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Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2022The aim of the study was to conduct phytochemical and pharmacological investigations of Wrightia coccinea (Roxb. ex Hornem.) Sims via several in vitro, in vivo, and in...
The aim of the study was to conduct phytochemical and pharmacological investigations of Wrightia coccinea (Roxb. ex Hornem.) Sims via several in vitro, in vivo, and in silico models. A total of four compounds were identified and isolated from the methanol extract of the bark and the methanol extract of the seed pulp of W. coccinea through successive chromatographic techniques and were characterized as 3β-acetyloxy-olean-12-en-28-ol (1), wrightiadione (2), 22β-hydroxylupeol (3), and β-sitosterol (4) by spectroscopic analysis. The aqueous fraction of the bark and chloroform fraction of the fruits provided the most potent antioxidant capacity (IC50 = 7.22 and 4.5 µg/mL, respectively) in DPPH free radical scavenging assay compared with the standard ascorbic acid (IC50 = 17.45 µg/mL). The methanol bark extract and the methanol fruit coat extract exerted anti-diarrheal activity by inhibiting 74.55 ± 0.67% and 77.78 ± 1.5% (mean ± SEM) of the diarrheal episode in mice, respectively, after four hours of loading the samples. In the hypoglycemic test, the methanol bark extract and the methanol fruit coat extract (400 mg/kg) produced a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the blood glucose level in mice. Both doses of the plant extracts (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) used in the study induced a significant (p < 0.05) increase in pain reaction time. The in vitro and in vivo findings were supported by the computational studies. The isolated compounds exhibited higher binding affinity compared with the standard drugs towards the active binding sites of glutathione reductase, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), kappa opioid receptor, glucose transporter 3 (GLUT 3), Mu opioid receptor, and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) proteins due to their potent antioxidant, cytotoxic, anti-diarrheal, hypoglycemic, and central and peripheral analgesic properties, respectively. The current findings concluded that W. coccinea might be a potential natural source for managing oxidative stress, diarrhea, hyperglycemia, and pain. Further studies are warranted for extensively phytochemical screening and establishing exact mechanisms of action.
Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Antidiarrheals; Antioxidants; Apocynaceae; Diarrhea; Hypoglycemic Agents; Methanol; Mice; Pain; Plant Bark; Plant Extracts
PubMed: 35807270
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134024 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Nov 2020(-)-Fenchone is a bicyclic monoterpene present in essential oils of plant species, such as and , used to treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. Pharmacological studies...
BACKGROUND
(-)-Fenchone is a bicyclic monoterpene present in essential oils of plant species, such as and , used to treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. Pharmacological studies report its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antinociceptive activity.
AIM
To investigate antidiarrheal activity related to gastrointestinal motility, intestinal secretion and antimicrobial activity.
METHODS
A castor oil-induced diarrhea model was used to evaluate antidiarrheal activity. Intestinal transit and gastric emptying protocols were used to assess a possible antimotility effect. Muscarinic receptors, presynaptic α-adrenergic and tissue adrenergic receptors, K channels, nitric oxide were investigated to uncover antimotility mechanisms of action and castor oil-induced enteropooling to elucidate antisecretory mechanisms. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated in the minimum inhibitory concentration model, the fractional inhibitory concentration index using the (-)-fenchone association method with standard antifungal agents.
RESULTS
(-)-Fenchone (75, 150 and 300 mg/kg) showed antidiarrheal activity, with a significant decrease in the evacuation index. This activity is possibly related to a percentage of reduced intestinal transit (75, 150 and 300 mg/kg). The antimotility effect of (-)-fenchone decreased in the presence of pilocarpine, yohimbine, propranolol, L-NG-nitroarginine methyl ester or glibenclamide. In the enteropooling model, no reduction in intestinal fluid weight was observed. (-)- Fenchone did not show antibacterial activity; on the other hand, inhibits the growth of strains of fungi with a minimum fungicide concentration of 32 μg/mL. However, when it was associated with amphotericin B, no synergism was observed.
CONCLUSION
The antidiarrheal effect of (-)-fenchone in this study involves antimotility effect and not involve antisecretory mechanisms. (-)-Fenchone presents antifungal activity; however, it did not show antibacterial activity.
Topics: Antidiarrheals; Antifungal Agents; Camphanes; Diarrhea; Gastrointestinal Motility; Humans; Models, Theoretical; Norbornanes; Plant Extracts
PubMed: 33268962
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i43.6795 -
Phytotherapy Research : PTR Dec 2010The species Rhus chinensis Mill. (Anacardiaceae) is an important representative of the genus Rhus, which contains over 250 individual species found in temperate and... (Review)
Review
The species Rhus chinensis Mill. (Anacardiaceae) is an important representative of the genus Rhus, which contains over 250 individual species found in temperate and tropical regions worldwide. Rhus chinensis has long been used by folk medicine practitioners in Asia. Leaves, roots, stem, bark, fruit and particularly the galls on Rhus chinensis leaves, Galla chinensis, are recognized to have preventative and therapeutic effects on different ailments (such as diarrhea, dysentery, rectal and intestinal cancer, diabetes mellitus, sepsis, oral diseases and inflammation). However, it is critical to separate evidence from anecdote. Fortunately, recent scientific research has revealed that Rhus chinensis compounds possess strong antiviral, antibacterial, anticancer, hepatoprotective, antidiarrheal and antioxidant activities. Moreover, compounds isolated from the stem of Rhus chinensis significantly suppressed HIV-1 activity in vitro. Compounds from this plant were also found to inhibit enamel demineralization in vitro and enhance remineralization of dental enamel with fluoride. This review highlights claims from traditional and tribal medicinal lore and makes a contemporary summary of phytochemical, biological and pharmacological findings on this plant material. It aims to show that the pharmaceutical potential of this plant deserves closer attention.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-HIV Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antidiarrheals; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Antioxidants; Antiviral Agents; Cariostatic Agents; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Medicine, East Asian Traditional; Plant Extracts; Plant Tumors; Rhus
PubMed: 20564459
DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3215 -
The New England Journal of Medicine Nov 2003
Review
Topics: Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; Antidiarrheals; Dietary Fiber; Female; Humans; Irritable Bowel Syndrome; Loperamide; Male; Parasympatholytics; Psychotherapy; Serotonin 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists; Serotonin 5-HT4 Receptor Agonists; Serotonin Agents; Serotonin Antagonists
PubMed: 14645642
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra035579 -
NPJ Biofilms and Microbiomes Jun 2023The diarrheal disease causes high mortality, especially in children and young animals. The gut microbiome is strongly associated with diarrheal disease, and some...
The diarrheal disease causes high mortality, especially in children and young animals. The gut microbiome is strongly associated with diarrheal disease, and some specific strains of bacteria have demonstrated antidiarrheal effects. However, the antidiarrheal mechanisms of probiotic strains have not been elucidated. Here, we used neonatal piglets as a translational model and found that gut microbiota dysbiosis observed in diarrheal piglets was mainly characterized by a deficiency of Lactobacillus, an abundance of Escherichia coli, and enriched lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis. Limosilactobacillus mucosae and Limosilactobacillus reuteri were a signature bacterium that differentiated healthy and diarrheal piglets. Germ-free (GF) mice transplanted with fecal microbiota from diarrheal piglets reproduced diarrheal disease symptoms. Administration of Limosilactobacillus mucosae but not Limosilactobacillus reuteri alleviated diarrheal disease symptoms induced by fecal microbiota of diarrheal piglets and by ETEC K88 challenge. Notably, Limosilactobacillus mucosae-derived extracellular vesicles alleviated diarrheal disease symptoms caused by ETEC K88 by regulating macrophage phenotypes. Macrophage elimination experiments demonstrated that the extracellular vesicles alleviated diarrheal disease symptoms in a macrophage-dependent manner. Our findings provide insights into the pathogenesis of diarrheal disease from the perspective of intestinal microbiota and the development of probiotic-based antidiarrheal therapeutic strategies.
Topics: Animals; Swine; Mice; Antidiarrheals; Diarrhea; Microbiota; Lactobacillus; Bacteria; Escherichia coli; Homeostasis
PubMed: 37280255
DOI: 10.1038/s41522-023-00403-6 -
BMC Complementary and Alternative... Nov 2016Hopea Odorata, locally known as Telsur (Bangladesh), has some traditional uses as folk medicine. This study aims to investigate the antioxidant, antidiarrheal,...
Antioxidant, antidiarrheal, hypoglycemic and thrombolytic activities of organic and aqueous extracts of Hopea odorata leaves and in silico PASS prediction of its isolated compounds.
BACKGROUND
Hopea Odorata, locally known as Telsur (Bangladesh), has some traditional uses as folk medicine. This study aims to investigate the antioxidant, antidiarrheal, hypoglycemic and thrombolytic activities of H. odorata leaf extracts as new therapeutic prospects predicting the activity of some of the isolated compounds of this plant.
METHODS
Leaves of Hopea odorata was extracted with pure methanol (MEHO), ethanol (EEHO) and water (AEHO). The extract was tested for antioxidant activity by using reducing power and HO scavenging assay. Antidiarrheal effects were assayed by three standard methods of bioassay: Castor oil-induced diarrhea, Castor oil induced enteropooling and gastrointestinal transit test. Hypoglycemic effect was determined by normoglycemic model of mice. Thrombolytic activity was evaluated by clot lyses test for human and mice blood. In silico PASS prediction was applied for phytoconstituents namely Balanocarpol, Hopeaphenol and Ampelopsin H isolated from this plant.
RESULT
Among the all extracts, MEHO exhibited strong antioxidant activity in both reducing power and HO scavenging assay. Phenol content of MEHO was 297.22 ± 0.78 mg/g and flavonol content was 91.53 ± 1.82 mg/g. All the experiment of extracts at dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg and the standard drug loperamide (5 mg/kg) showed significant (p < 0.001) inhibition against castor oil induced diarrhea and castor oil induced enteropooling in mice. There were also significant (p < 0.01) reduction in gastrointestinal motility in the charcoal meal test. Leaf extract showed no significant (P < 0.01) decrease of blood glucose compared to Glibenclamide in normoglycemic mice. Using an in vitro thrombolytic model, MEHO showed the highest and significant clot lysis of human and mice blood compared to Streptokinase. PASS predicted the wide range of antioxidant, free radical scavenger, Nitric oxide scavenger, cardioprotectant, hepatoprotectant, thrombolytic, fibrinolytic, antibacterial, antifungal, anticarcinogenic, anthelmintic and anti-inflammatory activity of examined phytoconstituents.
CONCLUSION
These findings suggest that the plant may be a potential source of new antidiarrheal, thrombolytic and antioxidative agents but it is found to have no antidiabetic capability. PASS prediction matched with present study for the extracts. Further study needs to identify the PASS predicted biological actions of the phytoconstituents.
Topics: Animals; Antidiarrheals; Antioxidants; Blood Cells; Diarrhea; Dipterocarpaceae; Female; Fibrinolytic Agents; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Male; Mice; Molecular Structure; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves
PubMed: 27871266
DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1461-x -
Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official... Sep 2022JCO The purpose of this update was to determine differences in patient-reported chronic toxicity and disease outcomes with intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT)... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
JCO The purpose of this update was to determine differences in patient-reported chronic toxicity and disease outcomes with intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) compared with conventional pelvic radiation. Patients with cervical and endometrial cancers who received postoperative pelvic radiation were randomly assigned to conventional radiation therapy (CRT) or IMRT. Toxicity and quality of life were assessed using Patient-Reported Outcomes version of the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC) bowel and urinary domains, and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General. Between 2012 and 2015, 279 eligible patients were enrolled to the study with a median follow-up of 37.8 months. There were no differences in overall survival ( = .53), disease-free survival ( = .21), or locoregional failure ( = .81). One year after RT, patients in the CRT arm experienced more high-level diarrhea frequency (5.8% IMRT 15.1% CRT, = .042) and a greater number had to take antidiarrheal medication two or more times a day (1.2% IMRT 8.6% CRT, = .036). At 3 years, women in the CRT arm reported a decline in urinary function, whereas the IMRT arm continued to improve (mean change in EPIC urinary score = 0.5, standard deviation = 13.0, IMRT -6.0, standard deviation = 14.3, CRT, = .005). In conclusion, IMRT reduces patient-reported chronic GI and urinary toxicity with no difference in treatment efficacy at 3 years.
Topics: Antidiarrheals; Female; Humans; Male; Patient Reported Outcome Measures; Quality of Life; Radiation Injuries; Radiotherapy, Conformal; Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated
PubMed: 35960897
DOI: 10.1200/JCO.21.02831 -
Danish Medical Bulletin Apr 2011National Danish guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection have been approved by the Danish Society for Gastroenterology. All... (Review)
Review
National Danish guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection have been approved by the Danish Society for Gastroenterology. All patients with peptic ulcer disease, gastric cancer, and MALT lymphoma should be tested for Hp. We also recommend testing in first degree relatives to patients with gastric cancer, in NSAID-naive patients, who need long-term NSAID therapy, and in patients presenting with dyspepsia and no alarm symptoms. Non-endoscoped patients can be tested with a urea-breath test or a faecal antigen test. Endoscoped patients can be tested with a rapid urease test. Proton pump inhibitor therapy should be stopped at least 1 week prior to Hp testing. All infected patients should be offered Hp eradication therapy. First-line treatment is 7-day triple therapy with a proton pump inhibitor and clarithromycine in combination with metronidazole or amoxicilline. Quadruple therapy for 2 weeks with bismuthsubsalicylate, tetracycline, metronidazole and a proton pump inhibitor is recommended in case of treatment failure. Hp testing should be offered to all patients after eradication therapy but is mandatory in patients with ulcer disease, noninvasive gastric cancer or MALT lymphoma. Testing after eradication should not be done before 4 weeks after treatment has ended.
Topics: Amoxicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antidiarrheals; Bismuth; Clarithromycin; Denmark; Drug Therapy, Combination; Dyspepsia; Helicobacter Infections; Helicobacter pylori; Humans; Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone; Metronidazole; Organometallic Compounds; Peptic Ulcer; Proton Pump Inhibitors; Salicylates; Stomach Neoplasms; Tetracycline
PubMed: 21466771
DOI: No ID Found -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Jul 2009Diarrhoea is an alteration of normal bowel movement characterized by an increase in the water content, volume, or frequency of stools. Diarrhoea needs to be classified... (Review)
Review
Diarrhoea is an alteration of normal bowel movement characterized by an increase in the water content, volume, or frequency of stools. Diarrhoea needs to be classified according to the trends over time (acute or chronic) and to the characteristics of the stools (watery, fatty, inflammatory). Secretory diarrhoeas, mostly acute and of viral aetiology in more than 70% of cases, are by far the most important subtype of diarrhoeas in terms of frequency, incidence and mortality (over 2.5 million deaths/year in developing countries). Natural and synthetic opiates such as morphine, codeine, and loperamide which react with endogenous opiates (enkephalins, beta-endorphins, dynorphins) mainly act on intestinal motility and slow down transit. An antidiarrhoeal drug developed in recent years, racecadotril, acts as an enkephalinase inhibitor. Clinical studies have shown that it is just as effective as loperamide in resolving acute diarrhoea but with greater reduction in pain and abdominal distension. Some studies have explored the prevalence of diarrhoea in old age. An epidemiological study carried out in Italy by 133 General Practitioners on 5515 elderly outpatients reported a prevalence of diarrhoea, defined according to the Rome criteria, of 9.1%. Infectious diseases (19%) and drug use (16%) were the most common causes of diarrhoea in old age. Regardless of the cause, the treatment of elderly patients with diarrhoea must include rehydration and nutritional support. Every year, more than 50 million tourists travel from industrialized countries to places where hygiene levels are poor. At least 75% of those travelling for short periods mention health problems, and in particular traveller's diarrhoea.
Topics: Acute Disease; Algorithms; Animals; Antidiarrheals; Diagnosis, Differential; Diarrhea; Humans; Risk Factors
PubMed: 19610134
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.3341 -
BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies Jan 2022The use of traditional medicinal plants in the management of diarrhea has long been practiced in Ethiopia. B. abyssinica fresen is one of the plants traditionally used...
INTRODUCTION
The use of traditional medicinal plants in the management of diarrhea has long been practiced in Ethiopia. B. abyssinica fresen is one of the plants traditionally used to treat diarrhea whereas an in vivo study had not yet been conducted. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the antidiarrheal activity of crude extract and solvent fractions of the leaf of B. abyssinica in mice.
METHODS
Cold maceration within 80% methanol was used to extract the leaf powder and extract of the leaf was fractionated using n-hexane, chloroform, and distilled water. The in vivo antidiarrheal activity of crude extracts and solvent fractions were tested in experimental models of castor oil-induced diarrhea, enteropooling, and antimotility test. Five groups each with 6 mice were used under the three antidiarrheal models. Positive controls were treated with loperamide 3 mg/kg and atropine 5 mg/kg and 2% tween 80 was used in the treatment of negative controls. The extract and solvent fractions were administered at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg. Time of onset of diarrhea, number and weight of total and wet feces, the percent reduction in the number of wet feces, weight and volume of intestinal contents, and percent inhibition of intestinal motility were recorded. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.
RESULT
Defecation of castor oil-induced diarrheal or loose stools was inhibited (p < 0.01 to p < 0.001) at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of crude extract and aqueous fraction. The crude extract and the aqueous fraction at three doses (p < 0.01 to p < 0.001), the chloroform fraction at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg (p < 0.01 to p < 0.001), and the n-hexane fraction at 400 mg/kg (p < 0.05) reduced intraluminal fluid accumulation compared with the negative control. Castor oil-induced intestinal motility was significantly suppressed with the three-doses of aqueous fraction (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001), 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of crude extract (p < 0.05 to p < 0.01), 400 mg/kg of chloroform and n-hexane (p < 0.01 to p < 0.001) compared with negative control.
CONCLUSION
The crude extract, aqueous, and chloroform fractions of B. abyyssinica leaves have promising anti-diarrheal effects, supporting the plant's traditional use to treat diarrhea.
Topics: Animals; Antidiarrheals; Castor Oil; Chloroform; Defecation; Diarrhea; Ethiopia; Feces; Gastrointestinal Motility; Intestines; Magnoliopsida; Medicine, African Traditional; Methanol; Mice; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Random Allocation; Solvents
PubMed: 34991582
DOI: 10.1186/s12906-021-03498-6