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Oxidative Medicine and Cellular... 2021The pathology and neurodegeneration in type 2 diabetes- (T2D-) mediated Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been reported in several studies. Despite the lack of information... (Review)
Review
The pathology and neurodegeneration in type 2 diabetes- (T2D-) mediated Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been reported in several studies. Despite the lack of information regarding the basic underlying mechanisms involved in the development of T2D-mediated AD, some common features of the two conditions have been reported, such as brain atrophy, reduced cerebral glucose metabolism, and insulin resistance. T2D phenotypes such as glucose dyshomeostasis, insulin resistance, impaired insulin signaling, and systemic inflammatory cytokines have been shown to be involved in the progression of AD pathology by increasing amyloid-beta accumulation, tau hyperphosphorylation, and overall neuroinflammation. Similarly, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the generation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and their receptor (RAGE) as a result of chronic hyperglycemia may serve as critical links between diabetes and AD. The natural dietary polyflavonoid anthocyanin enhances insulin sensitivity, attenuates insulin resistance at the level of the target tissues, inhibits free fatty acid oxidation, and abrogates the release of peripheral inflammatory cytokines in obese (prediabetic) individuals, which are responsible for insulin resistance, systemic hyperglycemia, systemic inflammation, brain metabolism dyshomeostasis, amyloid-beta accumulation, and neuroinflammatory responses. In this review, we have shown that obesity may induce T2D-mediated AD and assessed the recent therapeutic advances, especially the use of anthocyanin, against T2D-mediated AD pathology. Taken together, the findings of current studies may help elucidate a new approach for the prevention and treatment of T2D-mediated AD by using the polyflavonoid anthocyanin.
Topics: Alzheimer Disease; Animals; Anthocyanins; Antioxidants; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Humans; Oxidative Stress; Risk Factors
PubMed: 33728019
DOI: 10.1155/2021/4051207 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2021Anthocyanins are pigments with appealing hues that are currently being used as sources of natural colorants. The interaction of acylation on the stability of anthocyanin...
Anthocyanins are pigments with appealing hues that are currently being used as sources of natural colorants. The interaction of acylation on the stability of anthocyanin molecules has long been known. Maize is an abundant source of malonylglucoside and dimalonylglucoside anthocyanins. The enzyme Aat1 is an anthocyanin acyltransferase known to synthesize the majority of acylated anthocyanins in maize. In this paper, we characterize the substrate specificity and reaction kinetics of Aat1. It was found that Aat1 has anthocyanin 3--glucoside dimalonyltransferase activity and is only the second enzyme of this type characterized to this date. Our results indicate that Aat1 can utilize malonyl-CoA; succinyl-CoA and every anthocyanin 3--glucoside tested. Results of this study provide insight into the structure-function relations of dimalonyltransferases and give a unique insight into the activity of monocot anthocyanin acyltransferases.
Topics: Acyltransferases; Anthocyanins; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Enzyme Activation; Kinetics; Mass Spectrometry; Molecular Structure; Recombinant Proteins; Structure-Activity Relationship; Substrate Specificity; Zea mays
PubMed: 33916241
DOI: 10.3390/molecules26072020 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2019Research on the bioavailability of anthocyanins has focused, historically, on the non-flavonoid (C-C) products that arise from anthocyanins in vivo. However, this review... (Review)
Review
Research on the bioavailability of anthocyanins has focused, historically, on the non-flavonoid (C-C) products that arise from anthocyanins in vivo. However, this review focuses on the products of anthocyanins that still possess the flavonoid structure (C-C-C). Described herein are aspects of the in vivo pool of C-C-C anthocyanin-derived intermediates. Properties related to molecular size, shape, and polarity conveyed by six major anthocyanidin structures are discussed. The presence of a glycoside or not, and a variety of possible phase 2 conjugates, gives rise to a chemically diverse pool of C-C-C intermediates. Chemical properties influence the in vivo stability of anthocyanin-derived products, as well as their suitability as a substrate for xenobiotic conjugation and transport, and their association with the biomatrix. The flavonoid structure is associated with bioactivity and the particular properties of these C-C-C products of anthocyanins determines their deposition in the body, which may influence in vivo processes and ultimately health outcomes.
Topics: Animals; Anthocyanins; Biological Availability; Humans; Xenobiotics
PubMed: 31703276
DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224024 -
BMC Plant Biology Nov 2023Cultivated Hippeastrum × hybridum is a popular ornamental plant with large and colorful flowers, long flowering duration, and high commercial value. As its main...
BACKGROUND
Cultivated Hippeastrum × hybridum is a popular ornamental plant with large and colorful flowers, long flowering duration, and high commercial value. As its main ornamental feature, its flower color is related to the anthocyanin content in the tepals. However, the molecular regulatory mechanisms of anthocyanin biosynthesis in H. × hybridum have not yet been elucidated.
RESULTS
In the present study, 12 cDNA libraries of four stages of H.× hybridum 'Royal Velvet' tepal development were used for RNA-seq, obtaining 79.83 gigabases (GB) of clean data. The data were assembled into 148,453 unigenes, and 11,262 differentially expressed genes were identified. Forty key enzymes participating in anthocyanin biosynthesis were investigated, and the results showed that most of the anthocyanin structural genes were expressed at low levels in S1 and were markedly upregulated in S2 and S3. The expression profiles of 12 selected genes were verified by qRT-PCR. Furthermore, the R2R3-MYB transcription factor (TF), HpMYB1, involved in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis was identified by sequence, expression pattern, and subcellular localization analyses. Its overexpression in tobacco significantly increased the anthocyanin levels in various tissues and activated anthocyanin-related genes.
CONCLUSIONS
Using RNA-seq technology, we successfully identified a potential R2R3-MYB gene, HpMYB1, that regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis in H.× hybridum 'Royal Velvet'. Our findings provide basic transcript information and valuable transcriptome data for further identification of key genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis and can be applied in the artificial breeding of new H. × hybridum cultivars with enhanced ornamental value.
Topics: Anthocyanins; RNA-Seq; Plant Proteins; Plant Breeding; Transcription Factors; Flowers; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
PubMed: 38012575
DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04582-4 -
The New Phytologist Dec 2022Due to their sessile nature, plants cannot escape adverse environmental conditions and evolved mechanisms to cope with sudden environmental changes. The reaction to... (Review)
Review
Due to their sessile nature, plants cannot escape adverse environmental conditions and evolved mechanisms to cope with sudden environmental changes. The reaction to variations in abiotic factors, also summarized as acclimation response, affects all layers of cellular functions and involves rapid modification of enzymatic activities, the metabolome, proteome and transcriptome on different timescales. One trait of plants acclimating to high light (HL) is the rapid transcriptional activation of the flavonoid biosynthesis (FB) pathway resulting in the accumulation of photoprotective and antioxidative flavonoids, such as flavonols and anthocyanins, in the leaf tissue. Although enormous progress has been made in identifying enzymes and transcriptional regulators of FB by forward and reverse genetic approaches in the past, the signals and signalling pathways permitting the conditional activation of FB in HL are still debated. With this Tansley Insight, we summarize the current knowledge on the proposed signals and downstream factors involved in regulating FB and will discuss their contribution to, particularly, HL-induced accumulation of anthocyanins.
Topics: Anthocyanins; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Plant Proteins; Flavonoids; Transcriptome; Plants
PubMed: 36110042
DOI: 10.1111/nph.18488 -
Cancer Letters Oct 2008Anthocyanins are the most abundant flavonoid constituents of fruits and vegetables. The conjugated bonds in their structures, which absorb light at about 500 nm, are the... (Review)
Review
Anthocyanins are the most abundant flavonoid constituents of fruits and vegetables. The conjugated bonds in their structures, which absorb light at about 500 nm, are the basis for the bright red, blue and purple colors of fruits and vegetables, as well as the autumn foliage of deciduous trees. The daily intake of anthocyanins in residents of the United States is estimated to be about 200 mg or about 9-fold higher than that of other dietary flavonoids. In this review, we summarize the latest developments on the anti-carcinogenic activities of anthocyanins and anthocyanin-rich extracts in cell culture models and in animal model tumor systems, and discuss their molecular mechanisms of action. We also suggest reasons for the apparent lack of correlation between the effectiveness of anthocyanins in laboratory model systems and in humans as evidenced by epidemiological studies. Future studies aimed at enhancing the absorption of anthocyanins and/or their metabolites are likely to be necessary for their ultimate use for chemoprevention of human cancer.
Topics: Angiogenesis Inhibitors; Animals; Anthocyanins; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Anticarcinogenic Agents; Antineoplastic Agents; Apoptosis; Cell Differentiation; Cell Proliferation; Humans; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Neoplasms
PubMed: 18571839
DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.05.020 -
Anthocyanin regulatory and structural genes associated with violet flower color of Matthiola incana.Planta Feb 2020MiMYB1 and MibHLH2 play key roles in anthocyanin biosynthesis in Matthiola incana flowers. We established a transient expression system using Turnip mosaic virus vector...
MiMYB1 and MibHLH2 play key roles in anthocyanin biosynthesis in Matthiola incana flowers. We established a transient expression system using Turnip mosaic virus vector in M. incana. Garden stock (Matthiola incana (L.) R. Br.) is a popular flowering plant observed from winter to spring in Japan. Here we observed that anthocyanin accumulation in 'Vintage Lavender' increased with flower development, whereas flavonol accumulation remained constant throughout flower development. We obtained five transcription factor genes, MiMYB1, MibHLH1, MibHLH2, MiWDR1, and MiWDR2, from M. incana floral cDNA contigs. Yeast two-hybrid analyses revealed that MiMYB1 interacted with MibHLH1, MibHLH2, and MiWDR1, but MiWDR2 did not interact with any transcription factor. Expression levels of MiMYB1 and MibHLH2 increased in petals during floral bud development. Their expression profiles correlated well with the temporal profiles of MiF3'H, MiDFR, MiANS, and Mi3GT transcripts and anthocyanin accumulation profile. On the other hand, MibHLH1 was expressed weakly in all organs of 'Vintage Lavender'. However, high expression levels of MibHLH1 were detected in petals of other cultivars with higher levels of anthocyanin accumulation than 'Vintage Lavender'. MiWDR1 and MiWDR2 maintained constant expression levels in petals during flower development and vegetative organs. Transient MiMYB1 expression in 1-month-old M. incana seedlings using a Turnip mosaic virus vector activated transcription of the endogenous anthocyanin biosynthetic genes MiF3'H, MiDFR, and MiANS and induced ectopic anthocyanin accumulation in leaves. Therefore, MiMYB1 possibly interacts with MibHLH2 and MiWDR1, and this trimeric protein complex activates the transcription of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in M. incana flowers. Moreover, MibHLH1 acts as an enhancer of anthocyanin biosynthesis with the MiMYB1-MibHLH2-MiWDR1 complex. This study revealed the molecular mechanism involved in the regulation of anthocyanin accumulation levels in M. incana flowers.
Topics: Anthocyanins; Biosynthetic Pathways; Brassicaceae; Flavonoids; Flowers; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Genes, Plant; Pigmentation; Potyvirus; Protein Binding; Seedlings; Time Factors; Nicotiana
PubMed: 32036464
DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03351-z -
Profiling and Quantification of Anthocyanins in Purple-Pericarp Sweetcorn and Purple-Pericarp Maize.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2023Purple-pericarp sweetcorn accessions, derived from crossing purple-pericarp maize with white sweetcorn, were assessed for differences in anthocyanin profile at both...
Purple-pericarp sweetcorn accessions, derived from crossing purple-pericarp maize with white sweetcorn, were assessed for differences in anthocyanin profile at both sweetcorn eating stage and at full kernel maturity. The 'Tim1' sweetcorn line developed a similar total anthocyanin concentration to its 'Costa Rica' parent when assessed at sweetcorn-eating stage. At full maturity it surpassed the purple maize parent, but this was mainly due to the presence of starch diluting the anthocyanin concentration of the latter. The anthocyanin/colour relationship was affected by both total anthocyanin concentration and the ratio of cyanidin- to pelargonidin-based anthocyanins. Malonylation of anthocyanins was also found to vary and did not appear to be linked with either cyanidin:pelargonidin ratio or total anthocyanin concentration. In addition, anthocyanin synthesis was affected by kernel maturity at harvest, with colour development increasing in conjunction with a progression of anthocyanin development across the kernel surface. Pigmentation was present in the aleurone, pericarp and vitreous endosperm of kernels of the purple-pericarp maize parent and purple-pericarp sweetcorn accessions when fully mature, but pigmentation was only apparent in the pericarp at sweetcorn-eating stage. Importantly for consumers, anthocyanin pigmentation covered almost the entire kernel surface at sweetcorn-eating stage.
Topics: Anthocyanins; Zea mays; Vegetables; Endosperm; Pigmentation
PubMed: 36985635
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062665 -
BMC Plant Biology Feb 2022Anthocyanins have distinct biological functions in plant coloring, plant defense against strong light, UV irradiation, and pathogen infection. Aromatic hydroxyl groups...
BACKGROUND
Anthocyanins have distinct biological functions in plant coloring, plant defense against strong light, UV irradiation, and pathogen infection. Aromatic hydroxyl groups and ortho-dihydroxyl groups in anthocyanins are able to inhibit free-radical chain reactions and hydroxyl radicals. Thus, anthocyanins play an antioxidative role by removing various types of ROS. Pepper is one of the solanaceous vegetables with the largest cultivation area in China. The purple-fruited pepper is rich in anthocyanins, which not only increases the ornamental nature of the pepper fruit but also benefits the human body. In this experiment, light-induced regulatory pathways and related specific regulators of anthocyanin biosynthesis were examined through integrative transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis.
RESULTS
Results revealed that delphinium 3-O-glucoside significantly accumulated in light exposed surface of pepper fruit after 48 h as compared to shaded surface. Furthermore, through strand-specific sequencing technology, 1341 differentially expressed genes, 172 differentially expressed lncRNAs, 8 differentially expressed circRNAs, and 28 differentially expressed miRNAs were identified significantly different among both surfaces. The flavonoid synthesis pathway was significantly enriched by KEGG analysis including SHT (XM_016684802.1), AT-like (XM_016704776.1), CCoAOMT (XM_016698340.1, XM_016698341.1), CHI (XM_016697794.1, XM_016697793.1), CHS2 (XM_016718139.1), CHS1B (XM_016710598.1), CYP98A2-like (XM_016688489.1), DFR (XM_016705224.1), F3'5'H (XM_016693437.1), F3H (XM_016705025.1), F3'M (XM_016707872.1), LDOX (XM_016712446.1), TCM (XM_016722116.1) and TCM-like (XM_016722117.1). Most of these significantly enriched flavonoid synthesis pathway genes may be also regulated by lncRNA. Some differentially expressed genes encoding transcription factors were also identified including MYB4-like (XM_016725242.1), MYB113-like (XM_016689220.1), MYB308-like (XM_016696983.1, XM_016702244.1), and EGL1 (XM_016711673.1). Three 'lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA' regulatory networks with sly-miR5303, stu-miR5303g, stu-miR7997a, and stu-miR7997c were constructed, including 28 differentially expressed mRNAs and 6 differentially expressed lncRNAs.
CONCLUSION
Possible light regulated anthocyanin biosynthesis and transport genes were identified by transcriptome analysis, and confirmed by qRT-PCR. These results provide important data for further understanding of the anthocyanin metabolism in response to light in pepper.
Topics: Anthocyanins; Capsicum; Fruit; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Light; MicroRNAs; Pigmentation; Plant Proteins; RNA, Long Noncoding; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 35193520
DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03423-6 -
International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2015Anthocyanins from different plant sources have been shown to possess health beneficial effects against a number of chronic diseases. To obtain any influence in a... (Review)
Review
Anthocyanins from different plant sources have been shown to possess health beneficial effects against a number of chronic diseases. To obtain any influence in a specific tissue or organ, these bioactive compounds must be bioavailable, i.e., effectively absorbed from the gut into the circulation and transferred to the appropriate location within the body while still maintaining their bioactivity. One of the key factors affecting the bioavailability of anthocyanins is their transport through the gut epithelium. The Caco-2 cell line, a human intestinal epithelial cell model derived from a colon carcinoma, has been proven to be a good alternative to animal studies for predicting intestinal absorption of anthocyanins. Studies investigating anthocyanin absorption by Caco-2 cells report very low absorption of these compounds. However, the bioavailability of anthocyanins may be underestimated since the metabolites formed in the course of digestion could be responsible for the health benefits associated with anthocyanins. In this review, we critically discuss recent findings reported on the anthocyanin absorption and metabolism by human intestinal Caco-2 cells.
Topics: Animals; Anthocyanins; Biological Availability; Biological Transport; Caco-2 Cells; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Intestinal Mucosa
PubMed: 26370977
DOI: 10.3390/ijms160921555