-
The Journal of Veterinary Medical... Mar 2023In this study, we investigated the aortic arch (AA) branching pattern in the Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra). We performed arterial silicone casting of the AA of 18...
In this study, we investigated the aortic arch (AA) branching pattern in the Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra). We performed arterial silicone casting of the AA of 18 Eurasian otters (8 males and 10 females). We analyzed the AA branching pattern at three levels: the AA, brachiocephalic trunk (BCT), and subclavian artery (SB), using different classification methods at each level. We introduced new criteria for classifying the SB branching pattern applicable for Eurasian otter and other carnivores based on the sequence of the four main branches: vertebral artery (VT), internal thoracic artery (IT), costocervical artery (CCT), and superficial cervical artery (SC). In all Eurasian otters, two major branches emerged directly from the AA, i.e., the BCT and left SB. The BCT branched off the left common carotid artery and terminated in the right common carotid artery and right SB in 17 of 18 Eurasian otters; the BCT formed a bicarotid artery in the remaining case. The SBs showed various branching patterns, with the main branching pattern involving branching to the VT and IT at the same position, followed by the CCT and SC. The SB branching pattern in the Eurasian otter differed from that in dogs in that the two first branching arteries were VT and IT, rather than VT and CCT. Here, we present the anatomical characteristics of the AA branching patterns in the Eurasian otter and new analysis methods applicable for comparative studies of other carnivores.
Topics: Male; Female; Animals; Dogs; Otters; Aorta, Thoracic; Subclavian Artery; Mammary Arteries; Carotid Artery, Common
PubMed: 36792211
DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0517 -
Journal of the American College of... Dec 1998Controversy continues regarding the mechanism of coronary restenosis. While neointimal thickening was initially considered the major cause, recent studies suggest that... (Review)
Review
Controversy continues regarding the mechanism of coronary restenosis. While neointimal thickening was initially considered the major cause, recent studies suggest that changes in arterial size, or remodeling, plays an important or even dominant role in late lumen loss. Moreover, neointimal thickness and remodeling may be interrelated. The field has been complicated by the fact that remodeling analyses have not used consistent definitions or methods. In this editorial we thus describe a quantitative paradigm for remodeling analyses: as arterial plaque or neointima forms in an artery, it is accompanied by luminal encroachment, artery expansion or gradations of either. In this manner, remodeling is generally defined as any arterial size change (enlargement or contraction), independent or dependent of neointimal thickening. Standardization of definitions and quantitative methods may improve understanding of the components of restenosis resulting from artery size changes, neointimal thickening and their impact on lumen size.
Topics: Animals; Arteries; Constriction, Pathologic; Coronary Artery Disease; Coronary Vessels; Humans; Myocardial Revascularization
PubMed: 9857898
DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(98)00500-2 -
AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology Dec 2019Although considerable variability exists as to the overall caliber of radiculomedullary arteries, dominant radiculomedullary arteries such as the artery of Adamkiewicz...
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
Although considerable variability exists as to the overall caliber of radiculomedullary arteries, dominant radiculomedullary arteries such as the artery of Adamkiewicz exist. The existence of a great posterior radiculomedullary artery has attracted little attention and has been a matter of debate. The aim of this anatomic study was to determine the presence or absence of the great posterior radiculomedullary artery.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We performed microsurgical dissection on formaldehyde-fixed cadaveric human spinal cords. The artery of Adamkiewicz in the spinal cord specimens ( = 50) was injected with colored latex until the small-caliber arterial vessels were filled and the great posterior radiculomedullary artery was identified. The course, diameter, and location of great posterior radiculomedullary artery were documented.
RESULTS
A great posterior radiculomedullary artery was identified in 36 (72%) spinal cord specimens. In 11 (22%) specimens, bilateral great posterior radiculomedullary arteries were present. In 13 cases (26%), a unilateral left-sided great posterior radiculomedullary artery was identified. In 11 cases (22%), a unilateral right-sided great posterior radiculomedullary artery was identified. In 1 specimen (2%), 3 right-sided great posterior radiculomedullary arteries were noted. The average size of the great posterior radiculomedullary arteries was 0.44 mm (range, 0.120-0.678 mm on the left and 0.260-0.635 mm on the right).
CONCLUSIONS
A great posterior radiculomedullary artery is present in most (72%) individuals. The authors describe the microsurgical anatomy of the great posterior radiculomedullary artery with emphasis on its morphometric parameters as well as its implications for spinal cord blood supply. Variations of the arterial supply to the dorsal cord are of great importance due to their implications for ischemic events, endovascular procedures, and surgical approaches.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Arteries; Cadaver; Female; Humans; Lumbosacral Region; Male; Microdissection; Middle Aged; Regional Blood Flow; Spinal Cord; Young Adult
PubMed: 31753838
DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A6304 -
Stroke Oct 2021The anatomic distribution of the deep cerebral perforators is considered either a given or subject to enormous variability. Most published overviews on this topic only... (Review)
Review
The anatomic distribution of the deep cerebral perforators is considered either a given or subject to enormous variability. Most published overviews on this topic only report findings from a limited number of anatomic dissections, and no attempt has been made to date to provide a comprehensive overview of all published data. A comprehensive literature search was performed on MEDLINE, Embase, and Google Scholar with the help of an information specialist. Three types of studies were included: (1) articles that described the anatomy and distribution territories of perforator groups arising from the arteries of the circle of Willis; (2) studies that evaluated the anatomy of the deep cerebral perforators using imaging techniques; and (3) studies that evaluated either microsurgically or radiologically confirmed perforator occlusion and reported the (magnetic resonance imaging-confirmed) distribution territory of the infarction together with a description of the clinical symptoms associated as a result of the infarction. A total of 2715 articles were screened and 53 were included. Of these, 40 dealt with the anatomic and imaging anatomy of perforator groups (37 reported results of dissections and 3 results of imaging studies), with a total of 2421 hemispheres investigated. Another 13 articles with 680 patients were included that evaluated perforator infarction territories. The deep cerebral perforator distribution shows large variability with poor concordance rates among reported studies, with the exception of the posterior communicating and anterior choroidal artery perforators. Despite the assumption that cerebral perforator anatomy is a given, studies show large variability in the anatomic distribution of various perforator groups. Perforator anatomy and relationships between perforator groups, as well as potential collateral circulation in these territories should be prioritized as a research topic in cerebrovascular disease in the near future.
Topics: Animals; Arterial Occlusive Diseases; Carotid Artery, Internal; Cerebral Arteries; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Collateral Circulation; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging
PubMed: 34311568
DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.034096 -
Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons... Sep 2022Collateralisation around stenotic or occlusive arterial disease is a commonly observed adaptation for maintenance of arterial perfusion. It occurs through pathways of...
Collateralisation around stenotic or occlusive arterial disease is a commonly observed adaptation for maintenance of arterial perfusion. It occurs through pathways of well-understood embryological origin. Examples include Winslow's pathway (internal thoracic artery to iliac artery via the epigastric arteries) and the arc of Riolan (between superior and inferior mesenteric arteries). In this article, we describe a pathway of collateralisation around stenotic disease of the coeliac and superior mesenteric arteries in a 76-year-old man with an abdominal aortic aneurysm. The collateral pathway was identified on computed tomography angiography between the left internal thoracic artery in the thorax and the coeliac artery in the abdomen via the left inferior phrenic artery. This has implications for routine cardiac surgery, such that left internal thoracic artery harvest during coronary artery bypass surgery would likely result in acute ischaemia of the abdominal viscera.
Topics: Aged; Celiac Artery; Collateral Circulation; Constriction, Pathologic; Humans; Iliac Artery; Male; Mammary Arteries; Thorax
PubMed: 35446694
DOI: 10.1308/rcsann.2021.0354 -
Anatomical Record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Nov 2020The congenital short limb (CSL) with fibular deficiency has traditionally been graded by plain radiography. The most popular orthopedic classification sorts the fibular... (Review)
Review
The congenital short limb (CSL) with fibular deficiency has traditionally been graded by plain radiography. The most popular orthopedic classification sorts the fibular dysmorphologies into three radiographic groupings: IA (thinned), IB (proximally truncated), or II (absent). In contrast, the soft tissues have been relatively neglected. Since bone formation of the fibula progresses from the anlage, a scaffolding cartilage mold intermediate, cartilage transformation to bone is dependent upon timely embryonic arterial invasion. Absences of the requisite arteries predicate specific skeletal dysmorphologies. The usual arterial supply of the fibula is comprised primarily of the anterior tibialis artery (ATA), which uniquely supplies the proximal portion of the fibula, and also joins the peroneal artery (PA) in supplying the mid to distal fibular shaft. Combinations of the two nutrient arteries allow four potential variations of fibular vascular supply, among which the ATA and PA conjoin to supply the normal fibula and variably supply the three dysmorphic fibular models. The IA and IB deformities conform, respectively, to the absences of the PA and the ATA. Combined ATA and PA absences present in the radiographically "absent" fibula. Thus, each of the four fibular (dys)morphologies conforms to a specific embryonic pattern of arterial development. The term "dystrophism" most accurately characterizes such malformed long bones.
Topics: Arteries; Fibula; Humans; Lower Extremity Deformities, Congenital; Radiography
PubMed: 31872958
DOI: 10.1002/ar.24348 -
Biomechanics and Modeling in... Apr 2017Femoropopliteal artery (FPA) mechanics play a paramount role in pathophysiology and the artery's response to therapeutic interventions, but data on FPA mechanical...
Femoropopliteal artery (FPA) mechanics play a paramount role in pathophysiology and the artery's response to therapeutic interventions, but data on FPA mechanical properties are scarce. Our goal was to characterize human FPAs over a wide population to derive a constitutive description of FPA aging to be used for computational modeling. Fresh human FPA specimens ([Formula: see text]) were obtained from [Formula: see text] predominantly male (80 %) donors 54±15 years old (range 13-82 years). Morphometric characteristics including radius, wall thickness, opening angle, and longitudinal pre-stretch were recorded. Arteries were subjected to multi-ratio planar biaxial extension to determine constitutive parameters for an invariant-based model accounting for the passive contributions of ground substance, elastin, collagen, and smooth muscle. Nonparametric bootstrapping was used to determine unique sets of material parameters that were used to derive age-group-specific characteristics. Physiologic stress-stretch state was calculated to capture changes with aging. Morphometric and constitutive parameters were derived for seven age groups. Vessel radius, wall thickness, and circumferential opening angle increased with aging, while longitudinal pre-stretch decreased ([Formula: see text]). Age-group-specific constitutive parameters portrayed orthotropic FPA stiffening, especially in the longitudinal direction. Structural changes in artery wall elastin were associated with reduction of physiologic longitudinal and circumferential stretches and stresses with age. These data and the constitutive description of FPA aging shed new light on our understanding of peripheral arterial disease pathophysiology and arterial aging. Application of this knowledge might improve patient selection for specific treatment modalities in personalized, precision medicine algorithms and could assist in device development for treatment of peripheral artery disease.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aging; Arteries; Biomechanical Phenomena; Collagen; Elastin; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Models, Biological; Peripheral Arterial Disease; Young Adult
PubMed: 27771811
DOI: 10.1007/s10237-016-0845-7 -
Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases Apr 2020Clinical evidence suggests that the currently recommended approach to estimate the risk of aortic dissection in Marfan syndrome (MFS) is not reliable enough. Therefore,...
BACKGROUND
Clinical evidence suggests that the currently recommended approach to estimate the risk of aortic dissection in Marfan syndrome (MFS) is not reliable enough. Therefore, we investigated the possible role of visceral arterial tortuosity in the risk stratification.
METHODS AND RESULTS
Splenic and renal arteries of 37 MFS patients and 74 age and gender matched control subjects were segmented using CT angiography imaging. To measure tortuosity, distance metric (DM), sum of angles metric (SOAM), inflection count metric (ICM), and the ratio of ICM and SOAM (ICM/SOAM) were calculated. DM of the splenic, right and left renal artery was significantly higher in MFS patients than in controls (2.44 [1.92-2.80] vs. 1.75 [1.57-2.18] p < 0.001; 1.16 [1.10-1.28] vs. 1.11 [1.07-1.15] p = 0.011; 1.40 [1.29-1.70] vs. 1.13 [1.09-1.23] p < 0.001, respectively). A similar tendency for ICM and an opposite tendency for SOAM were observed. ICM/SOAM was significantly higher in the MFS group compared to controls in case of all three arteries (73.35 [62.26-93.63] vs. 50.91 [43.19-65.62] p < 0.001; 26.52 [20.69-30.24] vs. 19.95 [16.47-22.95] p < 0.001; 22.81 [18.64-30.96] vs. 18.38 [15.29-21.46] p < 0.001, respectively). MFS patients who underwent aortic root replacement had increased right and left renal DM and ICM/SOAM compared to MFS patients without surgery.
CONCLUSION
To our knowledge this is the first demonstration of increased arterial tortuosity in MFS on visceral arteries. Visceral arterial tortuosity, dominated by curves of lower frequency but higher amplitude according to the observed opposite tendency between the DM and SOAM metrics, could be a possible new predictor of serious manifestations of MFS.
Topics: Arteries; Humans; Joint Instability; Marfan Syndrome; Skin Diseases, Genetic; Vascular Malformations
PubMed: 32293489
DOI: 10.1186/s13023-020-01369-w -
Brazilian Journal of Cardiovascular... Mar 2022Patient diagnosed with common arterial trunk, submitted to pulmonary artery banding in another center and lost to clinical follow-up. Referred to our center at four...
CLINICAL DATA
Patient diagnosed with common arterial trunk, submitted to pulmonary artery banding in another center and lost to clinical follow-up. Referred to our center at four years old, extremely cyanotic. Chest radiography: Cardiomegaly; attenuated peripheral vascular markings. Electrocardiography: Right ventricular hypertrophy. Echocardiography: Common arterial trunk, but it was not possible to analyze all the structures. Computed tomography angiography: Van Praagh type A4 common arterial trunk. Extremely hypoplastic right and left pulmonary arteries.
DIAGNOSIS
Association of aortic arch interruption type A is uncommon and should be considered.
OPERATION
Debanding of pulmonary arteries allowing for possible future complete repair.
Topics: Aorta, Thoracic; Child, Preschool; Echocardiography; Heart Defects, Congenital; Humans; Pulmonary Artery; Truncus Arteriosus, Persistent
PubMed: 35072407
DOI: 10.21470/1678-9741-2021-0008 -
Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of... Aug 2021In this paper, we report a physics based mathematical model to describe the mechanotransduction at the luminal surface of the brachial artery during a flow-mediated...
In this paper, we report a physics based mathematical model to describe the mechanotransduction at the luminal surface of the brachial artery during a flow-mediated dilation (FMD) process. To account for the effect of the released vasodilators in response to the sudden blood flow resurgence, a scalar property is introduced as a signal radially diffusing through the arterial wall, locally affecting its compliance. The model was evaluated on 19 in vivo responses of brachial artery FMD (BAFMD) in 12 healthy subjects. It successfully reproduces the time-dependent dilation of the brachial artery. The predicted artery's outer-to-inner radius ratio was also found to be consistent with the measurements within an acceptable margin of error. Physically meaningful dimensionless parameters quantifying the artery's physical state arose from the model, providing a description to how sensitive or responsive the artery is to the changes of wall shear stress (WSS). Future applications of this model, via incorporating inexpensive, relatively quick, and non-invasive imaging, could potentially help detect early stages of developing forms of cardiovascular diseases.
Topics: Brachial Artery; Dilatation; Endothelium, Vascular; Mechanotransduction, Cellular; Stress, Mechanical; Vasodilation
PubMed: 34044251
DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104606