-
The Journal of Investigative... Dec 2005Scalp skin is unique on the body due to the density of hair follicles and high rate of sebum production. These features make it susceptible to superficial mycotic... (Review)
Review
Scalp skin is unique on the body due to the density of hair follicles and high rate of sebum production. These features make it susceptible to superficial mycotic conditions (dandruff, seborrheic dermatitis, and tinea capitis), parasitic infestation (pediculosis capitis), and inflammatory conditions (psoriasis). Because these scalp conditions share similar clinical manifestations of scaling, inflammation, hair loss, and pruritus, differential diagnosis is critically important. Diagnostic techniques and effective treatment strategies for each of the above conditions will be discussed.
Topics: Adult; Animals; Child; Dermatitis, Seborrheic; Dermatomycoses; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Infant; Lice Infestations; Malassezia; Microsporum; Middle Aged; Pediculus; Pityriasis; Psoriasis; Scalp; Scalp Dermatoses; Tinea Capitis; Trichophyton
PubMed: 16382661
DOI: 10.1111/j.1087-0024.2005.10103.x -
Canadian Family Physician Medecin de... Aug 2012Head lice infestations continue to be seen frequently in many communities. Some of these children require multiple treatments before eradication. What are the current... (Review)
Review
QUESTION
Head lice infestations continue to be seen frequently in many communities. Some of these children require multiple treatments before eradication. What are the current treatment recommendations for head lice?
ANSWER
Head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) infestations are common, particularly among school-aged children. In order to minimize louse resistance, insecticide usage, and social stigmatization, diagnosis and treatment should be limited to those with live lice on the scalp. Options for management are predominantly topical therapies or physical removal. Large studies comparing the efficacy of these treatments are lacking. Treatment should be repeated in approximately 7 days if topical insecticides are used or every 2 to 3 days for 2 weeks if wet combing is used. Lice resistance patterns vary widely geographically, and resistance is now the most common cause of treatment failure.
Topics: Animals; Anthelmintics; Anti-Infective Agents; Child; Humans; Insecticides; Ivermectin; Lice Infestations; Pediculus; Pyrethrins; Scalp Dermatoses; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination
PubMed: 22893334
DOI: No ID Found -
Turkiye Parazitolojii Dergisi Jun 2018The present study aimed to evaluate scabies and pediculosis cases in the city of Kayseri and to contribute to the epidemiological data in Turkey.
OBJECTIVE
The present study aimed to evaluate scabies and pediculosis cases in the city of Kayseri and to contribute to the epidemiological data in Turkey.
METHODS
Data for the present study were obtained from the Kayseri Directorate of Public Health. The distribution of lice and scabies according to age, sex, and years was evaluated retrospectively.
RESULTS
A total of 3908 scabies and 4762 pediculosis cases have been reported from the central and peripheral districts of Kayseri between January 2006 and April 2017. It was observed that the number of female cases is higher in both infestations. When positive cases were evaluated according to age, it appears that scabies cases in the 25-44 age group and pediculosis cases in the 10-14 age group are higher. At the same time, in the first 4 months of 2017, it was observed that the number of cases in both infestations was two times higher than that in the previous year.
CONCLUSION
We believe that scabies and pediculosis infestations are still a major public health concern in Turkey and its city.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Animals; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Lice Infestations; Male; Middle Aged; Pediculus; Public Health; Retrospective Studies; Scabies; Scalp Dermatoses; Sex Factors; Turkey; Young Adult
PubMed: 29780005
DOI: 10.5152/tpd.2018.5602 -
The Pan African Medical Journal 2024
Topics: Animals; Humans; Pediculus; Eyelashes; Lice Infestations
PubMed: 38558554
DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2024.47.29.42559 -
The American Journal of Managed Care Sep 2004The anatomy and physiology of head lice make them extremely adaptable to their human hosts but also difficult to eradicate. Their coloring and small size make them... (Review)
Review
The anatomy and physiology of head lice make them extremely adaptable to their human hosts but also difficult to eradicate. Their coloring and small size make them difficult to see, and the larvae, or nymphs, have multiple exoskeletons for protection. When exposed to pediculicides, a nymph can shed its outer exoskeleton and receive only a sublethal dose. Through natural selection, head lice have developed resistance to commonly used pediculicides, making it increasingly difficult to eliminate infestations. Other contributors to resistance include changes in formulations of pediculicides and improper use. Over the last 20 years, the efficacy of pyrethrins has declined because of necessary safety changes in formulations and unintentional effects of new packaging on chemical components of these products. Pediculicides designed to be applied to wet hair may become too diluted to produce the desired effect. Patients also may use too little product to conserve costs. The combination of decreased product efficacy and exposure of head lice to diluted or insufficient amounts of pediculicides has reduced their effectiveness substantially. Studies comparing the current efficacy of several over-the-counter and prescription pediculicides with effectiveness in the 1980s has shown that OVIDE (malathion) Lotion, 0.5% is the only product that has retained its efficacy over time. The efficacy of over-the-counter pyrethrin products had declined significantly, and lindane, another prescription product, was least effective of all products tested both in the 1980s and in more recent studies. In addition to retaining its efficacy, malathion 0.5% also is effective when applied for only 20 minutes. The shorter application time is safer for children and also decreases the likelihood that residual product remains in the hair, further contributing to resistance.
Topics: Animals; Female; Humans; Insecticide Resistance; Insecticides; Lice Infestations; Male; Pediculus
PubMed: 15515630
DOI: No ID Found -
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) Nov 2022Background and Objectives: Pediculosis, or head lice infestation, is a widespread health problem that can affect anyone, regardless of gender, age, or social background....
Background and Objectives: Pediculosis, or head lice infestation, is a widespread health problem that can affect anyone, regardless of gender, age, or social background. The purpose of this study was to clarify the occurrence of pediculosis among Estonian preschool- and primary school-aged children according to their parents and the parent’s awareness of pediculosis and related behaviors. Materials and Methods: An online questionnaire was completed by the parents of the preschool children (n = 1141) in 2019 and the parents of the elementary school children (n = 362) in 2021. For the descriptive data, t-test, Mann−Whitney or χ2 test, linear regression, and logistic regression analyses were applied. Results: According to the parents, pediculosis had occurred in 34.7% of the children, and more than one-third of pediculosis patients had experienced it more than twice. Lice were mainly acquired from elementary school or preschool and less often from friends, relatives, or training environments. Parents’ knowledge of head lice was rather good; the average score of the correct answers was 14.0 ± 3.4 (max. 20). In the multivariate analysis, higher age (coefficient 0.07, p < 0.001), healthcare education (coefficient 1.19, p < 0.001), and a previous occurrence of pediculosis in a family (coefficient 1.95; p < 0.001) were factors influencing better knowledge. In order to treat the infestation, antilice shampoo and combing were the most often used methods. Conclusion: Despite parents’ awareness, pediculosis infestations continue to be common among our children.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Child, Preschool; Child; Lice Infestations; Estonia; Pediculus; Parents; Surveys and Questionnaires; Prevalence
PubMed: 36556975
DOI: 10.3390/medicina58121773 -
Parasitology Research May 2021Head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) are worldwide obligate human ectoparasites, with high implications in pediatrics. In Europe, first-line topical neurotoxic...
Head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) are worldwide obligate human ectoparasites, with high implications in pediatrics. In Europe, first-line topical neurotoxic insecticidal therapeutic strategies are being replaced by topical physically acting agents as the first-choice treatment. Safety of the active ingredients and high efficacy in a one-time single-dose treatment with a brief treatment application time are key issues for consumer use and effective compliance. The aim of this study was to assess the in vitro efficacy of a newly developed squalane and dimethicone-based pediculicidal formula, against motile head lice and eggs after 2 and 5 min immersion in the product, as well as its skin tolerance and acceptability under dermatological and pediatric expert control in children with atopic skin. The results indicate that at both time points, 100% mortality rate of head lice crawling stages and late-stage eggs was achieved. The formula was well tolerated and suitable for children with atopic skin from 12 months of age. Showing high in vitro efficacy and good skin acceptability, this solution is presented as a new safe alternative therapy for treatment of head lice infestations.
Topics: Animals; Child, Preschool; Dimethylpolysiloxanes; Europe; Female; Humans; Infant; Insecticides; Lice Infestations; Male; Pediculus; Skin; Squalene
PubMed: 33797611
DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07113-y -
Molecular and Functional Characterization of GABA Receptor Subunits GRD and LCCH3 from Human Louse .Molecular Pharmacology Aug 2021Human louse is a cosmopolitan obligatory blood-feeding ectoparasite causing pediculosis and transmitting many bacterial pathogens. Control of infestation is difficult...
Human louse is a cosmopolitan obligatory blood-feeding ectoparasite causing pediculosis and transmitting many bacterial pathogens. Control of infestation is difficult due to the developed resistance to insecticides that mainly target GABA (-aminobutyric acid) receptors. Previous work showed that (Phh) GABA receptor subunit resistance to dieldrin (RDL) is the target of lotilaner, a synthetic molecule of the isoxazoline chemical class. To enhance our understanding of how insecticides act on GABA receptors, two other GABA receptor subunits were cloned and characterized: three variants of (glycine-like receptor of ) and one variant of (ligand-gated chloride channel homolog 3). Relative mRNA expression levels of , , and revealed that they were expressed throughout the developmental stages (eggs, larvae, adults) and in the different parts of adult lice (head, thorax, and abdomen). When expressed individually in the oocyte heterologous expression system, Phh-GRD1, Phh-GRD2, Phh-GRD3, and Phh-LCCH3 were unable to reconstitute functional channels, whereas the subunit combinations Phh-GRD1/Phh-LCCH3, Phh-GRD1/Phh-RDL, and Phh-LCCH3/Phh-RDL responded to GABA in a concentration-dependent manner. The three heteromeric receptors were similarly sensitive to the antagonistic effect of picrotoxin and fipronil, whereas Phh-GRD1/Phh-RDL and Phh-LCCH3/Phh-RDL were respectively about 2.5-fold and 5-fold more sensitive to ivermectin than Phh-GRD1/Phh-LCCH3. Moreover, the heteropentameric receptor constituted by Phh-GRD1/Phh-LCCH3 was found to be permeable and highly sensitive to the extracellular sodium concentration. These findings provided valuable additions to our knowledge of the complex nature of GABA receptors in human louse that could help in understanding the resistance pattern to commonly used pediculicides. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Human louse is an ectoparasite that causes pediculosis and transmits several bacterial pathogens. Emerging strains developed resistance to the commonly used insecticides, especially those targeting GABA receptors. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying this resistance, two subunits of GABA receptors were cloned and described: and . The heteromeric receptor reconstituted with the two subunits was functional in oocytes and sensitive to commercially available insecticides. Moreover, both subunits were transcribed throughout the parasite lifecycle.
Topics: Animals; Drosophila; Humans; Insecticides; Lice Infestations; Pediculus; Phthiraptera; Receptors, GABA; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
PubMed: 35858760
DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.122.000499 -
International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2022Scabies and hair lice are parasitic diseases that affect human skin and hair, respectively. The incidence and resistances of these infections are increasing. Tenutex...
Scabies and hair lice are parasitic diseases that affect human skin and hair, respectively. The incidence and resistances of these infections are increasing. Tenutex (disulfiram and benzyl benzoate emulsion) is an alternative to standard insecticides to avoid resistances. The aim of the work is to evaluate the transdermal absorption and the in vitro efficacy against scabies and hair lice after different exposition times. Dermatomed human skin was used to assess the dermal absorption using a validated High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method. HEK001 keratinocytes were used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of benzyl benzoate. Only benzyl benzoate was able to cross the skin, but it did not show cytotoxicity at any of the tested concentrations. The product efficacy was tested on after direct contact and after administration on sheep skin explants at different contact times. Permethrin/malathion-resistant strains of adults and eggs were directly exposed to Tenutex, and the vitality and hatchability, respectively, were evaluated. The anti-scabies study demonstrated that exposure for 6 or 24 h completely eradicated the parasite. The pediculicidal activity of Tenutex exhibited superior efficacy than standard treatment on resistant lice. The positive results obtained suggest that Tenutex is a good treatment option, especially in drug resistance situations.
Topics: Adult; Animals; Benzoates; Biological Products; Disulfiram; Emulsions; Humans; Insecticides; Lice Infestations; Malathion; Pediculus; Permethrin; Scabies; Sheep
PubMed: 36142878
DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810969 -
Archives of Razi Institute Feb 2022Lice infestations or pediculosis occurs throughout the world and is caused by (head louse), Pediculus humanus corporis (body louse), and (crab louse). This study was...
Lice infestations or pediculosis occurs throughout the world and is caused by (head louse), Pediculus humanus corporis (body louse), and (crab louse). This study was conducted within March-October 2020 and aimed to investigate the presence of human lice among 1,632 individuals from 225 families living at different economic and social levels in AL-Kut city, Iraq, and its suburbs (urban, rural, and slum areas). Data collection was performed on volunteer families by completing survey forms and visual examinations. The families were divided by the number of members into 10-15, 7-9, 4-6, and 3-2 persons, for which, the infestation rates were estimated at 24.2%, 21.4%, 12.5%, and 8.6%, respectively. Moreover, in this study, urban, rural, and slum areas were infected at 11.5%, 33.6%, and 21.6 %, respectively. The infestation appeared in all ages, and the higher and lowest rates were obtained for the age ranges of 3-17 and 18-40 years old (79.04% and 20.9%), respectively. Based on the results, the rates of infestation were 21.8% and 13.3% in females and males, respectively. The findings of this study showed that the infection rate of among the subjects aged 4-24 years old was 11.0% and that of was 3.0% in the cases aging 14-32 years old. Due to the high infestation with ectoparasites in these areas and large families, it is highly important to create conditions for health and provide information to control and prevent infection.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Iraq; Lice Infestations; Male; Pediculus; Phthirus; Prevalence; Young Adult
PubMed: 35891768
DOI: 10.22092/ARI.2022.357091.1969