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Phytomedicine : International Journal... Oct 2023Experimental studies emphasize the therapeutic potential of plant-derived photosensitizers used in photodynamic therapy. Moreover, several in vitro and in vivo research... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Experimental studies emphasize the therapeutic potential of plant-derived photosensitizers used in photodynamic therapy. Moreover, several in vitro and in vivo research present the promising roles of less-known anthraquinones that can selectively target cancer cells and eliminate them after light irradiation. This literature review summarizes the current knowledge of chosen plant-based-photosensitizers in PDT to show the results of emodin, aloe-emodin, parietin, rubiadin, hypericin, and soranjidiol in photodynamic therapy of cancer treatment and describe the comprehensive perspective of their role as natural photosensitizers.
METHODS
Literature searches of chosen anthraquinones were conducted on PubMed.gov with keywords: "emodin", "aloe-emodin", "hypericin", "parietin", "rubiadin", "soranjidiol" with "cancer" and "photodynamic therapy".
RESULTS
According to literature data, this review concentrated on all existing in vitro and in vivo studies of emodin, aloe-emodin, parietin, rubiadin, soranjidiol used as natural photosensitizers emphasizing their effectiveness and detailed mechanism of action in anticancer therapy. Moreover, comprehensive preclinical and clinical studies on hypericin reveal that the above-described substances may be included in the phototoxic treatment of different cancers.
CONCLUSIONS
Overall, this review presented less-known anthraquinones with their promising molecular mechanisms of action. It is expected that in the future they may be used as natural PSs in cancer treatment as well as hypericin.
Topics: Photosensitizing Agents; Anthraquinones
PubMed: 37603973
DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155035 -
Skin Therapy Letter May 2019Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a group of rare mucocutaneous fragility disorders often presenting in infancy and early childhood with painful blistering of the skin and... (Review)
Review
Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a group of rare mucocutaneous fragility disorders often presenting in infancy and early childhood with painful blistering of the skin and mucous membranes. The severity of EB blister burden varies by disease subtype. Studies have shown that patients with generalized severe epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS), a variant characterized by extreme fragility, develop blisters in the setting of overproduced, mutated K14 protein, a component of the intermediate filament integral in keratinocyte stability, and constitutive activation of interleukin (IL)-1 , a pro-inflammatory cytokine that promotes the hyperproliferation of keratinocytes. Diacerein, a rhein prodrug and anthraquinone, has been shown to reduce expression of K14 and inhibit IL-1 converting enzyme. In clinical trials, topical 1% diacerein was shown to be an effective and safe, non-invasive treatment for patients suffering from EBS. This review examines the clinical trials of topical diacerein and its role in EBS. Diacerein ointment was granted US FDA Rare Pediatric Disease designation in May 2018 and Fast Track development designation in August 2018.
Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Anthraquinones; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex; Humans
PubMed: 31095348
DOI: No ID Found -
Biomolecules Feb 2019Chrysophanol is a unique anthraquinone having broad-spectrum therapeutic potential along with ecological importance. It is the first polyketide that has been reported to... (Review)
Review
Chrysophanol is a unique anthraquinone having broad-spectrum therapeutic potential along with ecological importance. It is the first polyketide that has been reported to be biosynthesized in an organism-specific manner. The traditional Chinese and Korean medicinal systems provide evidence of the beneficial effects of chrysophanol on human health. The global distribution of chrysophanol encountered in two domains of life (bacteria and eukaryota) has motivated researchers to critically evaluate the properties of this compound. A plethora of literature is available on the pharmacological properties of chrysophanol, which include anticancer, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, and antimicrobial activities. However, the pharmacokinetics and toxicity studies on chrysophanol demand further investigations for it to be used as a drug. This is the first comprehensive review on the natural sources, biosynthetic pathways, and pharmacology of chrysophanol. Here we reviewed recent advancements made on the pharmacokinetics of the chrysophanol. Additionally, we have highlighted the knowledge gaps of its mechanism of action against diseases and toxicity aspects.
Topics: Anthraquinones; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Biological Products; Humans; Molecular Conformation; Neuroprotective Agents
PubMed: 30781696
DOI: 10.3390/biom9020068 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2022The anthraquinones (AQs) and derivatives are widely distributed in nature, including plants, fungi, and insects, with effects of anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation,... (Review)
Review
The anthraquinones (AQs) and derivatives are widely distributed in nature, including plants, fungi, and insects, with effects of anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation, antibacterial and antiviral, anti-osteoporosis, anti-tumor, etc. Inflammation, including acute and chronic, is a comprehensive response to foreign pathogens under a variety of physiological and pathological processes. AQs could attenuate symptoms and tissue damages through anti-inflammatory or immuno-modulatory effects. The review aims to provide a scientific summary of AQs on immune responses under different pathological conditions, such as digestive diseases, respiratory diseases, central nervous system diseases, etc. It is hoped that the present paper will provide ideas for future studies of the immuno-regulatory effect of AQs and the therapeutic potential for drug development and clinical use of AQs and derivatives.
Topics: Allergens; Anthraquinones; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Immunity; Oxidation-Reduction
PubMed: 35744949
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123831 -
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Sep 2022In folk medicine, Aloe, a genus of Aloaceae, is constantly developed into laxative drugs or products and skin remedies with tremendous popularity worldwide. However,... (Review)
Review
In folk medicine, Aloe, a genus of Aloaceae, is constantly developed into laxative drugs or products and skin remedies with tremendous popularity worldwide. However, almost all products of Aloe are in roughly processed form. Therefore, developing related products of the active ingredients derived from Aloe is of great medical value. Aloin is a quality standard compound based on the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (CHP). It has a wide range of pharmacological activities, including anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-osteoporotic, organ-protective, anti-viral, anti-microbial, anti-parasitic, and laxative potentials. Moreover, it regulates blood lipids and glucose and improves neuropathic pain effects, depicting potential to be transformed into promising medicines and healthcare products. In addition to the functional cosmetics and health products of Aloe, the availability, pharmacological activities, pharmacokinetics, formulation studies, and toxicity of aloin were summarized after investigating the literature from PubMed, Google, and other databases. Moreover, significant attention had been paid to the development of aloin-derived medicines and healthcare products. Thus, the present review clarified the possibility of aloin as medicines and healthcare products to develop and utilize Aloe resources.
Topics: Aloe; Anthraquinones; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antiviral Agents; Delivery of Health Care; Emodin; Laxatives
PubMed: 36076485
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113421 -
Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in... Mar 2021Sulfur incorporation into natural products is a critical area of biosynthetic studies. Recently, a subset of sulfur-containing angucyclines has been discovered, and yet,...
Sulfur incorporation into natural products is a critical area of biosynthetic studies. Recently, a subset of sulfur-containing angucyclines has been discovered, and yet, the sulfur incorporation step is poorly understood. In this work, a series of thioether-bridged angucyclines were discovered, and a cryptic epoxide Michael acceptor intermediate was revealed en route to thioangucyclines (TACs) A and B. However, systematic gene deletion of the biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) by CRISPR/Cas9 could not identify any gene responsible for the conversion of the epoxide intermediate to TACs. Instead, a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments conclusively showed that the conversion is the result of two non-enzymatic steps, possibly mediated by endogenous hydrogen sulfide. Therefore, the TACs are proposed to derive from a detoxification process. These results are expected to contribute to the study of both angucyclines and the utilization of inorganic sulfur in natural product biosynthesis.
Topics: Anthraquinones; Molecular Conformation; Sulfhydryl Compounds; Sulfur
PubMed: 33465268
DOI: 10.1002/anie.202015570 -
International Journal of Molecular... Oct 2023Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy among women worldwide. In recent years, significant progress has been made in BC therapy. However, serious side effects... (Review)
Review
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy among women worldwide. In recent years, significant progress has been made in BC therapy. However, serious side effects resulting from the use of standard chemotherapeutic drugs, as well as the phenomenon of multidrug resistance (MDR), limit the effectiveness of approved therapies. Advanced research in the BC area is necessary to create more effective and safer forms of therapy to improve the outlook for individuals diagnosed with this aggressive neoplasm. For decades, plants and natural products with anticancer properties have been successfully utilized in treating various medical conditions. Anthraquinone derivatives are tricyclic secondary metabolites of natural origin that have been identified in plants, lichens, and fungi. They represent a few botanical families, e.g., Rhamnaceae, Rubiaceae, Fabaceae, Polygonaceae, and others. The review comprehensively covers and analyzes the most recent advances in the anticancer activity of 1,8-dihydroanthraquinone derivatives (emodin, aloe-emodin, hypericin, chrysophanol, rhein, and physcion) applied both individually, or in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents, in in vitro and in vivo BC models. The application of nanoparticles for in vitro and in vivo evidence in the context of 1,8-dihydroanthraquinone derivatives was also described.
Topics: Humans; Female; Emodin; Breast Neoplasms; Rheum; Anthraquinones; Plant Extracts; Polygonaceae
PubMed: 37958772
DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115789 -
Report on Carcinogens : Carcinogen... 2011
Topics: Animals; Anthraquinones; Carcinogens; Cathartics; Humans; Neoplasms
PubMed: 21850139
DOI: No ID Found -
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Oct 2019In order to overcome therapy resistance in cancer, scientists search in nature for novel lead structures for the development of improved chemotherapeutics.... (Review)
Review
In order to overcome therapy resistance in cancer, scientists search in nature for novel lead structures for the development of improved chemotherapeutics. Anthraquinones belong to a class of tricyclic organic natural compounds with promising anti-cancer effects. Anthraquinone derivatives are rich in structural diversity, and exhibit pleiotropic properties, among which the modulation of autophagy seems promising in the context of overcoming cancer-therapy resistance. Among the most promising derivatives in this regard are emodin, aloe emodin, rhein, physcion, chrysophanol and altersolanol A. On the molecular level, these compounds target autophagy via different upstream pathways including the AKT/mTOR-axis and transcription of autophagy-related proteins. The role of autophagy is pro-survival as well as cell death-promoting, depending on derivatives and their cell type specificity. This review summarizes observed effects of anthraquinone derivatives on autophagy and discusses targeted pathways and crosstalks. A cumulative knowledge about this topic paves the way for further research on modes of action, and aids to find a therapeutic window of anthraquinones in cancer-therapy.
Topics: Animals; Anthraquinones; Antineoplastic Agents; Autophagy; Cell Death; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Humans; Molecular Structure; Neoplasms; Protein Kinase Inhibitors; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; Structure-Activity Relationship; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
PubMed: 31420258
DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.115042 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2023The composition of an ethanol extract from the roots of Losinsk of the Trans-Ili Alatau wild flora was studied in order to determine its antiulcer activity. The...
The composition of an ethanol extract from the roots of Losinsk of the Trans-Ili Alatau wild flora was studied in order to determine its antiulcer activity. The phytochemical composition of the anthraquinone-flavonoid complex from (AFC) revealed the presence of numerous polyphenolic compounds, the most abundant of which are anthraquinones (1.77%), flavonoids (6.95%), and tannins (13.39%). The use of column chromatography (CC) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) in conjunction with UV, IR, NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry data allowed the researchers to isolate and identify the major components of the anthraquinone-flavonoid complex's polyphenol fraction: physcion, chrysophanol, emodin, isorhamnetin, quercetin, and myricetin. The gastroprotective effect of the polyphenolic fraction of the anthraquinone-flavonoid complex (AFC) of roots was examined in an experimental model of rat gastric ulcer induced by indomethacin. The preventive and therapeutic effect of the anthraquinone-flavonoid complex at a dose of 100 mg/kg was analyzed using intragastric administration per day for 1 to 10 days, followed by a histological examination of stomach tissues. It has been demonstrated that prophylactic and prolonged use of the AFC in laboratory animals resulted in significantly less pronounced hemodynamic and desquamative changes in the epithelium of gastric tissues. The acquired results thus offer fresh insight into the anthraquinone and flavonoid metabolite component composition of roots, and they imply that the examined extract can be used to develop herbal medicines with antiulcer activity.
Topics: Rats; Animals; Rumex; Anthraquinones; Plant Extracts; Flavonoids; Anti-Ulcer Agents; Stomach Ulcer
PubMed: 36903594
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052347