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Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Apr 2017Antipyretics are some of the most commonly used drugs. Since they are often coadministered with antimicrobial therapy, it is important to understand the interactions... (Review)
Review
Antipyretics are some of the most commonly used drugs. Since they are often coadministered with antimicrobial therapy, it is important to understand the interactions between these two classes of drugs. Our review is the first to summarize the antimicrobial effects of antipyretic drugs and the underlying mechanisms involved. Antipyretics can inhibit virus replication, inhibit or promote bacterial or fungal growth, alter the expression of virulence factors, change the surface hydrophobicity of microbes, influence biofilm production, affect the motility, adherence, and metabolism of pathogens, interact with the transport and release of antibiotics by leukocytes, modify the susceptibility of bacteria to antibiotics, and induce or reduce the frequency of mutations leading to antimicrobial resistance. While antipyretics may compromise the efficacy of antimicrobial therapy, they can also be beneficial, for example, in the management of biofilm-associated infections, in reducing virulence factors, in therapy of resistant pathogens, and in inducing synergistic effects. In an era where it is becoming increasingly difficult to find new antimicrobial drugs, targeting virulence factors, enhancing the efficacy of antimicrobial therapy, and reducing resistance may be important strategies.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Antipyretics; Biofilms; Biological Transport; Communicable Diseases; Drug Interactions; Drug Therapy, Combination; Fever; Humans; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; Mutation; Virulence Factors; Virus Replication
PubMed: 28137805
DOI: 10.1128/AAC.02268-16 -
Scandinavian Journal of Pain Oct 2017Acetaminophen is thought to be the safest analgesic and antipyretic medicine for pregnant women, and it is widely used all over the world. However, prenatal... (Review)
Review
Acetaminophen is thought to be the safest analgesic and antipyretic medicine for pregnant women, and it is widely used all over the world. However, prenatal acetaminophen was reported to be associated with asthma, lower performance intelligence quotient (IQ), shorter male infant anogenital distance (predicting poor male reproductive potential), autism spectrum disorder, neurodevelopmental problems (gross motor development, communication), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, poorer attention and executive function, and behavioral problems in childhood. Each article has poor power to show risks of acetaminophen, however, the integration of the articles that showed adverse effects of acetaminophen may have power to show them. Acetaminophen use in childhood was associated with autism spectrum disorder, asthma symptoms, wheezing, and allergic disease. Acetaminophen is the safest medicine as analgesics for nociceptive pain and antipyretics in childhood and pregnancy. There is no alternative medication of acetaminophen. Acetaminophen should not be withheld from children or pregnant women for fears it might develop adverse effects. Acetaminophen should be used at the lowest effective dosage and for the shortest time. When we know the possible, rare but serious complications, we should use acetaminophen in pregnancy only when needed and no safer option for pain or fever relief is available. Health care providers should help inform the general lay public about this difficult dilemma.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Adult; Analgesics; Antipyretics; Child; Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
PubMed: 28986045
DOI: 10.1016/j.sjpain.2017.09.007 -
British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Jul 2022Understanding how pharmaceutical opioids and antipyretic analgesics interact with the immune system potentially has major clinical implications for management of... (Review)
Review
Understanding how pharmaceutical opioids and antipyretic analgesics interact with the immune system potentially has major clinical implications for management of patients with infectious diseases and surgical and critical care patients. An electronic search was carried out on MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CENTRAL and the Cochrane library to identify reports describing the immunomodulatory effects of opioid analgesics and antipyretic analgesics, and their effects in infectious diseases. In adaptive immunity, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have divergent effects: augmenting cell-mediated immunity but inhibiting humoral immunity. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have demonstrated a beneficial role in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and histoplasmosis in animals, and may be plausible adjuvants to antimicrobial agents in these diseases. There is a need to evaluate these findings rigorously in human clinical trials. There is preliminary evidence demonstrating antiviral effects of indomethacin in SARS CoV-2 in vitro; however, uncertainty regarding its clinical benefit in humans needs to be resolved in large clinical trials. Certain opioid analgesics are associated with immunosuppressive effects, with a developing understanding that fentanyl, morphine, methadone and buprenorphine suppress innate immunity, whilst having diverse effects on adaptive immunity. Morphine suppresses key cells of the innate immunity and is associated with greater risk of infection in the postsurgical setting. Efforts are needed to achieve adequate analgesia whilst avoiding suppression of the innate immunity in the immediate postoperative period caused by certain opioids, particularly in cancer surgery.
Topics: Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antipyretics; Communicable Diseases; Humans; Morphine; Pharmaceutical Preparations; COVID-19 Drug Treatment
PubMed: 35229890
DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15281 -
European Journal of Pediatrics Dec 2022Children are the future of the world, but their health and future are facing great uncertainty because of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. In order to...
UNLABELLED
Children are the future of the world, but their health and future are facing great uncertainty because of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. In order to improve the management of children with COVID-19, an international, multidisciplinary panel of experts developed a rapid advice guideline at the beginning of the outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020. After publishing the first version of the rapid advice guideline, the panel has updated the guideline by including additional stakeholders in the panel and a comprehensive search of the latest evidence. All recommendations were supported by systematic reviews and graded using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system. Expert judgment was used to develop good practice statements supplementary to the graded evidence-based recommendations. The updated guideline comprises nine recommendations and one good practice statement. It focuses on the key recommendations pertinent to the following issues: identification of prognostic factors for death or pediatric intensive care unit admission; the use of remdesivir, systemic glucocorticoids and antipyretics, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) for multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, and high-flow oxygen by nasal cannula or non-invasive ventilation for acute hypoxemic respiratory failure; breastfeeding; vaccination; and the management of pediatric mental health.
CONCLUSION
This updated evidence-based guideline intends to provide clinicians, pediatricians, patients and other stakeholders with evidence-based recommendations for the prevention and management of COVID-19 in children and adolescents. Larger studies with longer follow-up to determine the effectiveness and safety of systemic glucocorticoids, IVIG, noninvasive ventilation, and the vaccines for COVID-19 in children and adolescents are encouraged.
WHAT IS KNOWN
• Several clinical practice guidelines for children with COVID-19 have been developed, but only few of them have been recently updated. • We developed an evidence-based guideline at the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak and have now updated it based on the results of a comprehensive search of the latest evidence.
WHAT IS NEW
• The updated guideline provides key recommendations pertinent to the following issues: identification of prognostic factors for death or pediatric intensive care unit admission; the use of remdesivir, systemic glucocorticoids and antipyretics, intravenous immunoglobulin for multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, and high-flow oxygen by nasal cannula or non-invasive ventilation for acute hypoxemic respiratory failure; breastfeeding; vaccination; and the management of pediatric mental health.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Humans; Antipyretics; COVID-19; COVID-19 Vaccines; Immunoglobulins, Intravenous; Oxygen; Respiratory Insufficiency
PubMed: 36109390
DOI: 10.1007/s00431-022-04615-4 -
Minerva Anestesiologica Jan 2021
Topics: Antipyretics; Body Temperature; COVID-19; Fever; Hospitalization; Humans
PubMed: 33231411
DOI: 10.23736/S0375-9393.20.15195-2 -
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Mar 2020Periplaneta americana is a common traditional Chinese medicinal material which has been used to treat arthritis, fever, aches, pains, and inflammation of the extremities...
Periplaneta americana is a common traditional Chinese medicinal material which has been used to treat arthritis, fever, aches, pains, and inflammation of the extremities for several hundred years. However, little scientific data exists in literature to support its use. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Periplaneta americana extract (PAE) and explore its underlying mechanism. The antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities were evaluated by LPS-induced fever, carrageenan-induced paw edema, abdominal writhing, hot plate and formalin tests, respectively. The mechanism of action was explored by antioxidant activity analysis, inflammatory cytokines expression and febrile mediator measurement, and pathway activation analysis. The results from UHPLC-HRMS indicated that the extract was found to contain dopamine, coumarin, dipeptide, vitamin, organic acid, amino acid and its metabolites, and other organic compounds. PAE showed in a dose-dependent manner antioxidant activity and reduced the protein production and mRNA expression of NO, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in RAW 264.7 cells in vitro. Moreover, PAE significantly and dose-dependently inhibited the writhing responses and licking time in formalin tests, increased response latency in the hot plate test, reduced carrageenan-induced paw edema and inflammation in mice, decreased LPS-induced rT increase in rats. Furthermore, PAE treatment markedly inhibited the increase in the levels of NO, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, PGE and cAMP in plasma of fevered rat, greatly suppressed the activation of inflammatory response pathway and the change of MDA and GSH concentration, MPO and SOD activity as well as FRAP capacity in paw induced by carrageenan injection. In conclusion, the findings suggested that PAE produced potential antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects by reducing production of endogenous inflammatory mediators and blocking the MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway which support the claim for its traditional use in the treatment of various diseases.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Antipyretics; Cytokines; Edema; Female; Fever; Inflammation; Lipopolysaccharides; Male; Mice; Nociception; Periplaneta; Plant Extracts; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley
PubMed: 31865148
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109753 -
Minerva Anestesiologica Nov 2012Fever is a common symptom of sepsis usually believed to predict better survival. Experimental data suggest that body temperature elevation may slow micro-organism growth... (Review)
Review
Fever is a common symptom of sepsis usually believed to predict better survival. Experimental data suggest that body temperature elevation may slow micro-organism growth and enhance host immune responses. In patients with sepsis, however, the high energy cost of fever may exacerbate the life-threatening situation. Fever control is widely used in the ICU, mainly in patients with infections. The efficacy of antipyretic drugs in lowering body temperature remains uncertain, however, and all antipyretics have well known adverse effects. Surface cooling methods are efficient but require sedation to avoid the harmful effects of shivering. A recent controlled trial in patients with septic shock suggests that external cooling for fever control may diminish vasopressor requirements and improve early survival. In this review, we examine the benefits and risks of fever and of controlled normothermia. The fever control modalities that provide the best risk/benefit ratio in sepsis are discussed.
Topics: Antipyretics; Fever; Humans; Immunity; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Sepsis
PubMed: 22772856
DOI: No ID Found -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Sep 2016While antipyretic analgesics are widely used to ameliorate vaccine adverse reactions, their use has been associated with blunted vaccine immune responses. Our objective... (Review)
Review
While antipyretic analgesics are widely used to ameliorate vaccine adverse reactions, their use has been associated with blunted vaccine immune responses. Our objective was to review literature evaluating the effect of antipyretic analgesics on vaccine immune responses and to highlight potential underlying mechanisms. Observational studies reporting on antipyretic use around the time of immunization concluded that their use did not affect antibody responses. Only few randomized clinical trials demonstrated blunted antibody response of unknown clinical significance. This effect has only been noted following primary vaccination with novel antigens and disappears following booster immunization. The mechanism by which antipyretic analgesics reduce antibody response remains unclear and not fully explained by COX enzyme inhibition. Recent work has focused on the involvement of nuclear and subcellular signaling pathways. More detailed immunological investigations and a systems biology approach are needed to precisely define the impact and mechanism of antipyretic effects on vaccine immune responses.
Topics: Analgesics; Antipyretics; Humans; Immunologic Factors; Treatment Outcome; Vaccines
PubMed: 27246296
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1183077 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2021Different parts of (bunya pin) trees, such as nuts, seeds, bark, and shoots, are widely used in cooking, tea, and traditional medicines around the world. The shoots...
Different parts of (bunya pin) trees, such as nuts, seeds, bark, and shoots, are widely used in cooking, tea, and traditional medicines around the world. The shoots essential oil (EO) has not yet been studied. Herein, the chemical profile of shoots EO (ABSEO) was created by GC-MS analysis. Additionally, the in vivo oral and topical anti-inflammatory effect against carrageenan-induced models, as well as antipyretic potentiality of ABSEO and its nanoemulsion were evaluated. Forty-three terpenoid components were identified and categorized as mono- (42.94%), sesqui- (31.66%), and diterpenes (23.74%). The main compounds of the ABSEO were beyerene (20.81%), α-pinene (16.21%), D-limonene (14.22%), germacrene D (6.69%), β-humulene (4.14%), and sabinene (4.12%). The ABSEO and its nanoemulsion exhibited significant inflammation suppression in carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model, in both oral (50 and 100 mg/kg) and topical (5% in soyabean oil) routes, compared to the control and reference drugs groups. All the results demonstrated the significant inflammation reduction via the inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL8), nitrosative (NO), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) supported by the histopathological studies and immunohistochemical assessment of MMP-9 and NF-κβ levels in paw tissues. Moreover, the oral administration of ABSEO and its nanoemulsion (50 and 100 mg/kg) exhibited antipyretic activity in rats, demonstrated by the inhibition of hyperthermia induced by intramuscular injection of brewer's yeast. These findings advised that the use of ABSEO and its nanoemulsion against numerous inflammatory and hyperthermia ailments that could be attributed to its active constituents.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antipyretics; Araucaria; Carrageenan; Edema; Emulsions; Fever; Inflammation; Male; Oils, Volatile; Pain; Plant Extracts; Plant Shoots; Rats; Rats, Wistar
PubMed: 34641376
DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195833 -
BioMed Research International 2021Toxicity and untoward effects are very ostensible in most standard drugs including antipyretic agents. Searching for conceivable antipyretic drugs with minimal...
BACKGROUND
Toxicity and untoward effects are very ostensible in most standard drugs including antipyretic agents. Searching for conceivable antipyretic drugs with minimal toxicities and side effects from traditional plants is a growing concern to date. M. (Asteraceae) is one of the most prominent traditional medicinal plants, which is frequently testified for its traditionally claimed uses of treating fever and different infectious and noninfectious disorders by traditional healers in Ethiopian folk medicine. However, this plant has not been scientifically assessed for its traditionally claimed uses. This study therefore is aimed at investigating the antipyretic and antioxidant activities of 80% methanol root extract and the derived solvent fraction of M. in mouse models.
METHODS
Successive solvent maceration with increased polarity was used as the method of extractions, and chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water were used as solvents. After extraction, the crude extract and its derived solvent fractions were assessed for their antipyretic activities using yeast-induced pyrexia while, the antioxidant activities were measured in vitro using the diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay method. Both the extract and solvent fractions were evaluated at the doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg for its antipyretic activities, and the antioxidant activity was evaluated at the doses of 50, 100, 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 mg/kg. The positive control group was treated with standard drug (ASA 100 mg/kg), while normal saline-receiving groups were assigned as negative control.
RESULT
. crude extract along with its derived solvent fractions showed statistically significant ( < 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001) temperature reduction activities. The maximum percentage of temperature reduction was observed by the highest dose (400 mg/kg) of the crude extract. The aqueous fraction also showed significantly ( < 0.05 and 0.01) higher temperature reduction than those of ethyl acetate and chloroform fractions. The free radical scavenging activities of the crude extract were also significantly high at the maximum dose, and the aqueous fraction showed the significantly highest antioxidant activity.
CONCLUSION
In general, the data obtained from the present study clarified that the extract possessed significant antipyretic and antioxidant activities, upholding the traditionally claimed use of the plant.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Antipyretics; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Echinops Plant; Female; Male; Methanol; Mice; Plant Extracts; Plant Roots
PubMed: 33816625
DOI: 10.1155/2021/6670984