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Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za... Jul 2019To review the research on distribution of the nerve and blood supply of breast, and the development of breast reduction in recent years. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To review the research on distribution of the nerve and blood supply of breast, and the development of breast reduction in recent years.
METHODS
The related literatures about the distribution of the nerve and blood supply of breast, the development of breast reduction, and postoperative lactation function in recent years were reviewed extensively. The above aspects were analyzed and summarized in combination with the author's experiences.
RESULTS
With the anatomical study of mammary gland, nipple areola complex nerve distribution and blood supply, breast reduction has been developed rapidly, and a variety of surgical methods have been formed. But each has its own advantages and disadvantages, and its indications are different. Through the application and improvement of the auxiliary examination technique, severe complications such as nipple areola complex necrosis reduce obviously after operation. Through the selection of position of the incision and pedicle, the degree of retaining the pedicle glands, the application of auxiliary liposuction technique, and the improvement of suture technique, the scar of incision reduces, the sensation of nipple areola is preserved more, and a more satisfactory breast shape is obtained. Some of the patients who gave birth after breast reduction have lactation function.
CONCLUSION
There are some shortcomings in various surgical methods at present, individualized surgical methods should be adopted according to the characteristics of the patients. Further research is needed on how to preserve more sensation of nipple areola, obtain a good and lasting breast shape, and preserve lactation function of women after operation.
Topics: Breast; Female; Humans; Mammaplasty; Nipples; Postoperative Period; Sensation; Suture Techniques
PubMed: 31298012
DOI: 10.7507/1002-1892.201902016 -
Breastfeeding Medicine : the Official... Nov 2014
Topics: Breast Feeding; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Lactation Disorders; Lingual Frenum; Nipples; Pain; Pregnancy; Sucking Behavior; Sudden Infant Death
PubMed: 25361471
DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2014.9972 -
Revue Medicale de Liege Oct 2022Nipple-areolar complex anomalies may be secondary to many etiologies from simple anatomic variations to malignant processes as Paget disease or invasive breast cancer,...
Nipple-areolar complex anomalies may be secondary to many etiologies from simple anatomic variations to malignant processes as Paget disease or invasive breast cancer, passing through benign locally aggressive processes as erosive adenomatosis of the nipple. Differential diagnosis is not always simple. If clinical exam and standard radiological checkup can't confirm the benignity of the lesion, a biopsy specimen will be obtained to allow an anatomopathological examination. A precise diagnosis can then be made leading to optimal management. This paper describes how to explore nipple-areolar complex anomalies through an uncommon clinical case associating independently an invasive retro-areolar cancer and a dermatological disease of the areola mimicking a Paget disease.
Topics: Adenoma; Breast Neoplasms; Female; Humans; Nipples; Papilloma; Radiography
PubMed: 36226397
DOI: No ID Found -
Indian Journal of Dermatology,... 2019Hyperkeratosis of the nipple and areola is a rare condition first described by Tauber in 1923. Less than 100 cases have been reported in the literature. Hyperkeratosis...
Hyperkeratosis of the nipple and areola is a rare condition first described by Tauber in 1923. Less than 100 cases have been reported in the literature. Hyperkeratosis of the nipple and areola presents as hyperkeratotic, hyperpigmented plaques on the nipple and areola. It is more common in females. An 18-year-old female patient presented with hyperkeratotic, plaque-like, hard crusts on both nipples and areolas. The examining physician could successfully remove this crust using his finger. The crust had accumulated as a result of the patient's reluctance to touch or clean the breast area due to psychological issues. A crusted nipple and areola may occur as a secondary condition due to a patient's reluctance to touch or clean their breasts.
Topics: Adolescent; Female; Humans; Hygiene; Hyperpigmentation; Keratosis; Nipples; Saudi Arabia; Skin Care
PubMed: 29491192
DOI: 10.4103/ijdvl.IJDVL_399_17 -
Dermatologie (Heidelberg, Germany) Nov 2022The nipple region is characterized by special anatomical conditions and from a dermatological perspective can be divided into breast skin, skin of the areola and the... (Review)
Review
The nipple region is characterized by special anatomical conditions and from a dermatological perspective can be divided into breast skin, skin of the areola and the skin of the nipple. In a clinical context the nipples are often altered during lactation by mechanical alteration, changes in the environment with maceration by the milk flow and by microbial pathogens. In addition, there is a risk of developing puerperal mastitis. Outside of pregnancy and lactation, eczema diseases are occasionally found on the mammary skin, often with atopic disposition (atopic nipple eczema) or as irritant contact eczema ("joggers nipple"). More rarely, allergic contact eczema is observed from preservatives in topical preparations or metals (piercings). Also, in the context of a scabies infestation involvement of the nipples, especially in women, is regularly observed. Of great clinical importance are rare preinvasive lesions of breast cancer or Paget's disease of the mamilla of the extramammary type. Due to the special anatomical conditions, it is obvious that specific penetration conditions are also derived from the application of topical substances. Experimental studies on human skin ex vivo suggest that depending on the molecular weight and solubility of the drug as well as the vehicle system used, a significant increase in cutaneous bioavailability, especially on the nipple itself through the transpapillary diffusion pathway, may occur. This should be considered in particular in the topical application of drugs with known potential of dose-dependent side effects (e.g. glucocorticoids); however, there is still no clinical evidence for this.
Topics: Pregnancy; Female; Humans; Nipples; Irritants; Eczema; Breast Neoplasms; Dermatitis, Atopic; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact
PubMed: 35925215
DOI: 10.1007/s00105-022-05031-3 -
Computational and Mathematical Methods... 2022Axillary lymph node (ALN) staging is the most effective method to evaluate the condition of patients with breast cancer, their choice of treatment options, and...
BACKGROUND
Axillary lymph node (ALN) staging is the most effective method to evaluate the condition of patients with breast cancer, their choice of treatment options, and prognosis. The sentinel lymph node (SLN) status assessment is the key to sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in patients with breast cancer. The choice of tracer and tracer injection sites affects SLNB.
OBJECTIVE
This study mainly analyzes the best tracer for SLNB and the best choice of tracer injection site.
METHODS
A total of 165 breast cancer patients who underwent SLNB were selected and injected with methylene blue or 99mTc-labeled sodium phytate or nanocarbon 20 min before biopsy. The number of SLNs detected by different tracers in different injection sites such as peritumoral tissue (PT) and subareolar area (SA) was counted, and the sensitivity, specificity, and positive/negative prediction rates were recorded and compared.
RESULTS
The detection success rate, average detection number of SLNs, and detection accuracy of the nanocarbon tracer were higher than the other two. The detection sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative prediction rates of nanocarbon for SLNB were also higher than those of the other two tracers. When comparing the performance of tracers in different injection sites, it was found that the detection of three tracers injected in the SA was better than the injection in the PT.
CONCLUSION
For women with early-stage breast cancer, nanocarbon can be used as the preferred tracer for SLNB to determine the status of the patient's ALNs, and the areola area can be used as the best injection site.
Topics: Axilla; Breast Neoplasms; Female; Humans; Lymph Nodes; Nipples; Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy
PubMed: 35321201
DOI: 10.1155/2022/4066179 -
Indian Pediatrics Dec 2011
Topics: Breast Diseases; Female; Humans; Lactation; Male; Nipples
PubMed: 22253169
DOI: No ID Found -
Dermatology Online Journal Jul 2013Molluscum contagiosum is a common cutaneous infection caused by a double-stranded DNA poxvirus. Skin lesions classically present as small, flesh-colored papules with... (Review)
Review
Molluscum contagiosum is a common cutaneous infection caused by a double-stranded DNA poxvirus. Skin lesions classically present as small, flesh-colored papules with central umbilication. Lesions are frequently seen on the face, trunk, and extremities of children, or on the genitals of young adults as a sexually transmitted infection. Molluscum contagiosum on the nipple or areola has only been previously described in 4 women. We describe a woman with molluscum contagiosum on the left areola and review the clinical characteristics and histological findings of patients who developed molluscum contagiosum of the nipple or areola.
Topics: Adult; Breast Diseases; Female; Humans; Molluscum Contagiosum; Nipples
PubMed: 24010511
DOI: No ID Found -
Indian Journal of Dermatology,... 2022
Topics: Humans; Hyperplasia; Leiomyoma; Nipples; Sebaceous Glands
PubMed: 35593282
DOI: 10.25259/IJDVL_7_2020 -
Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons... Feb 2017
Topics: Female; Humans; Mammaplasty; Nipples; Surgical Flaps
PubMed: 27659355
DOI: 10.1308/rcsann.2016.0307