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Current Opinion in Microbiology Jun 2017The bacterial and archaeal CRISPR-Cas systems of adaptive immunity show remarkable diversity of protein composition, effector complex structure, genome locus... (Review)
Review
The bacterial and archaeal CRISPR-Cas systems of adaptive immunity show remarkable diversity of protein composition, effector complex structure, genome locus architecture and mechanisms of adaptation, pre-CRISPR (cr)RNA processing and interference. The CRISPR-Cas systems belong to two classes, with multi-subunit effector complexes in Class 1 and single-protein effector modules in Class 2. Concerted genomic and experimental efforts on comprehensive characterization of Class 2 CRISPR-Cas systems led to the identification of two new types and several subtypes. The newly characterized type VI systems are the first among the CRISPR-Cas variants to exclusively target RNA. Unexpectedly, in some of the class 2 systems, the effector protein is additionally responsible for the pre-crRNA processing. Comparative analysis of the effector complexes indicates that Class 2 systems evolved from mobile genetic elements on multiple, independent occasions.
Topics: Archaea; Bacteria; CRISPR-Cas Systems; Evolution, Molecular; Genetic Variation
PubMed: 28605718
DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2017.05.008 -
Cell Jan 2016Three years ago, scientists reported that CRISPR technology can enable precise and efficient genome editing in living eukaryotic cells. Since then, the method has taken... (Review)
Review
Three years ago, scientists reported that CRISPR technology can enable precise and efficient genome editing in living eukaryotic cells. Since then, the method has taken the scientific community by storm, with thousands of labs using it for applications from biomedicine to agriculture. Yet, the preceding 20-year journey--the discovery of a strange microbial repeat sequence; its recognition as an adaptive immune system; its biological characterization; and its repurposing for genome engineering--remains little known. This Perspective aims to fill in this backstory--the history of ideas and the stories of pioneers--and draw lessons about the remarkable ecosystem underlying scientific discovery.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Animals; Archaea; Bacteria; Biomedical Research; CRISPR-Cas Systems; Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats; Genetic Engineering; Haloferax mediterranei; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Laboratory Personnel
PubMed: 26771483
DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.12.041 -
Nature Jan 2020The origin of eukaryotes remains unclear. Current data suggest that eukaryotes may have emerged from an archaeal lineage known as 'Asgard' archaea. Despite the...
The origin of eukaryotes remains unclear. Current data suggest that eukaryotes may have emerged from an archaeal lineage known as 'Asgard' archaea. Despite the eukaryote-like genomic features that are found in these archaea, the evolutionary transition from archaea to eukaryotes remains unclear, owing to the lack of cultured representatives and corresponding physiological insights. Here we report the decade-long isolation of an Asgard archaeon related to Lokiarchaeota from deep marine sediment. The archaeon-'Candidatus Prometheoarchaeum syntrophicum' strain MK-D1-is an anaerobic, extremely slow-growing, small coccus (around 550 nm in diameter) that degrades amino acids through syntrophy. Although eukaryote-like intracellular complexes have been proposed for Asgard archaea, the isolate has no visible organelle-like structure. Instead, Ca. P. syntrophicum is morphologically complex and has unique protrusions that are long and often branching. On the basis of the available data obtained from cultivation and genomics, and reasoned interpretations of the existing literature, we propose a hypothetical model for eukaryogenesis, termed the entangle-engulf-endogenize (also known as E) model.
Topics: Amino Acids; Archaea; Eukaryotic Cells; Evolution, Molecular; Genome, Archaeal; Geologic Sediments; Lipids; Models, Biological; Phylogeny; Prokaryotic Cells; Symbiosis
PubMed: 31942073
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1916-6 -
Research in Microbiology Jan 2011
Topics: Archaea; Biological Evolution; Phylogeny
PubMed: 21145391
DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2010.11.007 -
Current Biology : CB Oct 2015A headline on the front page of the New York Times for November 3, 1977, read "Scientists Discover a Way of Life That Predates Higher Organisms". The accompanying...
A headline on the front page of the New York Times for November 3, 1977, read "Scientists Discover a Way of Life That Predates Higher Organisms". The accompanying article described a spectacular claim by Carl Woese and George Fox to have discovered a third form of life, a new 'domain' that we now call Archaea. It's not that these microbes were unknown before, nor was it the case that their peculiarities had gone completely unnoticed. Indeed, Ralph Wolfe, in the same department at the University of Illinois as Woese, had already discovered how it was that methanogens (uniquely on the planet) make methane, and the bizarre adaptations that allow extremely halophilic archaea (then called halobacteria) and thermoacidophiles to live in the extreme environments where they do were already under investigation in many labs. But what Woese and Fox had found was that these organisms were related to each other not just in their 'extremophily' but also phylogenetically. And, most surprisingly, they were only remotely related to the rest of the prokaryotes, which we now call the domain Bacteria (Figure 1).
Topics: Adaptation, Biological; Archaea; Bacteria; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; Biological Evolution; Eukaryota; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Microbiology; Phylogeny
PubMed: 26439345
DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.05.025 -
Trends in Microbiology Apr 2021Latin binomials, popularised in the 18th century by the Swedish naturalist Linnaeus, have stood the test of time in providing a stable, clear, and memorable system of... (Review)
Review
Latin binomials, popularised in the 18th century by the Swedish naturalist Linnaeus, have stood the test of time in providing a stable, clear, and memorable system of nomenclature across biology. However, relentless and ever-deeper exploration and analysis of the microbial world has created an urgent need for huge numbers of new names for Archaea and Bacteria. Manual creation of such names remains difficult and slow and typically relies on expert-driven nomenclatural quality control. Keen to ensure that the legacy of Linnaeus lives on in the age of microbial genomics and metagenomics, we propose an automated approach, employing combinatorial concatenation of roots from Latin and Greek to create linguistically correct names for genera and species that can be used off the shelf as needed. As proof of principle, we document over a million new names for Bacteria and Archaea. We are confident that our approach provides a road map for how to create new names for decades to come.
Topics: Archaea; Bacteria; Metagenomics; Phylogeny
PubMed: 33288384
DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2020.10.009 -
Biomolecules Apr 2020Since the pioneering work of Carl Woese, Archaea have fascinated biologists of almost all areas given their unique evolutionary status, wide distribution, high... (Review)
Review
Since the pioneering work of Carl Woese, Archaea have fascinated biologists of almost all areas given their unique evolutionary status, wide distribution, high diversity, and ability to grow in special environments. Archaea often thrive in extreme conditions such as high temperature, high/low pH, high salinity, and anoxic ecosystems. All of these are threats to the stability and proper functioning of biological molecules, especially proteins and nucleic acids. Post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as phosphorylation, methylation, acetylation, and glycosylation, are reportedly widespread in Archaea and represent a critical adaptive mechanism to extreme habitats. Here, we summarize our current understanding of the contributions of PTMs to aid in extremophile survival, with a particular focus on the maintenance of genome stability.
Topics: Archaea; Genomic Instability; Microbial Viability; Protein Processing, Post-Translational
PubMed: 32290118
DOI: 10.3390/biom10040584 -
Research in Microbiology 2023Archaea are microorganisms with great ability to colonize some of the most inhospitable environments in nature, managing to survive in places with extreme... (Review)
Review
Archaea are microorganisms with great ability to colonize some of the most inhospitable environments in nature, managing to survive in places with extreme characteristics for most microorganisms. Its proteins and enzymes are stable and can act under extreme conditions in which other proteins and enzymes would degrade. These attributes make them ideal candidates for use in a wide range of biotechnological applications. This review describes the most important applications, both current and potential, that archaea present in Biotechnology, classifying them according to the sector to which the application is directed. It also analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of its use.
Topics: Archaea; Biotechnology
PubMed: 37196775
DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2023.104080 -
Anaerobe Oct 2022Archaea comprise a unique domain of organisms with distinct biochemical and genetic differences from bacteria. Methane-forming archaea, methanogens, constitute the... (Review)
Review
Archaea comprise a unique domain of organisms with distinct biochemical and genetic differences from bacteria. Methane-forming archaea, methanogens, constitute the predominant group of archaea in the human gut microbiota, with Methanobrevibacter smithii being the most prevalent. However, the effect of methanogenic archaea and their methane production on chronic disease remains controversial. As perturbation of the microbiota is a feature of chronic conditions, such as cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative diseases and chronic kidney disease, assessing the influence of archaea could provide a new clue to mitigating adverse effects associated with dysbiosis. In this review, we will discuss the putative role of archaea in the gut microbiota in humans and the possible link to chronic diseases.
Topics: Humans; Archaea; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Methanobrevibacter; Euryarchaeota; Methane; Chronic Disease
PubMed: 35985606
DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2022.102629 -
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... Sep 2015In the half century since the formulation of the prokaryote : eukaryote dichotomy, many authors have proposed that the former evolved from something resembling the... (Review)
Review
In the half century since the formulation of the prokaryote : eukaryote dichotomy, many authors have proposed that the former evolved from something resembling the latter, in defiance of common (and possibly common sense) views. In such 'eukaryotes first' (EF) scenarios, the last universal common ancestor is imagined to have possessed significantly many of the complex characteristics of contemporary eukaryotes, as relics of an earlier 'progenotic' period or RNA world. Bacteria and Archaea thus must have lost these complex features secondarily, through 'streamlining'. If the canonical three-domain tree in which Archaea and Eukarya are sisters is accepted, EF entails that Bacteria and Archaea are convergently prokaryotic. We ask what this means and how it might be tested.
Topics: Archaea; Bacteria; Biological Evolution; Eukaryotic Cells; Genome
PubMed: 26323754
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0322