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Revista Espanola de Enfermedades... Dec 2020We report the case of a 90-year-old female who was admitted to our hospital due to a three-day history of right abdominal pain and fever of 39 °C (102 °F). The...
We report the case of a 90-year-old female who was admitted to our hospital due to a three-day history of right abdominal pain and fever of 39 °C (102 °F). The patient's blood pressure was low, with good blood perfusion and no jaundice, and her abdomen was soft and tender in the right hypochondriac and lateral region, with no guarding. Laboratory tests showed: blood glucose level of 201 mg/dl, 362 U/l AST, 237 U/l ALT, 2.5 mg/dl bilirubin, 237 U/l alkaline phosphatase and leukocytosis associated with a left shift. An abdominal ultrasound scan showed a collection of echogenic material and a shadow suggestive of air in hepatic segment 3. Meropenem and metronidazole treatment was started after taking blood cultures, which were negative. A computed tomography (CT) scan confirmed the presence of a liver abscess in segment 3, containing a high-density linear image.
Topics: Aged, 80 and over; Arcanobacterium; Female; Humans; Liver Abscess; Metronidazole; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 33054279
DOI: 10.17235/reed.2020.7029/2020 -
Journal of Dairy Science Apr 2011The present study was designed to identify phenotypically and genotypically 61 Arcanobacterium pyogenes isolated from bovine mastitis and from various other origins. The...
The present study was designed to identify phenotypically and genotypically 61 Arcanobacterium pyogenes isolated from bovine mastitis and from various other origins. The A. pyogenes isolates showed the typical cultural and biochemical properties of this species and displayed CAMP-like synergistic hemolytic activities with various indicator strains. The species identity could be confirmed genotypically by amplification and sequencing of the superoxide dismutase A encoding gene sodA of reference strains representing 8 species of genus Arcanobacterium and subsequent design of A. pyogenes sodA gene-specific oligonucleotide primer. The A. pyogenes sodA gene-specific oligonucleotide primer allowed, together with previously described A. pyogenes 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer region-specific oligonucleotide primer, a reliable molecular identification of all 61 A. pyogenes of various origins. The additionally performed PCR-mediated amplification of 5 known and putative virulence factor encoding genes revealed that 100, 20, 87, 75, and 98% of the A. pyogenes carried the genes plo, cbpA, nanH, nanP, and fimA, which allowed an individual strain characterization. This might help to elucidate the role the putative virulence factors play in bovine mastitis and in various other infections caused by this bacterial pathogen.
Topics: Animals; Arcanobacterium; Cattle; Female; Mastitis, Bovine; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 21426970
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3678 -
IDCases 2023to describe a case of severe sepsis and complicated bacteremia caused by cases in the literature.
OBJECTIVE
to describe a case of severe sepsis and complicated bacteremia caused by cases in the literature.
CASE SUMMARY
A 26-year-old gentleman with a history of epilepsy presented with symptoms of sore throat, productive cough, periumbilical abdominal pain, watery diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, subjective fevers along with progressive jaundice for seven days. The patient had acute fulminant liver failure, septic shock, and Multi-organ failure. He required vasopressors, underwent intubation, and had grown in the blood and Bronchoalveolar lavage samples. He developed a peritonsillar abscess and cavitary pneumonia and required chest tube drainage followed by thoracotomy for hemothorax. The patient improved on Ampicillin-Sulbactam treatment and was treated with a total antibiotic duration of 6 weeks. He fully improved on post-discharge follow-up.
DISCUSSION
Arcanobacterium haemolyticum is a Gram-positive (sometimes Gram variable), catalase-negative facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, non-spore-forming, and variably β-hemolytic and is known to be a cause of pharyngitis and skin and soft tissue infections. Rarely A. Haemolyticum can be associated with severe systemic infections such as infective endocarditis, systemic abscesses, osteomyelitis, and septicemia. In previous literature reviews, the source of A. haemolyticum depended on the host, and pharyngeal and upper respiratory sources were likely to be associated with immunocompetent hosts.
CONCLUSION
A. haemolyticum should be included in the differential diagnosis of bacterial pharyngitis complicated by severe systemic illness. Penicillins are the most commonly used antibiotics for treating A. haemolyticum bacteremia, and macrolides can be used for Penicillin's treatment failure.
PubMed: 36579145
DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2022.e01645 -
Cureus Sep 2023We are reporting a very rare case of an invasive infection with and that resulted in meningitis, cerebral edema, and subdural empyema secondary to upper respiratory...
We are reporting a very rare case of an invasive infection with and that resulted in meningitis, cerebral edema, and subdural empyema secondary to upper respiratory infection (URI) and sinusitis in an immunocompetent adolescent patient. Our patient is a 17-year-old male with no significant medical history who presented to his pediatrician with a fever for three days, was diagnosed with a viral URI, and instructed to continue symptomatic care. Seven days later, the patient developed a headache, left-sided weakness, and continued to spike fever. The patient presented to the Emergency Center due to altered mental status, worsening left-sided weakness, and difficulty speaking. Head computed tomography (CT) scan showed small right-sided fluid collection with right-to-left midline shift and marked opacification of paranasal sinuses with air-fluid levels in frontal sinuses. The patient underwent an emergent craniotomy that revealed subdural empyema under high pressure and was started on vancomycin, cefepime, metronidazole, and levetiracetam. Six hours after his craniotomy, the patient developed fixed dilatation of his right-side pupil and a head CT scan showed developing ischemic changes and increased in his midline shift which prompted to emergent right decompressive craniectomy. The following day of his surgery, magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed large acute infarctions of the right hemisphere, edema, and subfalcine herniation. Two brain death exams - 12 hours apart - were performed in which criteria for brain death were met. The patient's subdural empyema culture grew and .
PubMed: 37790026
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.44517 -
Reproduction, Fertility, and Development Dec 2014Microbes commonly infect the female reproductive tract of cattle, causing infertility, abortion and post partum uterine diseases. When organisms reach the uterus, the... (Review)
Review
Microbes commonly infect the female reproductive tract of cattle, causing infertility, abortion and post partum uterine diseases. When organisms reach the uterus, the resistance to disease depends on the balance between the classic triad of the virulence of the microbes, the host defence systems and the environment. The present review considers each aspect of this triad, using postpartum uterine disease as an exemplar for understanding disease resistance. The bacteria that cause postpartum uterine disease are adapted to the endometrium, and their microbial toxins cause tissue damage and inflammation. However, non-specific defence systems counter ascending infections of the female reproductive tract, and inflammatory responses in the endometrium are driven by innate immunity. Disease resistance to bacterial infection involves many genes involved in the maintenance or restoration of tissue homeostasis in the endometrium, including antimicrobial peptides, complement, cytokines, chemokines and Toll-like receptors. The most important environmental factors facilitating the development of postpartum uterine disease are related to trauma of the reproductive tract and to the metabolic stress of lactation in dairy cows. Long-term solutions for uterine disease will include genetic selection for disease resistance and optimising the care of the animal before, during and after parturition.
Topics: Animal Welfare; Animals; Arcanobacterium; Breeding; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Dairying; Disease Resistance; Endometrium; Escherichia coli; Female; Homeostasis; Reproductive Tract Infections
PubMed: 25472046
DOI: 10.1071/RD14305 -
Infection Ecology & Epidemiology 2013Understanding the distribution of disease in wildlife is key to predicting the impact of emerging zoonotic one health concerns, especially for wildlife species with...
BACKGROUND
Understanding the distribution of disease in wildlife is key to predicting the impact of emerging zoonotic one health concerns, especially for wildlife species with extensive human and livestock interfaces. The widespread distribution and complex interactions of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) with humans suggest deer population health and management may have implications beyond stewardship of the animals. The intracranial abscessation suppurative meningitis (IASM) disease complex in deer has been linked to Arcanobacterium pyogenes, an under-diagnosed and often misdiagnosed organism considered commensal in domestic livestock but associated with serious disease in numerous species, including humans.
METHODS
Our study used standard bacterial culture techniques to assess A. pyogenes prevalence among male deer sampled across six physiogeographic regions in Maryland and male and female deer in the Upper Eastern Shore under Traditional Deer Management (TDM) and Quality Deer Management (QDM), a management protocol that alters population demographics in favor of older male deer. Samples were collected from antler pedicles for males, the top of the head where pedicles would be if present for females, or the whole dorsal frontal area of the head for neonates. We collected nasal samples from all animals by swabbing the nasopharyngeal membranes. A gram stain and catalase test were conducted, and aerobic bacteria were identified to genus and species when possible. We evaluated the effect of region on whether deer carried A. pyogenes using Pearson's chi-square test with Yates' continuity correction. For the white-tailed deer management study, we tested whether site, age class and sex predisposed animals to carrying A. pyogenes using binary logistic regression.
RESULTS
A. pyogenes was detected on deer in three of the six regions studied, and was common in only one region, the Upper Eastern Shore. In the Upper Eastern Shore, 45% and 66% of antler and nasal swabs from deer were positive for A. pyogenes, respectively. On the Upper Eastern Shore, prevalence of A. pyogenes cultured from deer did not differ between management areas, and was abundant among both sexes and across all age classes. No A. pyogenes was cultured from a small sample of neonates.
CONCLUSION
Our study indicates A. pyogenes may be carried widely among white-tailed deer regardless of sex or age class, but we found no evidence the pathogen is acquired in utero. The distribution of A. pyogenes across regions and concentration in a region with low livestock levels suggests the potential for localized endemicity of the organism and the possibility that deer may serve as a maintenance reservoir for an emerging one health concern.
PubMed: 23930157
DOI: 10.3402/iee.v3i0.19175 -
PloS One 2016The objectives of this study were to estimate the herd prevalence of major mastitis pathogens in bulk tank milk (BTM) in China dairy herds, to determine the relationship...
The objectives of this study were to estimate the herd prevalence of major mastitis pathogens in bulk tank milk (BTM) in China dairy herds, to determine the relationship between the presence of mastitis pathogens and bulk tank milk somatic cell counts (BTSCC), and to investigate the impact of different dairy cattle farming modes and region on bacterial species. BTM samples collected from 894 dairy herds in China were examined for the presence of mastitis pathogens. The Flinders Technology Associates (FTA) cards were used for BTM sample collection, storage, and transportation and bacterial DNA amplification by real-time PCR. Among contagious pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Streptococcus dysgalactiae were detected in 50.1, 92.2, and 72.3% of the 894 BTM samples, respectively. Among environmental pathogens, E. coli, Streptococcus uberis, Enterococcus spp., Klebsiella spp., Serratia marcescens, Corynebacterium bovis, and Arcanobacterium pyogenes were detected in 28.6, 8.9, 35.7, 20.0, 1.3, 17.0, and 67.2% of the BTM samples, respectively. Staphylococcal β-lactamase gene was detected in 61.7% of the BTM samples. The presence of Staphylococcus aureus and Arcanobacterium pyogenes were significantly associated with high BTSCC, respectively. Significant differences were found in presence of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Streptococcus dysgalactiae in BTM sampled from the small household farms, dairy-farming communities, and large-scaled dairy farms. There were significant differences in the presence of Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Arcanobacterium pyogenes, staphylococcal β-lactamase gene, Staphylococcus spp., Klebsiella spp., Enterococcus spp., and Streptococcus uberis in BTM among Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, and Hebei province. In conclusion, contagious mammary pathogens are predominated among pathogens in BTM samples in China.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; China; Dairying; Female; Mastitis, Bovine; Milk; Prevalence; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
PubMed: 27187065
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155621 -
Annales de Biologie Clinique 1998The microbiologists use the term corynebacteria to describe aerobically growing, asporogenous, irregularly sharped gram-positive rods. They comprise strictly aerobic... (Review)
Review
The microbiologists use the term corynebacteria to describe aerobically growing, asporogenous, irregularly sharped gram-positive rods. They comprise strictly aerobic bacteria isolated from environment as well as preferentially anaerobic bacteria found in clinical specimens. A large part of these bacteria is considered as commensal of skin and mucous membranes. This group of organisms has recently been subjected to considerable taxonomic revisions, which have resulted in the proposal of several new species, many of them representing previous Centers for Diseases Control coryneform groups. Moreover, recent investigations demonstrated the existence of a pathogenic role for some of them. These bacteria comprise well-known pathogens such as C. diphtheriae responsible for diphtheria, Actinomyces spp. responsible for actinomycosis and Arcanobacterium haemolyticum recovered from pharyngitis, but other corynebacteria were related to particular infections. For example, the lipophilic and antibiotics multiresistant species Corynebacterium urealyticum and C. jeikeium were found to be responsible for urinary tract infections and septicemias, respectively. The recently described species Turicella otitidis was found to be implicated in otitis media and C. seminale were recovered from genital specimens of male patients. Implantation of material devices, use of broad-spectrum antibiotics led to an increase of sepsis due to the species C. jeikeium and C. amycolatum. Many of the new Actinomyces species grow well under aerobic conditions and are often implicated in various abscesses. Moreover an increase of immunocompromised patients led to the development of infections due to the aerobic actinomycete Rhodococcus equi. The association of some corynebacteria with particular diseases should prompt the microbiologist to identify these bacteria when they are encountered in a pathogenic situation. Identification of the major part of corynebacteria isolated from clinical specimens can now be achieved by using recent schemes.
Topics: Anaerobiosis; Animals; Corynebacterium; Corynebacterium Infections; Female; Humans; Male; Prosthesis-Related Infections
PubMed: 9754261
DOI: No ID Found -
Biology of Reproduction Dec 2009Uterine microbial disease affects half of all dairy cattle after parturition, causing infertility by disrupting uterine and ovarian function. Infection with Escherichia... (Review)
Review
Uterine microbial disease affects half of all dairy cattle after parturition, causing infertility by disrupting uterine and ovarian function. Infection with Escherichia coli, Arcanobacterium pyogenes, and bovine herpesvirus 4 causes endometrial tissue damage. Toll-like receptors on endometrial cells detect pathogen-associated molecules such as bacterial DNA, lipids, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), leading to secretion of cytokines, chemokines, and antimicrobial peptides. Chemokines attract neutrophils and macrophages to eliminate the bacteria, although persistence of neutrophils is associated with subclinical endometritis and infertility. Cows with uterine infections are less likely to ovulate because they have slower growth of the postpartum dominant follicle in the ovary, lower peripheral plasma estradiol concentrations, and perturbation of hypothalamic and pituitary function. The follicular fluid of animals with endometritis contains LPS, which is detected by the TLR4/CD14/LY96 (MD2) receptor complex on granulosa cells, leading to lower aromatase expression and reduced estradiol secretion. If cows with uterine disease ovulate, the peripheral plasma concentrations of progesterone are lower than those in normal animals. However, luteal phases are often extended in animals with uterine disease, probably because infection switches the endometrial epithelial secretion of prostaglandins from the F series to the E series by a phospholipase A2-mediated mechanism, which would disrupt luteolysis. The regulation of endometrial immunity depends on steroid hormones, somatotrophins, and local regulatory proteins. Advances in knowledge about infection and immunity in the female genital tract should be exploited to develop new therapeutics for uterine disease.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Female; Immunity; Infections; Postpartum Period; Uterine Diseases; Uterus
PubMed: 19439727
DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.109.077370 -
Cureus Aug 2023causes pharyngeal and skin lesions but rarely causes severe systemic infections. An 80-year-old woman with diabetes mellitus was admitted for surgery of a left femoral...
causes pharyngeal and skin lesions but rarely causes severe systemic infections. An 80-year-old woman with diabetes mellitus was admitted for surgery of a left femoral neck fracture and right first toe ulcer. On day 19, chest radiography revealed a massive left pleural effusion.Pleural fluid culture grew and . The fluid was drained via a chest tube, and the patient was treated with cefazolin and clindamycin. Only four cases of pyothorax caused by have been reported, and no previous cases of pyothorax with bacterial co-infections have been reported.
PubMed: 37750124
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.44096