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Frontiers in Immunology 2022While recent years have witnessed ever-growing evidence on the prebiotic attributes of anthocyanins for treatment of microbiota-associated diseases, the complex...
While recent years have witnessed ever-growing evidence on the prebiotic attributes of anthocyanins for treatment of microbiota-associated diseases, the complex interplay between anthocyanin uptake, the gut microbiota, and the intestinal mucosal immune system remains poorly understood. Here, we investigate the effects of bilberry anthocyanins on the gut microbiota composition and metabolism, and the intestinal mucosal immune system of mice. We observed an increased proportion of IgA-producing plasma cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and an enhanced secretion of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and antimicrobial peptides in the small intestine. Small intestine transcriptome analysis further suggested that anthocyanins influenced IgA production. We found that oral administration of anthocyanins altered the gut microbiota through maintaining the anaerobic intestinal environment, promoting the secretion of sIgA and antimicrobial peptides, and downregulating cell motility and mobile genetic elements of commensal bacteria. These observations suggest that the oral administration of anthocyanins helps in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and thus it may find applications in immunotherapy and related fields.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Anthocyanins; Immunoglobulin A, Secretory; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestines; Mice
PubMed: 35967357
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.826597 -
Metabolomics : Official Journal of the... May 2023Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) flowers are edible and used as garnishes because of their aroma, sweet flavor and attractive colors. Anthocyanins are the common plant pigments...
INTRODUCTION
Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) flowers are edible and used as garnishes because of their aroma, sweet flavor and attractive colors. Anthocyanins are the common plant pigments that give flowers their vivid colors, whereas non-anthocyanin flavonoids can serve as co-pigments that can modify the color intensity of flowers.
OBJECTIVES
To explore the polyphenol diversity and differences in standard and wing petals of faba bean flowers; and identify glycosylated flavonoids that contribute to flower color.
METHODS
Flower standard and wing petals from 30 faba bean genotypes (eight color groups with a total of 60 samples) were used for polyphenol extraction. Samples were analyzed using a targeted method and a semi-untargeted analysis using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) combined with photodiode array (PDA) detection. Compound Discoverer software was used for polyphenol identification and multivariate analysis.
RESULTS
The semi-untargeted analysis guided by the PDA detected 90 flavonoid metabolites present in faba bean flower petals. Ten anthocyanins largely influenced the flower colors, but other flavonoids (63 flavonols and 12 flavones) found with variable levels in different flower color groups appeared to also influence color, especially in mixed colors.
CONCLUSION
Analysis of the different colored faba bean flowers confirmed that the color variation between the flowers was mainly controlled by anthocyanins in brown, red and purple-red flowers. Of the other flavonoids, multiglycosylated kaempferols were abundant in white and brown flowers, monoglycosylated kaempferols were common in red and purple-red flowers, and quercetin and apigenin glycosides were abundant co-pigments in purple-red flowers.
Topics: Flavonoids; Anthocyanins; Vicia faba; Kaempferols; Metabolomics; Flowers; Polyphenols
PubMed: 37249718
DOI: 10.1007/s11306-023-02014-w -
International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2020Anthocyanins are a group of dietary polyphenols, abundant mainly in fruits and their products. Dietary interventions of anthocyanins are being studied extensively... (Review)
Review
Anthocyanins are a group of dietary polyphenols, abundant mainly in fruits and their products. Dietary interventions of anthocyanins are being studied extensively related to the prevention of gastrointestinal (GI) cancer, among many other chronic disorders. This review summarizes the hereditary and non-hereditary characteristics of GI cancers, chemistry, and bioavailability of anthocyanins, and the most recent findings of anthocyanin in GI cancer prevention through modulating cellular signaling pathways. GI cancer-preventive attributes of anthocyanins are primarily due to their antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-proliferative properties, and their ability to regulate gene expression and metabolic pathways, as well as induce the apoptosis of cancer cells.
Topics: Anthocyanins; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Anticarcinogenic Agents; Antioxidants; Diet; Fruit; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms; Polyphenols
PubMed: 32911639
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186555 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Apr 2023Difenoconazole (DFZ) is a broad-spectrum fungicide widely applied in wheat production. However, excessive accumulation is linked to phytotoxicity. The effects of DFZ on...
Difenoconazole (DFZ) is a broad-spectrum fungicide widely applied in wheat production. However, excessive accumulation is linked to phytotoxicity. The effects of DFZ on plants and the response mechanisms to DFZ toxicity are poorly understood. Herein, the uptake, accumulation, and translocation of DFZ and induced changes in the morphology, physiology, and gene expression were investigated under hydroculture of roots treated with 50, 100, and 200 mg/L DFZ concentrations. Compared with the control, DEZ treatment upregulated the expression of genes encoding 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL) and peroxidase (POD) involved in the lignin biosynthesis pathway and enhanced lignin biosynthesis. DFZ accumulated more in older leaves (cotyledons and lower true leaves), with 0.49-5.71 and 0.09-2.14 folds higher than levels in new upper leaves and roots, respectively. The excessive accumulation of DFZ in tissues was rapidly degraded, with a 15.7-69.3% reduction of DFZ content in roots and leaves from 3 DAT to 6 DAT. The genes expression and activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST) were increased. Furthermore, DFZ treatments upregulated genes encoding chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI), and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway and increased the amount of flavonoid and anthocyanins in leaves. This study provides new insights into the self-protective behaviors exhibited by wheat plants under DFZ stress. The mechanisms included hindering DFZ penetration from roots by enhancing lignin biosynthesis, accumulating more in old leaves, degrading by GST, and alleviating oxidative damage by increasing the content of flavonoids and anthocyanins in leaves.
Topics: Transcriptome; Triticum; Anthocyanins; Lignin; Flavonoids
PubMed: 36948013
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114787 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2020Verlot (crajiru) is a plant used in folk medicine as an astringent, anti-inflammatory, wound healing and to treat fungal and viral diseases such as measles chickenpox...
Verlot (crajiru) is a plant used in folk medicine as an astringent, anti-inflammatory, wound healing and to treat fungal and viral diseases such as measles chickenpox and herpes. has several morphotypes recognized but little is known about its chemical variability. In the present study the anthocyanidin profile of morphotypes collected in two seasons (summer and winter) have been examined and their activity against infection compared. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a diode-array detector (HPLC-DAD-UV) and by tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (ESI-MS/MS) were used for anthocyanidin separation and identification. Antileishmanial activity was measured against promastigote forms of . Multivariate analysis, principal component analysis (PCA) and Pearson's correlation were performed to classify morphotypes accordingly to their anthocyanidin profile. The presence of 6,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxy-5-methoxyflavylium (3'-hydroxy-carajurone) (1), carajurone (2), 6,7,3'-trihydroxy-5,4'-dimethoxy-flavylium (3'-hydroxy-carajurin) (3) and carajurin (4), and three unidentified anthocyanidins were detected. Two different groups were recognized: group I containing 3'-hydroxy-carajurone; and group II with high content of carajurin. Among anthocyanidins identified in the extracts, only carajurin showed significant statistical correlation ( = 0.030) with activity against . Carajurin could thus be considered as a pharmacological marker for the antileishmanial potential of the species.
Topics: Anthocyanins; Antiprotozoal Agents; Bignoniaceae; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Leishmania mexicana; Plant Extracts; Principal Component Analysis; Proanthocyanidins; Seasons; Spectrophotometry; Tandem Mass Spectrometry
PubMed: 32756445
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153547 -
Microbial Cell Factories Jan 2019Multi-monocistronic and multi-variate vectors were designed, built, and tested for the improved production of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (C3G) in Escherichia coli BL21...
BACKGROUND
Multi-monocistronic and multi-variate vectors were designed, built, and tested for the improved production of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (C3G) in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The synthetic bio-parts were designed in such a way that multiple genes can be assembled using the bio-brick system, and expressed under different promoters in a single vector. The vectors harbor compatible cloning sites, so that the genes can be shuffled from one vector to another in a single step, and assembled into a single vector. The two required genes: anthocyanidin synthase (PhANS) from Petunia hybrida, and cyanidin 3-O-glucosyltransferase (At3GT) from Arabidopsis thaliana, were individually cloned under P, P, and P promoters. Both PhANS and At3GT were shuffled back and forth, so as to generate a combinatorial system for C3G production. The constructed systems were further coupled with the genes for UDP-D-glucose synthesis, all cloned in a multi-monocistronic fashion under P. Finally, the production of C3G was checked and confirmed using the modified M9 media, and analyzed through various chromatography and spectrometric analyses.
RESULTS
The engineered strains endowed with newly generated vectors and the genes for C3G biosynthesis and UDP-D-glucose synthesis were fed with 2 mM (+)-catechin and D-glucose for the production of cyanidin, and its subsequent conversion to C3G. One of the engineered strains harboring At3GT and PhANS under P promoter and UDP-D-glucose biosynthesis genes under P promoter led to the production of ~ 439 mg/L of C3G within 36 h of incubation, when the system was exogenously fed with 5% (w/v) D-glucose. This system did not require exogenous supplementation of UDP-D-glucose.
CONCLUSION
A synthetic vector system using different promoters has been developed and used for the synthesis of C3G in E. coli BL21 (DE3) by directing the metabolic flux towards the UDP-D-glucose. This system has the potential of generating better strains for the synthesis of valuable natural products.
Topics: Anthocyanins; Bioreactors; Catechin; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Escherichia coli; Glucose; Glucosides; Glucosyltransferases; Metabolic Engineering; Oxygenases; Plant Proteins; Plasmids
PubMed: 30654816
DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1056-6 -
Current Issues in Molecular Biology Apr 2021Anthocyanins are widely distributed secondary metabolites that play an essential role in skin pigmentation of many plant organs and microorganisms. Anthocyanins have...
Anthocyanins are widely distributed secondary metabolites that play an essential role in skin pigmentation of many plant organs and microorganisms. Anthocyanins have been associated with a wide range of biological and pharmacological properties. They are also effective agents in the prevention and treatment of many chronic diseases. Berries are particularly abundant in these compounds; therefore, their dietary intake has health-promoting effects. The aim of this study was to identify and determine the anthocyanin content in selected species and cultivars of berry fruits, such as raspberry, blackberry, red currant, blackcurrant, and highbush blueberry, widely consumed by Europeans. The concentrations of anthocyanins were determined by HPLC, identifying individual compounds: cyanidin-3--glucoside, pelargonidin-3--glucoside, delphinidin-3--glucoside, delphinidin-3--rutinoside, cyanidin-3--rutinoside, delphinidin-3--galactoside, cyanidin-3--galactoside, and malvidin-3--galactoside. The experimental data showed that the selected species and cultivars of berry fruits differ significantly in the contents of anthocyanins. Among all species tested, blackberry and blackcurrant were characterized significantly by the highest content of anthocyanins (sum), while the lowest content was found in red currant fruits. Additionally, the content of individual anthocyanin compounds in particular species and cultivars was also different. Considering the high content of anthocyanins and their potential positive impact on human health and protection against disease, berries should be part of healthy nutrition.
Topics: Anthocyanins; Antioxidants; Biological Products; Fruit; Humans; Phytochemicals; Species Specificity
PubMed: 33946926
DOI: 10.3390/cimb43010004 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2021Anthocyanins are naturally occurring phytochemicals that have attracted growing interest from consumers and the food industry due to their multiple biological properties... (Review)
Review
Anthocyanins are naturally occurring phytochemicals that have attracted growing interest from consumers and the food industry due to their multiple biological properties and technological applications. Nevertheless, conventional extraction techniques based on thermal technologies can compromise both the recovery and stability of anthocyanins, reducing their global yield and/or limiting their application in food systems. The current review provides an overview of the main innovative processes (e.g., pulsed electric field, microwave, and ultrasound) used to recover anthocyanins from agri-food waste/by-products and the mechanisms involved in anthocyanin extraction and their impacts on the stability of these compounds. Moreover, trends and perspectives of anthocyanins' applications in food systems, such as antioxidants, natural colorants, preservatives, and active and smart packaging components, are addressed. Challenges behind anthocyanin implementation in food systems are displayed and potential solutions to overcome these drawbacks are proposed.
Topics: Anthocyanins; Biological Products; Crops, Agricultural; Food Handling; Food Industry; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Molecular Structure; Phytochemicals; Structure-Activity Relationship
PubMed: 33946376
DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092632 -
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular... 2022Acrylamide (AA) is a widespread environmental and dietary-derived neurotoxin, which can induce oxidative stress and associated inflammation in the brain. Anthocyanins...
Acrylamide (AA) is a widespread environmental and dietary-derived neurotoxin, which can induce oxidative stress and associated inflammation in the brain. Anthocyanins widely occur as natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory phytochemicals. Herein, the protective effects of blueberry anthocyanins extract (BAE) against AA-induced neurotoxicity were investigated in rats. The rats were pretreated with BAE (175 mg/kg body weight/day) by oral gavage for the first 7 days, followed by the co-administration of BAE and AA (35 mg/kg body weight/day) by oral gavage for the next 12 days. Results showed that BAE significantly decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) production, and increased glutathione (GSH) and antioxidant enzyme levels; and it also suppressed microglial activation, astrocytic reaction, and pro-inflammatory cytokine expressions. Furthermore, BAE elevated the extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK)/cAMP response elements binding protein (CREB)/brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) pathway, and relieved the accumulation of amyloid beta (A) 1-42 and 1-40 after AA exposure. Consequently, AA-induced neuronal necrosis and downregulation of synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP-25) were attenuated by BAE in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. In conclusion, BAE can exert a protective function on neurons and synapses against AA-induced oxidative stress and neuroinflammation.
Topics: Acrylamide; Amyloid beta-Peptides; Animals; Anthocyanins; Antioxidants; Blueberry Plants; Body Weight; Neuroinflammatory Diseases; Oxidative Stress; Plant Extracts; Rats
PubMed: 35651724
DOI: 10.1155/2022/7340881 -
Journal of Agricultural and Food... Jan 2023Anthocyanins, the red-orange to blue-violet colorants present in fruits, vegetables, and tubers, have antidiabetic properties expressed via modulating energy metabolism,... (Review)
Review
Anthocyanins, the red-orange to blue-violet colorants present in fruits, vegetables, and tubers, have antidiabetic properties expressed via modulating energy metabolism, inflammation, and gut microbiota. Acylation of the glycosyl moieties of anthocyanins alters the physicochemical properties of anthocyanins and improves their stability. Thus, acylated anthocyanins with probiotic-like property and lower bioavailability are likely to have different biological effects from nonacylated anthocyanins on diabetes. This work highlights recent findings on the antidiabetic effects of acylated anthocyanins from the perspectives of energy metabolism, inflammation, and gut microbiota compared to the nonacylated anthocyanins and particularly emphasizes the cellular and molecular mechanisms associated with the beneficial effects of these bioactive molecules, providing a new perspective to explore the different biological effects induced by structurally different anthocyanins. Acylated anthocyanins may have greater modulating effects on energy metabolism, inflammation, and gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes compared to nonacylated anthocyanins.
Topics: Humans; Anthocyanins; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Acylation; Inflammation; Hypoglycemic Agents; Homeostasis
PubMed: 36515085
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05879