the larvae and make possible their extraction. Besides, in cases of allergy the detection test for specific IgE facing Anisakis simplex, and cutaneous tests with fish should be carried out. The best treatment for avoiding this parasitization is prophylactic, avoiding the consumption of raw or undercooked fish, while a fish free diet is necessary in cases of true allergy to the thermostable proteins of the parasite.
Topics: Anisakiasis; Humans; Hypersensitivity
PubMed: 13679960
DOI: No ID Found -
BMC Genomics Aug 2018Anisakis simplex sensu stricto and Anisakis pegreffii are sibling species of nematodes parasitic on marine mammals. Zoonotic human infection with third stage infective... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
BACKGROUND
Anisakis simplex sensu stricto and Anisakis pegreffii are sibling species of nematodes parasitic on marine mammals. Zoonotic human infection with third stage infective larvae causes anisakiasis, a debilitating and potentially fatal disease. These 2 species show evidence of hybridisation in geographical areas where they are sympatric. How the species and their hybrids differ is still poorly understood.
RESULTS
Third stage larvae of Anisakis simplex s.s., Anisakis pegreffii and hybrids were sampled from Merluccius merluccius (Teleosti) hosts captured in waters of the FAO 27 geographical area. Specimens of each species and hybrids were distinguished with a diagnostic genetic marker (ITS). RNA was extracted from pools of 10 individuals of each taxon. Transcriptomes were generated using Illumina RNA-Seq, and assembled de novo. A joint assembly (here called merged transcriptome) of all 3 samples was also generated. The inferred transcript sets were functionally annotated and compared globally and also on subsets of secreted proteins and putative allergen families. While intermediary metabolism appeared to be typical for nematodes in the 3 evaluated taxa, their transcriptomes present strong levels of differential expression and enrichment, mainly of transcripts related to metabolic pathways and gene ontologies associated to energy metabolism and other pathways, with significant presence of excreted/secreted proteins, most of them allergens. The allergome of the 2 species and their hybrids has also been thoroughly studied; at least 74 different allergen families were identified in the transcriptomes.
CONCLUSIONS
A. simplex s.s., A. pegreffi and their hybrids differ in gene expression patterns in the L3 stage. Strong parent-of-origin effects were observed: A. pegreffi alleles dominate in the expression patterns of hybrids albeit the latter, and A. pegreffii also display significant differences indicating that hybrids are intermediate biological entities among their parental species, and thus of outstanding interest in the study of speciation in nematodes. Analyses of differential expression based on genes coding for secreted proteins suggests that co-infections presents different repertoires of released protein to the host environment. Both species and their hybrids, share more allergen genes than previously thought and are likely to induce overlapping disease responses.
Topics: Allergens; Animals; Anisakis; Breeding; Energy Metabolism; Fish Diseases; Gadiformes; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation; Helminth Proteins; Larva; Molecular Sequence Annotation; Sequence Analysis, RNA; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 30086708
DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4970-9 -
International Journal of Infectious... Nov 2017Anisakiasis is an emerging marine food-borne zoonosis resulting from the accidental ingestion of Anisakis larvae, through the consumption of raw or undercooked infected... (Review)
Review
Anisakiasis is an emerging marine food-borne zoonosis resulting from the accidental ingestion of Anisakis larvae, through the consumption of raw or undercooked infected seafood products. The first case of human gastric hyperinfection by Anisakis simplex with an unusual and severe presentation, occurring in a Portuguese woman, is described in this article. Over 140 anisakid larvae were removed by gastroscopy. Massive infection is uncommon in areas where the consumption of raw fish is not part of the traditional diet, as is the case in Portugal. The increased consumption of raw seafood products is considered a health determinant in the rise in cases of anisakiasis. However, clinicians should be aware of the emergence of these infections, not only because of the new dietary habits of the population, but also because of the high prevalence of Anisakis larvae in the different fish species usually consumed by the population, collected on the Portuguese coast.
Topics: Adult; Animals; Anisakiasis; Anisakis; Female; Fishes; Humans; Larva; Prevalence; Raw Foods; Seafood; Stomach; Stomach Diseases; Zoonoses
PubMed: 28882665
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2017.08.012 -
European Annals of Allergy and Clinical... Mar 2017Anisakis simplex hypersensitive subjects may be sensitized without clinical allergy, or experience acute symptoms or chronic urticaria induced by raw fish. We studied...
Anisakis simplex hypersensitive subjects may be sensitized without clinical allergy, or experience acute symptoms or chronic urticaria induced by raw fish. We studied whether the 3 subgroups differ in IgE, IgG or IgG reactivity to specific Anisakis simplex allergens. 28 Anisakis simplex-hypersensitive adults, 11 with acute symptoms, 9 with chronic urticaria, and 8 sensitized were studied. IgE, IgG and IgG to rAni s 1, 5, 9 and 10 were sought by ELISA. IgE and IgG to nAni s 4 were determined by WB. IgE to Ani s 1, 4, 5, 9, and 10 were found in 8, 3, 2, 5, and 9 sera, respectively. Nine sera did not react to any allergen. IgG to Ani s 1, 5, 9, and 10 were detected in 5, 16, 14, and 4 sera, respectively. Four sera did not react to any of the 4 allergens. IgG to Ani s 1, 4, 5, 9, and 10 were detected in 10, 0, 2, 6 and 1 sera, respectively. Fifteen subjects did not react to any of the 5 allergens. On ELISA sensitized subjects showed lower IgE and IgG levels than patients. IgG levels were highest in the sensitized group. The prevalence of IgE, IgG or IgG reactivity to any of the studied allergens did not differ between the 3 subgroups. The clinical expression of Anisakis simplex sensitization does not seem to depend on IgE reactivity to a specific allergen of the parasite, nor on the presence of IgG antibodies possibly related with blocking activity.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Animals; Anisakiasis; Anisakis; Antibodies, Helminth; Antigens, Helminth; Biomarkers; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Food Hypersensitivity; Food Parasitology; Helminth Proteins; Humans; Immunoglobulin E; Immunoglobulin G; Immunologic Tests; Male; Middle Aged; Seafood; Young Adult
PubMed: 28294584
DOI: No ID Found -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2019Developing effective and eco-friendly antiparasitic drugs and insecticides is an issue of high importance nowadays. In this study, we evaluated the anthelminthic and...
Developing effective and eco-friendly antiparasitic drugs and insecticides is an issue of high importance nowadays. In this study, we evaluated the anthelminthic and insecticidal potential of the leaf essential oil obtained from against the L3 larvae of the parasitic nematode and larvae and adults of the mosquito . Tests on were performed by standard larvicidal and penetration assays, while mosquito toxicity was assessed relying on larvicidal, tarsal contact, and fumigation tests. To shed light on the possible mode of action, we analyzed the oil impact as acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. This oil was particularly active on L3 larvae of , showing a LC of 0.087 and 0.067 mg mL after 24 and 48 h treatment, respectively. essential oil was highly effective on both larvae and adults of , showing LC values of 32.4 mg L and 28.1 µg cm, respectively. Its main constituent, carvacrol, achieved larvicidal LC of 29.5 and 39.2 mg L, while contact toxicity assays on adults had an LC of 25.5 and 35.8 µg cm, respectively. In fumigation assays, the LC was 12.1 µL L after 1 h and decreased to 1.3 µL L in 24 h of exposure. Similarly, the fumigation LC of carvacrol was 8.2 µL L after 1 h of exposure, strongly decreasing to 0.8 µL L after 24 h of exposure. These results support the folk usage of Lebanese oregano as an antiparasitic agent, providing new insights about its utilization for developing new effective and eco-friendly nematocidal and insecticidal products.
Topics: Animals; Anisakis; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Culex; Cymenes; Larva; Mosquito Vectors; Oils, Volatile; Origanum; Plant Leaves; Plant Oils
PubMed: 31311079
DOI: 10.3390/molecules24142563 -
Allergology International : Official... Jun 2013Anisakis simplex sensitization has been associated with acute, but also with chronic urticaria. The objective of this study is to characterize chronic urticaria with...
BACKGROUND
Anisakis simplex sensitization has been associated with acute, but also with chronic urticaria. The objective of this study is to characterize chronic urticaria with (CU+) and without sensitization (CU-) against the ubiquitous fish parasite A. simplex in a transversal and longitudinal evaluation.
METHODS
16 CU+ and 22 CU- patients were included and assessed for Urticaria activity score (UAS), fish-eating habits by standardized questionnaire and cytokine production (assessed by flow cytometric bead-based array) of peripheral blood mononuclear cells after stimulation with A. simplex extract or Concanavalin A (Con A). Patients were randomly put on a fish-free diet for three months and UAS, as well as cytokine production were again assessed. A difference of ≥1 in UAS was defined as improvement.
RESULTS
There was no difference in UAS in both groups. Anisakis induced IL-2, IL-4 and IFN-γ production was higher in CU+. Con A induced IL-6 and IL-10 production was higher in CU+. CU+ was associated with higher total fish intake, whereas CU- was associated with oily fish intake. The correlation of UAS was positive with oily fish, but negative with total fish intake. There was a better UAS-based prognosis in CU+ without diet. Improvement was associated with higher Con A induced IL-10/IFN-γ as well as IL-10/IL-6 ratios. Further, previous higher oily fish intake was associated with improvement.
CONCLUSIONS
Our data confirm the different clinical and immunological phenotype of CU+. Our results show a complex relationship between fish-eating habits, cytokine production and prognosis, which could have important consequences in dietary advice in patients with CU. When encountering A. simplex sensitization, patients should not be automatically put on a diet without fish in order to reduce contact with A. simplex products.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Animals; Anisakiasis; Anisakis; Chronic Disease; Cytokines; Diet; Female; Fishes; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Leukocytes, Mononuclear; Male; Middle Aged; Urticaria; Young Adult
PubMed: 23435560
DOI: 10.2332/allergolint.12-OA-0504 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Sep 2022The study aimed to perform the molecular identification of larvae in commercial fish from the coast of the Canary Islands and to provide data on their infection level...
The study aimed to perform the molecular identification of larvae in commercial fish from the coast of the Canary Islands and to provide data on their infection level for the host and the species of this nematode parasite that we could find in several species of commercial interest in the Canary Archipelago. Fish specimens (n = 172) from the Canary coasts were examined for parasites. In total, 495 larvae were identified; PCR was carried out for the entire ITS rDNA and cox2 mtDNA region, obtaining sixteen sequences for the entire ITS rDNA region and fifteen for the cox2 mtDNA, this being the first contribution of nucleotide sequences of species of fish caught from the Canary Islands. An overall prevalence of 25% was obtained in the fish analyzed, and five species of were identified, these being (s.s.), , and and the hybrid x . The results obtained in this study have relevance for public health, since the pathology will depend on the species of so it is important to know the health status of fish in the waters of the Canary Islands to assure a safer consumption and take adequate measures, in addition to the provision of epidemiological data.
PubMed: 36230375
DOI: 10.3390/ani12192634 -
The Korean Journal of Parasitology Dec 2006The third-stage larvae (L3) of the parasitic nematode, Anisakis simplex, have been implicated in the induction of hyperimmune allergic reactions in orally infected... (Review)
Review
The third-stage larvae (L3) of the parasitic nematode, Anisakis simplex, have been implicated in the induction of hyperimmune allergic reactions in orally infected humans. In this work, we have conducted a review of an investigation into immune reactions occurring in animals experimentally infected with A. simplex L3. The patterns of serum antibody productions in the experimental animals against excretory-secretory products (ESP) of A. simplex L3 contributed to our current knowledge regarding specific humoral immune reactions in humans. In our review, we were able to determine that L3 infection of experimental animals may constitute a good model system for further exploration of immune mechanisms and allergy in anisakiasis of humans.
Topics: Animals; Anisakiasis; Anisakis; Antigens, Helminth; Disease Models, Animal; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Immunoglobulin E; Larva; Mice; Rats
PubMed: 17170569
DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2006.44.4.271 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Oct 2022Using data from 2018-2019 health insurance claims, we estimated the average annual incidence of anisakiasis in Japan to be 19,737 cases. Molecular identification of...
Using data from 2018-2019 health insurance claims, we estimated the average annual incidence of anisakiasis in Japan to be 19,737 cases. Molecular identification of larvae revealed that most (88.4%) patients were infected with the species Anisakis simplex sensu stricto. Further insights into the pathogenesis of various anisakiasis forms are needed.
Topics: Animals; Anisakiasis; Anisakis; Humans; Incidence; Japan; Larva
PubMed: 36148963
DOI: 10.3201/eid2810.220627 -
Frontiers in Allergy 2021The fishing- and the seafood processing industries are the largest industrial sectors in Greenland. Despite this, only a few cases of occupational diseases in this...
The fishing- and the seafood processing industries are the largest industrial sectors in Greenland. Despite this, only a few cases of occupational diseases in this industry have been reported to the Danish Labor Market Insurance. Occupational asthma and allergy are well-known occupational diseases in the seafood processing industry worldwide and underreporting of occupational diseases in Greenland is suspected. The aim of the current study was to examine the associations between job exposures and occupational asthma and rhino conjunctivitis in workers in the Greenlandic seafood processing industry and to compare the prevalence of sensitization by type and degree of exposure to snow crab, shrimp, fish, and the fish parasite, . Data from 382 Greenlandic seafood processing workers were collected during 2016-2018. Data included questionnaire answers, lung function measurements, skin prick tests, and blood samples with ImmunoCAP. For all analyses, < 0.05 was considered the level of significance. 5.5% of the workers had occupational asthma and 4.6% had occupational rhino conjunctivitis. A large proportion of the workers were sensitized to allergens specific to the workplace; 18.1% to snow crab, 13.6% to shrimp, 1.4% to fish, and 32.6% to the fish parasite, . We found a dose-response relationship between the risk of being sensitized to snow crab and and years of exposure to the allergens in the seafood processing industry. This study showed that a considerable proportion of workers in the Greenlandic seafood processing industry had occupational asthma and rhino conjunctivitis. Additionally, the study showed high sensitization levels toward snow crab, shrimp, and the fish parasite, . This supports the hypothesis of a considerable degree of underreporting of occupational allergic airway disease in the Greenlandic seafood processing industry. Prospectively, it is important to inform workers, leaders, and health care professionals of the health problems and the law on worker's compensation, and to initiate preventive actions at factory and trawler level.
PubMed: 35387025
DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2021.747011