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Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2021(L.) Mosyakin and Clemants is an annual or ephemeral perennial herb used traditionally in the Mediterranean region in folk medicine to treat various illnesses,...
Phytochemical Analysis, Antispasmodic, Myorelaxant, and Antioxidant Effect of (L.) Mosyakin and Clemants Flower Hydroethanolic Extracts and Its Chloroform and Ethyl Acetate Fractions.
(L.) Mosyakin and Clemants is an annual or ephemeral perennial herb used traditionally in the Mediterranean region in folk medicine to treat various illnesses, including those related to the digestive system. This study aims to assess the antispasmodic, myorelaxant, and antioxidant effects of flower hydroethanolic extract and its chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions in a comparative study to evaluate the result of the extraction type on the potential activity of the extract. Both rat and rabbit jejunum were used to evaluate the antispasmodic and myorelaxant effect, while the antioxidant effect was evaluated using DPPH, a ferric reducing power assay, and a beta-carotene bleaching test. LC/MS-MS analysis was carried out to reveal the composition of the different types of extract. Following the results, the hydroethanolic extract showed a significant myorelaxant effect (IC = 0.39 ± 0.01 mg/mL). Moreover, it was shown that the hydroethanolic extract demonstrated the best antispasmodic activity (IC = 0.51 ± 0.05 mg/mL), followed by the ethyl acetate (IC = 4.05 ± 0.32 mg/mL) and chloroform (IC = 4.34 ± 0.45 mg/mL) fractions. The antioxidant tests showed that the hydroethanolic extract demonstrated high antioxidant activity, followed by the ethyl acetate and chloroform fractions. The LC/MS-MS analysis indicates that the plant extract was rich in flavonoids, to which the extract activity has been attributed. This study supports the traditional use of this plant to treat digestive problems, especially those with spasms.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Chenopodium ambrosioides; Female; Male; Parasympatholytics; Phytochemicals; Plant Extracts; Rabbits; Rats
PubMed: 34885883
DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237300 -
Postgraduate Medical Journal 1987Studies in both animals and man suggest a role for cholinergically-mediated reflex bronchoconstriction in the airflow limitation of asthma. Muscarinic cholinergic... (Review)
Review
Studies in both animals and man suggest a role for cholinergically-mediated reflex bronchoconstriction in the airflow limitation of asthma. Muscarinic cholinergic antagonists such as atropine, ipratropium bromide (IB) and oxitropium bromide (OB) when delivered locally to the airways are bronchodilators and antibronchoconstrictors. Although drugs like IB and OB offer advantages over some of the older anticholinergic preparations in terms of pharmacokinetics and therapeutic ratio, they cannot be considered as first line drugs in the therapy of acute asthma. However, when used in combination with other anti-asthma drugs, therapeutic benefit of inhaled IB and OB is obtained by maximising the bronchodilator properties of the individual drugs without attendant systemic side effects. Finally, the removal of the preservatives EDTA and benzylchonium chloride from Atrovent nebulizer solution has removed the risk of paradoxical bronchoconstriction occurring.
Topics: Acute Disease; Administration, Inhalation; Animals; Asthma; Bronchial Provocation Tests; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Ipratropium; Parasympatholytics; Scopolamine Derivatives
PubMed: 2962072
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Smooth Muscle Research =... 2021Intestinal spasms are violent contractions that occur in the intestine, which cause discomfort to people who have them. Medicinal plants are widely used in traditional...
Intestinal spasms are violent contractions that occur in the intestine, which cause discomfort to people who have them. Medicinal plants are widely used in traditional Moroccan medicine to treat these problems, among these being Artemisia campestris L. This study aims to evaluate the relaxant and antispasmodic effects of an aqueous extract of this plant (ACAE). It was performed in vitro on isolated segments of both isolated rat and rabbit jejunum mounted in an organ bath and tension recordings made via an isotonic transducer. ACAE caused a myorelaxant effect on baseline rabbit jejunum contractions in a dose-dependent and reversible manner with an IC of 1.52 ± 0.12 mg/ml. This extract would not act via adrenergic receptors pathway. On the other hand, the extract caused a dose-dependent relaxation of the jejunum tone in rat jejenum segments pre-contracted with either Carbachol (CCh; 10 M) or high K (KCl 75 mM) with an IC = 0.49 ± 0.02 mg/ml and 0.36 ± 0.02 mg/ml respectively. In the presence of different doses of the extract, the maximum response to CCh and CaCl was significantly reduced. This demonstrates that ACAE acts on both muscarinic receptors and voltage-dependent calcium channels. Thus, the plant extract acted on both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors and acts on the guanylate cyclase pathway, but not the nitric oxide pathway. These results indicate the mechanism by which Artemisia campestris L. acts as an effective antispasmodic agent in traditional Moroccan medicine.
Topics: Animals; Artemisia; Calcium Channels; Cholinergic Antagonists; Parasympatholytics; Plant Extracts; Rabbits; Rats
PubMed: 34545006
DOI: 10.1540/jsmr.57.35 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2023This study aimed to elucidate the vasodilatory effects and cytotoxicity of various vasodilators used as antispasmodic agents during microsurgical anastomosis. Rat smooth...
This study aimed to elucidate the vasodilatory effects and cytotoxicity of various vasodilators used as antispasmodic agents during microsurgical anastomosis. Rat smooth muscle cells (RSMCs) and human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) were used to investigate the physiological concentrations and cytotoxicity of various vasodilators (lidocaine, papaverine, nitroglycerin, phentolamine, and orciprenaline). Using a wire myograph system, we determined the vasodilatory effects of each drug in rat abdominal aortic sections at the concentration resulting in maximal vasodilation as well as at the surrounding concentrations 10 min after administration. Maximal vasodilation effect 10 min after administration was achieved at the following concentrations: lidocaine, 35 mM; papaverine, 0.18 mM; nitroglycerin, 0.022 mM; phentolamine, 0.11 mM; olprinone, 0.004 mM. The IC for lidocaine, papaverine, and nitroglycerin was measured in rat abdominal aortic sections, as well as in RSMCs after 30 min and in HCAECs after 10 min. Phentolamine and olprinone showed no cytotoxicity towards RSMCs or HCAECs. The concentrations of the various drugs required to achieve vasodilation were lower than the reported clinical concentrations. Lidocaine, papaverine, and nitroglycerin showed cytotoxicity, even at lower concentrations than those reported clinically. Phentolamine and olprinone show antispasmodic effects without cytotoxicity, making them useful candidates for local administration as antispasmodics.
Topics: Humans; Rats; Animals; Parasympatholytics; Papaverine; Nitroglycerin; Phentolamine; Endothelial Cells; Microsurgery; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular; Vasodilator Agents; Vasodilation; Myocytes, Smooth Muscle; Lidocaine
PubMed: 37446027
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310850 -
Journal of Clinical GastroenterologyFunctional abdominal cramping pain (FACP) is a common complaint, which may present either on its own or in association with a functional gastrointestinal disorder. It is...
Functional abdominal cramping pain (FACP) is a common complaint, which may present either on its own or in association with a functional gastrointestinal disorder. It is likely caused by a variety of, probably partly unknown, etiologies. Effective management of FACP can be challenging owing to the lack of usable diagnostic tools and the availability of a diverse range of treatment approaches. Practical guidance for their selection and use is limited. The objective of this article is to present a working definition of FACP based on expert consensus, and to propose practical strategies for the diagnosis and management of this condition for physicians, pharmacists, and patients. A panel of experts on functional gastrointestinal disorders was convened to participate in workshop activities aimed at defining FACP and agreeing upon a recommended sequence of diagnostic criteria and management recommendations. The key principles forming the foundation of the definition of FACP and suggested management algorithms include the primacy of cramping pain as the distinguishing symptom; the importance of recognizing and acting upon alarm signals of potential structural disease; the recognition of known causes that might be addressed through lifestyle adjustment; and the central role of antispasmodics in the treatment of FACP. The proposed algorithm is intended to assist physicians in reaching a meaningful diagnostic endpoint based on patient-reported symptoms of FACP. We also discuss how this algorithm may be adapted for use by pharmacists and patients.
Topics: Abdominal Pain; Consensus; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Parasympatholytics
PubMed: 36149666
DOI: 10.1097/MCG.0000000000001764 -
The British Journal of Ophthalmology Jun 1969
Topics: Eye Diseases; Humans; Mydriatics; Parasympatholytics; Sympathomimetics
PubMed: 5794962
DOI: 10.1136/bjo.53.6.428 -
Phytochemistry Mar 2008The aim of this review is to survey the various naturally occurring phenanthrene compounds that have been isolated from different plants. Only one review has previously... (Review)
Review
The aim of this review is to survey the various naturally occurring phenanthrene compounds that have been isolated from different plants. Only one review has previously been published on this topic. Gorham (1989) reviewed the structures, biosynthesis, separations and spectroscopy of stilbenes and phenanthrenes. The present study furnishes an overview of the hydroxy or/and methoxy-substituted 9,10-dihydro/phenanthrenes, methylated, prenylated and other monomeric derivatives, dimeric and trimeric phenanthrenes and their biological activities. A fairly large number of phenanthrenes have been reported from higher plants, mainly in the Orchidaceae family, in the species Dendrobium, Bulbophyllum, Eria, Maxillaria, Bletilla, Coelogyna, Cymbidium, Ephemerantha and Epidendrum. A few phenanthrenes have been found in the Hepaticae class and Dioscoreaceae, Combretaceae and Betulaceae families. Their distribution correlates strongly with the taxonomic divisions. These plants have often been used in traditional medicine, and phenanthrenes have therefore been studied for their cytotoxicity, antimicrobial, spasmolytic, anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet aggregation, antiallergic activities and phytotoxicity. On the basis of 120 references, this review covers the phytochemistry and pharmacology of phenanthrenes, describing 252 compounds. This contribution stems from our work on the medicinal plant Tamus communis.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Allergic Agents; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antineoplastic Agents; Bacteria; Biological Products; Cell Proliferation; Humans; Neoplasms; Parasympatholytics; Phenanthrenes; Platelet Aggregation; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors
PubMed: 18243254
DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.12.005 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2022This present study evaluated and rationalized the medicinal use of the fruit part of Acacia nilotica methanolic extract. The phytochemicals were detected using gas...
This present study evaluated and rationalized the medicinal use of the fruit part of Acacia nilotica methanolic extract. The phytochemicals were detected using gas chromatography−mass spectrometry (GC−MS) while the in vivo antidiarrheal test was done using Swiss albino mice. To determine the details of the mechanism(s) involved in the antispasmodic effect, isolated rat ileum was chosen using different ex vivo assays by maintaining a physiological environment. GC−MS results showed that A. nilotica contained pyrogallol as the major polyphenol present (64.04%) in addition to polysaccharides, polyphenol, amino acid, steroids, fatty acid esters, and triterpenoids. In the antidiarrheal experiment, A. nilotica inhibited diarrheal episodes in mice significantly (p < 0.05) by 40% protection of mice at 200 mg/kg, while 80% protection was observed at 400 mg/kg by the orally administered extract. The highest antidiarrheal effect was observed with loperamide (p < 0.01), used as a control drug. In the ex vivo experiments, A. nilotica inhibited completely in increasing concentrations (0.3 to 10 mg/mL) the carbachol (CCh; 1 µM) and high K+ (80 mM)-evoked spasms in ileum tissues at equal potencies (p > 0.05), similar to papaverine, a dual inhibitor of the phosphodiesterase enzyme (PDE) and Ca++ channels. The dual inhibitory-like effects of A. nilotica on PDE and Ca++ were further validated when A. nilotica extract (1 and 3 mg/mL)-pre-incubated ileum tissues potentiated and shifted isoprenaline relaxation curves towards lower doses (leftward), similar to papaverine, thus confirming the PDE inhibitory-like mechanism whereas its CCB-like effect of the extract was confirmed at 3 and 5 mg/mL by non-specific inhibition of CaCl2-mediated concentration response curves towards the right with suppression of the maximum peaks, similar to verapamil, used as standard CCB. Thus, this study characterized the chemical composition and provides mechanistic support for medicinal use of A. nilotica in diarrheal and hyperactive gut motility disorders.
Topics: Acacia; Animals; Antidiarrheals; Diarrhea; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Gastrointestinal Agents; Jejunum; Methanol; Mice; Papaverine; Parasympatholytics; Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases; Plant Extracts; Polyphenols; Rats
PubMed: 35408506
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072107 -
American Family Physician Dec 2005Irritable bowel syndrome affects 10 to 15 percent of the U.S. population to some degree. This condition is defined as abdominal pain and discomfort with altered bowel... (Review)
Review
Irritable bowel syndrome affects 10 to 15 percent of the U.S. population to some degree. This condition is defined as abdominal pain and discomfort with altered bowel habits in the absence of any other mechanical, inflammatory, or biochemical explanation for these symptoms. Irritable bowel syndrome is more likely to affect women than men and is most common in patients 30 to 50 years of age. Symptoms are improved equally by diets supplemented with fiber or hydrolyzed guar gum, but more patients prefer hydrolyzed guar gum. Antispasmodic agents may be used as needed, but anticholinergic and other side effects limit their use in some patients. Loperamide is an option for treatment of moderately severe diarrhea. Antidepressants have been shown to relieve pain and may be effective in low doses. Trials using alosetron showed a clinically significant, although modest, gain over placebo, but it is indicated only for women with severe diarrhea-predominant symptoms or for those in whom conventional treatment has failed. Tegaserod has an advantage over placebo in constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome; it is indicated for up to 12 weeks of treatment in women. However, postmarketing reports of severe diarrhea and ischemic colitis further limit its use. Herbal therapies such as peppermint oil also may be effective in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Therapies should focus on specific gastrointestinal dysfunctions (e.g., constipation, diarrhea, pain), and medications only should be used when nonprescription remedies do not work or when symptoms are severe.
Topics: Adult; Antidiarrheals; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Irritable Bowel Syndrome; Loperamide; Male; Middle Aged; Parasympatholytics; Serotonin 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists
PubMed: 16370407
DOI: No ID Found -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Jul 2005Miscarriage is the spontaneous loss of a pregnancy before the fetus is viable. Uterine muscle relaxant drugs have been used for women at risk of miscarriage in the... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Miscarriage is the spontaneous loss of a pregnancy before the fetus is viable. Uterine muscle relaxant drugs have been used for women at risk of miscarriage in the belief they relax uterine muscle, and hence reduce the risk of miscarriage.
OBJECTIVES
To assess the effects for the woman and her baby of uterine muscle relaxant drugs when used for threatened miscarriage.
SEARCH STRATEGY
We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group Trials Register (4 May 2004), and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library, Issue 2, 2004).
SELECTION CRITERIA
Randomised trials were included, and quasi-randomised trials were excluded. The participants were women with a pregnancy of less than 20 weeks' gestation having a threatened miscarriage. The interventions were any uterine muscle relaxing drugs (including tocolytic and antispasmodic agents) compared with either placebo or no drug. Primary outcomes for the review were miscarriage: defined as spontaneous pregnancy loss before fetal viability, baby death (stillbirth or neonatal death) and maternal death.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Both review authors independently assessed studies for eligibility and trial quality, and extracted data.
MAIN RESULTS
One poor quality trial (170 women) was included. This compared a beta-agonist with placebo. There was a lower risk of intrauterine death associated with the use of a beta-agonist (relative risk (RR) 0.25, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.12 to 0.51). Preterm birth was the only other outcome reported (RR 1.67, 95% CI 0.63 to 4.38).
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
There is insufficient evidence to support the use of uterine muscle relaxant drugs for women with threatened miscarriage. Any such use should be restricted to the context of randomised trials.
Topics: Abortion, Threatened; Female; Humans; Parasympatholytics; Pregnancy; Tocolytic Agents
PubMed: 16034877
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002857.pub2