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Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences Sep 2021The nasal septal island (NSI) is a sensory patch of neuroepithelium located within the soft tissue of the nasal septum in dromedaries. The island has unique anatomical...
The nasal septal island (NSI) is a sensory patch of neuroepithelium located within the soft tissue of the nasal septum in dromedaries. The island has unique anatomical features, including the specialized subepithelial glands. The aim of the present study was to describe the microscopic features and ultrastructure of these subepithelial glands and to speculate the possible functions. A total of 10 camel heads were used for the study. Unlike the serous and mucous airway glands, the NSI glands' ultrastructural features were typical for cells of the (mine recursor ptake and ecarboxylation, APUD) system. These features were included, membrane bound secretory vesicles of varying electron density, smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the form of vesicles; electron dense mitochondria, abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes. Alcian-PAS identifiable mucus granules were not observed, except for few clusters of cells, located at the luminal surface. The probable functions were discussed on basis of cellular morphology and context. In a conclusion, the NSI subepithelial glands in dromedaries had unique anatomical structures, and as many other APUD cells, they had the machinery required for synthesis of a variable number of biologically active peptides, amines and chemical mediators.
PubMed: 34466111
DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.05.055 -
The Journal of Investigative Dermatology Apr 1987Developmentally caused skin malformations constitute a spectrum of birth defects, some of which can be recognized prenatally by morphologic or biochemical means. The... (Review)
Review
Developmentally caused skin malformations constitute a spectrum of birth defects, some of which can be recognized prenatally by morphologic or biochemical means. The number of prenatally diagnosable skin diseases could be greatly expanded with an increased understanding of the molecular and cellular bases of skin development and the mechanisms that result in the generation of skin defects. The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and the National Institute of Arthritis, Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, therefore, sponsored a workshop that recommended basic biologic studies combined with clinical investigations of normal and abnormal cutaneous development set forth in this article. Investigations resulting from these research recommendations are intended to contribute to the knowledge that should aid in the prevention of developmentally caused skin deformities.
Topics: APUD Cells; Adult; Cell Differentiation; Cytoskeletal Proteins; Desmoplakins; Epidermal Cells; Epidermis; Extracellular Matrix; Fetus; Filaggrin Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Intermediate Filament Proteins; Keratins; Langerhans Cells; Lipids; Melanocytes; Membrane Proteins; Microbial Collagenase; National Institutes of Health (U.S.); Skin; Skin Abnormalities; Skin Diseases; Skin Physiological Phenomena; United States
PubMed: 2435818
DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12469911 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Feb 2001To reveal the correlation between the functional differentiation phenotypes of gastric carcinoma cells and the invasion and metastasis by a new way of cell-function...
AIM
To reveal the correlation between the functional differentiation phenotypes of gastric carcinoma cells and the invasion and metastasis by a new way of cell-function classification.
METHODS
Surgically resected specimens of 361 gastric carcinomas(GC) were investigated with enzyme-, mucin-, and tumor-related marker immunohistochemistry. According to the direction of cell-function differentiation, stomach carcinomas were divided into five functionally differentiated types.
RESULTS
(1) Absorptive function differentiation type (AFDT): there were 82 (22.7%) patients including 76 (92.7%) aged 45 years. Sixty-nine (84.1%) cases belonged to the intestinal type. Thirty-eight (46.3%) expressed CD44v6 and 9 (13.6%) of 66 male patients developed liver metastasis. The 5-year survival rate of patients in this group (58.5%) was higher than those with the other types (P<0.01). (2) Mucin secreting function differentiation type (MSFDT): 54 (15%) cases. Fifty-three (98.1%) tumors had penetrated the serosa, 12 (22.2%) expressed ER and 22 (40.7%) expressed CD44v6. The postoperative 5-year survival rate was 28.6%. (3) Absorptive and mucin-producing function differentiation type (AMPFDT): there were 180 (49.9%) cases, including 31 (17.2%) aged younger than 45 years. The tumor was more common in women (62, 34.4%,) and expressed more frequently estrogen receptors (ER) (129, 81.7%) than other types (P<0.01). Ovary metastasis was found in 12 (19.4%) out of 62 female subjects. The patients with this type GC had the lowest 5-year survival rate (24.7%) among all types. (4) Specific function differentiation type (SFDT): 13 (3.6%) cases. Nine (69.2%) tumors of this type derived from APUD system, the other 4 (30.7%) were of different histological differentiation. Sixty per cent of the patients survived at least five years. (5) Non-function differentiation type (NFDT): 32 (8.9%) cases. Nineteen (59.4%) cases had lymph node metastases but no one with liver or ovary metastasis. The 5-year survival rate was 28.1%.
CONCLUSION
This new cell-function classification of GC is helpful in indicating the characteristics of invasion and metastasis of GC with different cell-function differentiation phenotypes. Further study is needed to disclose the correlation between the cell-functional differentiation phenotypes and the relevant genotypes and the biological behavior of gastric carcinoma.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Cell Differentiation; Female; Glycoproteins; Humans; Hyaluronan Receptors; Immunohistochemistry; Liver Neoplasms; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Ovarian Neoplasms; Phenotype; Prognosis; Receptors, Estrogen; Stomach Neoplasms; Survival Rate
PubMed: 11819733
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v7.i1.53 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Feb 2000AIM:To study the cell types, localization, distribution density and morphology of APUD cells in the intestinal mucosa of stomachless teleost fishes.METHOD:By using the...
AIM:To study the cell types, localization, distribution density and morphology of APUD cells in the intestinal mucosa of stomachless teleost fishes.METHOD:By using the peroxidase antiperoxidase complex (PAP) immunocytochemical staining technique the identification, localization and morphology of immunoreactive (IR) endocrine cells seattered in the intestinal mucosa of grass carp (Cyenopharyngodon idellus), black carp ( Mylopharyngodon piceus ) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were investigated with 20 kinds of antisera prepared against mammalian peptide hormones of APUD cells, and likewise by using avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC) method those of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), bighead (Aristichthys nobilis), silver crucian carp (Carassius gibelio) and bluntnose black bream (Megalobrama amblyocephala ) were also studied with 5 different antisera. The replacement of the first antiserum by phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was employed as a control. IR endocrine cells were counted with a square-mesh ocular micrometer from 10 fields selected randomly in every section of each part of the intestine specimen. The average number of IR endocrine cells per mm(2) was counted to quantify their distribution density.RESULT:Gastrin (GAS), Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), glucagon (GLU), glucagons like immunorea-ctants (GLI), bovine pancreatic polypeptide (BPP), leucine-enkephalin (ENK) and substance P (SP)-IR endocrine cells were found in the gut of grass carp, black carp and common carp, and somatostatin (SOM) IR endocrine cells were only seen in common carp. GAS, GIP and GLU-IR endocrine cells were found in the intestinal mucosa of silver carp, bighead, silver crucian carp and bluntnose black bream. Most of IR endocrine cells had the higher distribution density in the foregut and midgut, and were longer in shape. They had a long apical cytoplasmic process extended to the gut lumen and a basal process extended to adjacent cells or basement membrane and touched with it. Sometimes, the basal cytoplasmic process formed an enlarged synapse-like structure in the contiguous part with basement membrane. This phenomenon provided new morpho-logical evidence for neuroendocrine and paracrine secretory function of these enteroendocrine cells.CONCLUTION:At least 8 kinds of IR endocrine cells were found in the gut of stomachless teleost species for the first time in China. These IR endocrine cells scattering in the gut mucosa belong to the APUD system. Among them, the hormones secreted by SP-, ENK-, SOM- and GLU-IR endocrine cells belong to the peptides of dual distribution in the brain and gut. This provided new evidence for the concept of brain-gut peptide. According to the cell types, distribution density, morphological characteristics and variety in shape of APUD cells in the gut of stomachless teleost fishes, it is deemed that the digestive tract of fishes is also an endocrine organ of great importance and complexity.
PubMed: 11819532
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v6.i1.96 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Jan 2022Neurons derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have been used to model basic cellular aspects of neuropsychiatric disorders, but the relationship...
Neurons derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have been used to model basic cellular aspects of neuropsychiatric disorders, but the relationship between the emergent phenotypes and the clinical characteristics of donor individuals has been unclear. We analyzed RNA expression and indices of cellular function in hiPSC-derived neural progenitors and cortical neurons generated from 13 individuals with high polygenic risk scores (PRSs) for schizophrenia (SCZ) and a clinical diagnosis of SCZ, along with 15 neurotypical individuals with low PRS. We identified electrophysiological measures in the patient-derived neurons that implicated altered Na channel function, action potential interspike interval, and gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic neurotransmission. Importantly, electrophysiological measures predicted cardinal clinical and cognitive features found in these SCZ patients. The identification of basic neuronal physiological properties related to core clinical characteristics of illness is a potentially critical step in generating leads for novel therapeutics.
Topics: Animals; Cell Line; Cellular Reprogramming; Cerebral Cortex; Cognition; Electrophysiological Phenomena; Humans; Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells; Ion Channel Gating; Kinetics; Male; Neurons; Phenotype; Rats; Schizophrenia; Sodium Channels
PubMed: 35017298
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2109395119 -
Thorax May 1980A comparative study of the Falck-Hillarp Technique, a modification of Eaton-Fedde procedure and silver staining of aldehyde-fixed tissue was carried out to determine the... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
A comparative study of the Falck-Hillarp Technique, a modification of Eaton-Fedde procedure and silver staining of aldehyde-fixed tissue was carried out to determine the most efficient procedure to demonstrate neuroendocrine cells of the hamster and rat lung. The modified Eaton-Fedde procedure is the most efficient method of observing these cells, and is also the easiest to perform. With this method, the normal hamster lung contains a total of 2.00 x 10(-1) to 3.00 x 10(-1) neuroendocrine cells/mm in the small and large bronchioles. In the larger airways approximately 3.51 x 10(-1) neuroepithelial bodies (NEB)/mm are observed. Immediately after 24-hour exposure to NO2 the number of APUD cells dropped to approximately 25% of the control levels. These cells were decreased to 50% of the control levels throughout the 28 days of exposure. The number of NEB decreased transiently after 24 hours of NO2 but returned to normal numbers by day 14. We recommend the application of fluorescence techniques coupled with standardised sections and quantitative methods of study for analysis of APUD cells and NEB.
Topics: APUD Cells; Animals; Cell Count; Cricetinae; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium; Lung; Mesocricetus; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Nitrogen Dioxide; Rats; Staining and Labeling
PubMed: 6159695
DOI: 10.1136/thx.35.5.363 -
Clinics in Colon and Rectal Surgery May 2006Carcinoid and neuroendocrine tumors of the colon and rectum arise from the amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD) cells of the intestine. Carcinoid tumors are...
Carcinoid and neuroendocrine tumors of the colon and rectum arise from the amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD) cells of the intestine. Carcinoid tumors are most commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract and are located in decreasing order of frequency in appendix, ileum, rectum, stomach, and colon. The vast majority of lesions are asymptomatic and are found incidentally during endoscopy. The management of these lesions depends upon the size of the lesion, involvement of the muscularis, location, and presence of metastatic disease. Small lesions (1 cm) can often be treated locally, either endoscopically or transanally. However, larger lesions (> 2 cm) require a formal oncologic resection. Adjuvant therapy is indicated only for metastatic disease, and admirable advances have been made in the realm of chemotherapy for reduction of disease and palliation of the symptoms of carcinoid syndrome. In this article, we discuss the nature of these interesting and uncommon tumors, clinical presentation, treatment options, and prognosis.
PubMed: 20011309
DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-942343 -
Magyar Onkologia 2003Gastro-entero-pancreatic (GEP) endocrine tumours can originate from various pancreatic islet cells, from endocrine cells of the gastric and duodenal mucosa, or from APUD... (Review)
Review
Gastro-entero-pancreatic (GEP) endocrine tumours can originate from various pancreatic islet cells, from endocrine cells of the gastric and duodenal mucosa, or from APUD cells of neuroectodermal origin in the gastrointestinal tract. They are benign when smaller than 2 cm, but larger tumours are generally malignant. Surgery is the only method for the curative treatment of GEP tumours. A diagnosed and localised tumour is an absolute indication for radical surgery. Conservative medical treatment may be indicated only in an inoperable condition, but in this case tumour reduction surgery is suggested. In the last 15 years 22 patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours were treated without any mortality. Except for two of them, the surgical therapy was curative.
Topics: Adult; Female; Gastrinoma; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms; Glucagonoma; Humans; Insulinoma; Male; Middle Aged; Neuroendocrine Tumors; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Retrospective Studies; Somatostatinoma; Treatment Outcome; Vipoma
PubMed: 14716428
DOI: No ID Found -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Mar 1982To examine a possible role of indoleamines in the regulation of epithelial sodium absorption, the effect of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) and several derivatives on...
To examine a possible role of indoleamines in the regulation of epithelial sodium absorption, the effect of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) and several derivatives on electrolyte transport was measured in vitro in the baboon bronchus and in the trachea and colon of sodium-deficient rats. Serotonin, melatonin (N-acetyl-5-hydroxytryptamine), and harmaline (1-methyl-7-methoxy-3,4-dihydro-beta-carboline) inhibited sodium transport in all three preparations in a similar manner to the natriuretic agent amiloride. In all three epithelia, sodium absorption via the amiloride-sensitive pathway constitutes a substantial portion of total electrolyte transport, measured as the amiloride-sensitive short-circuit current. Thus 25 microM amiloride inhibited the short-circuit current 21% in the rat trachea, 63% in the baboon bronchus, and 90% in the rat colon. Serotonin, melatonin, and harmaline inhibited the amiloride-sensitive portion of the short-circuit current from the luminal side of the epithelium. The inhibition was rapid, requiring only seconds, and maximal inhibition by serotonin was identical to that by amiloride. When sodium was omitted from the luminal solution, the short-circuit current was reduced a similar amount, suggesting that sodium absorption was being inhibited by both amiloride and the indoles. The IC50 value for amiloride was 50 nM in the baboon bronchus and 500 nM in the rat colon. In contrast, the IC50 value for serotonin was 0.4 mM in the baboon bronchus and 8 mM in the rat colon. These results, together with the wide distribution of amine-precursor-uptake-and-decarboxylation (APUD) cells in the respiratory and intestinal tract, suggest that certain indoleamines could play a role as local regulators of fluid and electrolyte transport. For example, in the airways, indoleamines may be one of the factors involved in regulation of the depth of the periciliary fluid layer.
Topics: Amiloride; Animals; Bronchi; Colon; Epithelium; In Vitro Techniques; Intestinal Mucosa; Ion Channels; Melatonin; Papio; Pyrazines; Rats; Serotonin; Structure-Activity Relationship; Trachea
PubMed: 6281791
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.79.6.2046 -
Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic... Jul 2017The parafollicular cells or clear (C) cells in man are part of neuroendocrine system under Amine Precursor Uptake and Decarboxylation (APUD) cells. Their role in adults...
INTRODUCTION
The parafollicular cells or clear (C) cells in man are part of neuroendocrine system under Amine Precursor Uptake and Decarboxylation (APUD) cells. Their role in adults has been reputable but in foetus is still unclear.
AIM
The present study was a baseline study endeavouring to describe the chronological development of the parafollicular cells with particular focus on its correlation with developing human thyroid follicles.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was conducted on 10 aborted foetuses (14-28 weeks), procured from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India. Serial sections of foetal thyroid gland were generated, stained with haematoxylin and eosin, and immunohistochemistry using the anticalcitonin antibody and examined qualitatively.
RESULTS
In our study, the parafollicular cells were seen as earlier as by 14 week. They became morphologically and functionally mature by 16 week of gestation. The parafollicular cells were getting organized from scattering to parafollicular location then to a more localized area, i.e., intrafollicular along with the follicular development. As the follicles were enlarging, the intrafollicularly located parafollicular cells which was initially present in groups was getting displaced singly between the follicular cells in the same follicle.
CONCLUSION
The sequential development pattern of the parafollicular cells in relation to developing thyroid follicles was established. This immunohistochemical study also concluded that the parafollicular cells might have higher character to play in the early gestational age such as regulation of ossification in the human foetus.
PubMed: 28892875
DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2017/26211.10225