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Blood Mar 1985Small cell lung cancer is distinguished from other lung cancer histologic types by possessing a variety of neuroendocrine properties. Anti-Leu-7 is a monoclonal antibody...
Small cell lung cancer is distinguished from other lung cancer histologic types by possessing a variety of neuroendocrine properties. Anti-Leu-7 is a monoclonal antibody that recognizes a 110,000-dalton molecular weight glycoprotein initially described on natural killer cells and subsequently reported on a variety of normal and malignant neural and neuroendocrine cell types. We have found intense anti-Leu-7 binding to a large number of small cell lung cancers, while other lung cancer types were negative or showed only weak and focal binding. Other antigens expressed by natural killer cells, lymphocytes, and monocytes were never or less often expressed on small cell lung cancer cells. In addition, we report for the first time anti-Leu-7 binding by carcinoids, carotid body tumors, pheochromocytomas, endocrine cells of the fetal bronchus and the adult intestine, and select pancreatic islet cells. Anti-Leu-7 binding by small cell lung cancer is consistent with a derivation from pulmonary precursor cells, and anti-Leu-7 staining is clinically useful for the identification of human neuroendocrine tumors of the amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation ("APUD") type.
Topics: Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte; Antigens, Surface; Bronchi; Carcinoma, Small Cell; Epitopes; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Killer Cells, Natural; Lung Neoplasms; Neurosecretory Systems
PubMed: 2578840
DOI: No ID Found -
Veterinary Research Forum : An... 2013Age related cytochemical changes of thymic endocrine cells were studied in 78 day old chicks at five day interval to age of day 60 employing a panel of cytochemical...
Age related cytochemical changes of thymic endocrine cells were studied in 78 day old chicks at five day interval to age of day 60 employing a panel of cytochemical stains. Methenamine silver revealed cell morphology including cell processes distinctly while diamine silver revealed a stronger argentaffinity in these cells. The cells had greater affinity for diamine silver compared to methenamine silver (Argentaffin), followed by formaldehyde induced autofluorescence, argyrophilia, lead hematoxylin and HCl-toluidine. The chromaffin reaction was the weakest. Cytochemically, three different endocrine cell populations i.e. argentaffin cells, argyrophilic cells and amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation series (APUD)/chromaffin cells, formed the resident population of thymic endocrine cells. Occurrence of numerous serotonin storing cells, moderately frequent APUD cells, and fewer chromaffin as well as mast cells suggests for a conspicuous reservoir of amine storing cells in thymus. Morphologically argentaffin cells were of four types i.e. the peripherally granulated spherical cells (Type-I), densely granulated oval cells (Type-II), pyramidal argentaffin cells (Type-III) and diffusely granulated elongated cells (Type-IV). The type-II argentaffin cells were most frequent in the medulla followed by the type-I cells and the type-III cells. The type-IV cells were least in frequency. The age related changes in frequency of these cells are also discussed.
PubMed: 25653787
DOI: No ID Found -
Neuropsychopharmacology : Official... Jun 2021Despite strong evidence of heritability and growing discovery of genetic markers for major mental illness, little is known about how gene expression in the brain differs...
Deep transcriptome sequencing of subgenual anterior cingulate cortex reveals cross-diagnostic and diagnosis-specific RNA expression changes in major psychiatric disorders.
Despite strong evidence of heritability and growing discovery of genetic markers for major mental illness, little is known about how gene expression in the brain differs across psychiatric diagnoses, or how known genetic risk factors shape these differences. Here we investigate expressed genes and gene transcripts in postmortem subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC), a key component of limbic circuits linked to mental illness. RNA obtained postmortem from 200 donors diagnosed with bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, major depression, or no psychiatric disorder was deeply sequenced to quantify expression of over 85,000 gene transcripts, many of which were rare. Case-control comparisons detected modest expression differences that were correlated across disorders. Case-case comparisons revealed greater expression differences, with some transcripts showing opposing patterns of expression between diagnostic groups, relative to controls. The ~250 rare transcripts that were differentially-expressed in one or more disorder groups were enriched for genes involved in synapse formation, cell junctions, and heterotrimeric G-protein complexes. Common genetic variants were associated with transcript expression (eQTL) or relative abundance of alternatively spliced transcripts (sQTL). Common genetic variants previously associated with disease risk were especially enriched for sQTLs, which together accounted for disproportionate fractions of diagnosis-specific heritability. Genetic risk factors that shape the brain transcriptome may contribute to diagnostic differences between broad classes of mental illness.
Topics: Bipolar Disorder; Depressive Disorder, Major; Gyrus Cinguli; Humans; RNA; Transcriptome
PubMed: 33558674
DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-00949-5 -
Iodine-131 MIBG scintigraphy of neuroendocrine tumors other than pheochromocytoma and neuroblastoma.Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official... Jun 1987Metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) locates most pheochromocytomas and neuroblastomas. The tracer is concentrated in intracellular storage vesicles by an active process. Many...
Metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) locates most pheochromocytomas and neuroblastomas. The tracer is concentrated in intracellular storage vesicles by an active process. Many other neuroendocrine tumors of the amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD) series have hormonal storage vesicles and, thus, the potential to take up [131I]MIBG. A variety of neuroendocrine tumors in 57 patients were studied 1, 2, and 3 days after 0.5 mCi [131I]MIBG. Views from skull to pelvis were obtained. Results of MIBG scans were compared with all available imaging modalities (including plain radiography, liver scan, ultrasound, computed tomography, and angiography) and surgical exploration. The neuroendocrine nature of the tumor was determined by histology, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, and the assay of appropriate biogenic amines and peptide hormones. Results were (positive/total cases): carcinoids (four of ten), nonsecreting paragangliomas (three of three), sporadic medullary carcinomas of the thyroid (MCT) (one of five), familial MCT (one of 26), chemodectomas (two of five), oat cell carcinomas (zero of four), choriocarcinoma (one of one), atypical schwannoma (with storage granules) (one of one), Merkel cell skin cancer (one of one), islet cell carcinoma (zero of one). We conclude that a wide range of neuroendocrine tumors show [131I]MIBG uptake; tumors other than pheochromocytomas and neuroblastomas are less often seen scintigraphically, but in certain cases (e.g., carcinoid and nonsecreting paragangliomas) scintigraphy may be useful in depicting the extent and location of disease and may indicate therapeutic potential. Iodine-131 MIBG shows promise in the diagnosis and staging of tumors of varied types.
Topics: 3-Iodobenzylguanidine; Aged; Apudoma; Carcinoid Tumor; Carcinoma; Carotid Body Tumor; Choriocarcinoma; Female; Humans; Iodine Radioisotopes; Iodobenzenes; Male; Middle Aged; Neurilemmoma; Paraganglioma; Paraganglioma, Extra-Adrenal; Pregnancy; Radionuclide Imaging; Thyroid Neoplasms
PubMed: 3035114
DOI: No ID Found -
Theranostics 2012Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) possess unique features including expression of peptide hormone receptors as well as the capacity to concentrate and take up precursor forms...
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) possess unique features including expression of peptide hormone receptors as well as the capacity to concentrate and take up precursor forms of amines and peptides making hormones that are stored in secretory granules within the tumor cells (APUD). The expression of somatostatin receptors on tumor cells have been widely explored during the last two decades starting with (111)In-DTPA-Octreotide as an imaging agent followed by (68)Ga-DOTATOC/TATE positron emission tomography scanning. The new generation of treatment includes (90)Yttrium-DOTATOC/DOTATATE as well as (177)Lutetium-DOTATOC/DOTATATE/DOTANOC treatment of various subtypes of NETs. The objective response rate by these types of PRRT is in the range of 30-45% objective responses with 5-10% grade 3/4 toxicity mainly hematologic and renal toxicity. The APUD mechanism is another unique feature of NETs which have generated an interest over the last two decades to develop specific tracers including (11)C-5HTP, (18)F-DOPA and (11)C-hydroxyefedrin. These radioactive tracers have been developed in centres with specific interest in NETs and are not available everywhere. (111)In-DTPA-Octreotide is still the working horse in diagnosis and staging of metastatic NETs, but will in the future be replaced by (68)Ga-DOTATOC/DOTATATE PET/CT scanning which provide higher sensitivity and specificity and is also more convenient for the patient because it is a one-stop-procedure. Both (90)Yttrium-DOTATOC/DOTATATE as well as (177)Lutetium-DOTATOC/DOTATATE are important new therapies for malignant metastatic NETs. However, the precise role in the treatment algorithm has to be determined in forthcoming randomized trials.
PubMed: 22768025
DOI: 10.7150/thno.3931 -
The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 1981The APUD concept has postulated that pulmonary carcinoids and small cell carcinomas arise from the neural crest. In development from hypothesis to tautology is traced,...
The APUD concept has postulated that pulmonary carcinoids and small cell carcinomas arise from the neural crest. In development from hypothesis to tautology is traced, and evidence is presented that all pulmonary epithelial tumors arise from the primitive endoderm. Morphologic studies show that a dynamic spectrum exists. Not only do various cell types appear within a single section, but cell types may change from biopsy to autopsy with or without chemotherapy. The spectrum is sustained at the ultramicroscopic level in regard to organelles such as desmosomes, tonofibrils, and dense core granules. Secretory products such as ACTH and L-dopa decarboxylase also show that all lung cancers are related. Epidemiologic evidence indicates that small cell carcinomas in uranium miners occur after prolonged squamous cell dysplasia, and that carcinoids occur independently of external carcinogens, but show transitions to other tumors. Finally, experimental evidence indicates that the K cells, to which carcinoids are most closely related, are of local origin.
Topics: APUD Cells; Adenocarcinoma; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Aged; Carcinoid Tumor; Carcinoma, Small Cell; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Staining and Labeling
PubMed: 6177108
DOI: No ID Found -
Nature Neuroscience Feb 2019We generated cortical interneurons (cINs) from induced pluripotent stem cells derived from 14 healthy controls and 14 subjects with schizophrenia. Both healthy control...
We generated cortical interneurons (cINs) from induced pluripotent stem cells derived from 14 healthy controls and 14 subjects with schizophrenia. Both healthy control cINs and schizophrenia cINs were authentic, fired spontaneously, received functional excitatory inputs from host neurons, and induced GABA-mediated inhibition in host neurons in vivo. However, schizophrenia cINs had dysregulated expression of protocadherin genes, which lie within documented schizophrenia loci. Mice lacking protocadherin-α showed defective arborization and synaptic density of prefrontal cortex cINs and behavioral abnormalities. Schizophrenia cINs similarly showed defects in synaptic density and arborization that were reversed by inhibitors of protein kinase C, a downstream kinase in the protocadherin pathway. These findings reveal an intrinsic abnormality in schizophrenia cINs in the absence of any circuit-driven pathology. They also demonstrate the utility of homogenous and functional populations of a relevant neuronal subtype for probing pathogenesis mechanisms during development.
Topics: Animals; Cadherins; Female; Humans; Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells; Interneurons; Male; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Prefrontal Cortex; Protocadherins; Schizophrenia; Signal Transduction; Synapses
PubMed: 30664768
DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0313-z -
Proceedings of the Royal Society of... Dec 1977
Review
Topics: APUD Cells; Cell Differentiation; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Endocrine Glands; Hormones, Ectopic; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Molecular Conformation; Neoplasms
PubMed: 23546
DOI: No ID Found -
Srpski Arhiv Za Celokupno Lekarstvo 2004Endogenous Cushing's syndrome is a clinical state resulting from prolonged, inappropriate exposure to excessive endogenous secretion of cortisol and hence excess...
INTRODUCTION
Endogenous Cushing's syndrome is a clinical state resulting from prolonged, inappropriate exposure to excessive endogenous secretion of cortisol and hence excess circulating free cortisol, characterized by loss of the normal feedback mechanisms of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis and the normal circadian rhythm of cortisol secretion [2]. The etiology of Cushing's syndrome may be excessive ACTH secretion from the pituitary gland, ectopic ACTH secretion by nonpituitary tumor, or excessive autonomous secretion of cortisol from a hyperfunctioning adrenal adenoma or carcinoma. Other than this broad ACTH-dependent and ACTH-independent categories, the syndrome may be caused by ectopic CRH secretion, PPNAD, MAH, ectopic action of GIP or catecholamines, and other adrenel-dependent processes associated with adrenocortical hyperfunction.
CASE REPORT
A 31 year-old men with 6-month history of hyperpigmentation, weight gain and proximal myopathy was refereed to Institute of Endocrinology for evaluation of hypercortisolism. At admission, patient had classic cushingold habit with plethoric face, dermal and muscle atrophy, abdominal strie rubrae and centripetal obesity. The standard laboratory data showed hyperglycaemia and hypokaliemia with high potassium excretion level. The circadian rhythm of cortisol secretion was blunted, with moderately elevated ACTH level, and without cortisol suppression after low-dose and high-dose dexamethason suppression test. Urinary SHIAA was elevated. Abdominal and sellar region magnetic resonance imaging was negative. CRH stimulation resulted in ACTH increase of 87% of basal, but without significant increase of cortisol level, only 7%. Thoracal CT scan revealed 14 mm mass in right apical pulmonary segment. A wedge resection of anterior segment of right upper lobe was performed. Microscopic evaluation showed tumor tissue consisting of solid areas of uniform, oval cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm and centrally located nuclei. Stromal tissue was scanty, and mitotic figures were infrequent. Tumor cells were immunoreactive for synaptophysin, neuron-specific enolase, and ACTH. The postoperative course was uneventful and the patient was discharged on glucocorticoid supplementation. Signs of Cushing's syndrome were in regression, and patient remained normotensive and normoglycaemic without therapy.
DISCUSSION
A multitude of normal nonpituitary cells from different organs and tissues have been shown to express the POMC gene from which ACTH is derived. The tumors most commonly associated the ectopic ACTH syndrome arise from neuroendocrine tissues, APUD cells. POMC gene expression in non-pituitary cells differs from that in pituitary cells both qualitatively and quantitatively [8]. Aggressive tumors, like small cell cancer of the lung (SCCL) preferentially release intact POMC, whereas carcinoids rather overprocess the precursor, releasing ACTH and smaller peptides like CLIP. Some tumors associated with ectopic ACTH syndrome express other markers of neuroendocrine differentiation like two specific prohormone convertases (PCs). Assessment of vasopressin (V3) receptor gene expression in ACTH-producing nonpitultary tumors revealed bronchial carcinoid as a particular subset of tumors where both V3 receptor and POMC gene may be expressed in pattern indistinguishable from that in corticotroph adenoma [9]. In most, but not all, patients with ectopic ACTH syndrome, cortisol is unresponsive to high-dose dexamethason suppression test, what is used as diagnostic tool. It is not clear if the primary resistance resulted from structural abnormality of the native glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a low level of expression, or some intrinsic property of the cell line [9]. It appears that ectopic ACTH syndrome is made of two different entities. When it is because of highly differentiated tumors, with highest level of pituitary-like POMC mRNA, expressing PCs, high level of V3 receptors and GR, like bronchial carcinoids, it might be called ectopic corticotroph syndrome. In contrast, when it is caused by aggressive, poorly differentiated tumors, with much lower expression of V3 receptor, like SCCL, it might be called aberrant ACTH secretion syndrome. Carcinoid tumors have been reported in a wide range of organs but most commonly involve the lungs, bronchi, and gastrointestinal tract. They arise from neuroendocrine cells and are characterized by positive reactions to markers of neuroendocrine tissue, including neuron specific enolase, synaptophysin, and chromogranina [11]. Carcinoid tumors are typically found to contain numerous membrane-bound neurosecretory granules composed of variety of hormones and biogenic amines. One of the best characterized is serotonin, subsequently metabolized to 5-hydrohy-indolacetic acid (5-HIAA), which is excreted in the urine. In addition to serotonin, carcinoid tumors have been found to secrete ACTH, histamine, dopamine, substance P, neurotensin, prostaglandins and kallikrein. The release of serotonin and other vasoactive substances is thought to cause carcinoid syndrome, which manifestations are episodic flushing, weezing, diarrhea, and eventual right-sided valvular heart disease. These tumors have been classified as either well-differentiated or poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas. The term "pulmonary tumorlets" describes multiple microscopic nests of neuroendocrine cells in the lungs [12]. Pulmonary carcinoids make up approximately 2 percents of primary lung tumors. The majority of these tumors are perihilar in location, and patients often presents with recurrent pneumonia, cough, hemoptisis, or chest pain. The carcinoid syndrome occurs in less than 5 percent of cases. Ectopic secretion of ACTH from pulmonary carcinoid accounts for 1 percent of all cases of Cushing's syndrome. They are distinct clinical and pathologic entity, generally peripheral in location. Although they are usually typical by standard histologic criteria, they have mush greater metastatic potential than hormonally quiescent typical carcinoids [13]. Surgical treatment therefore should be one proposed for more aggressive malignant tumors. In all cases of ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome with regular pituitary MRI and bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling, thin-section and spiral CT scanning of the chest should be routine diagnostic procedure [14]. We present thirty-one year old patient with typical pulmonary carcinod with ACTH ectopic secretion consequently confirmed by histology.
Topics: ACTH Syndrome, Ectopic; Adult; Carcinoid Tumor; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Male
PubMed: 15227962
DOI: 10.2298/sarh0402028p -
Gut Aug 1971The endocrine polypeptide (APUD) cells responsible for the production and storage of secretin have been demonstrated, in canine duodenum, by the application of an...
The endocrine polypeptide (APUD) cells responsible for the production and storage of secretin have been demonstrated, in canine duodenum, by the application of an indirect immunofluorescence technique, using anti-pure porcine secretin, to carbodiimide-fixed cryostat sections. The cells are identified, by the use of parallel cytochemical and ultrastructural preparations, as the small granular S cells. These are essentially restricted to the transitional zone of the duodenal mucosa, with whose lumen their apical projections probably always make contact. There is no need to alter the title of the cells since S can now stand for secretin instead of for small.
PubMed: 18668825
DOI: 10.1136/gut.12.8.605