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Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2022The chemical mechanism of the acid cleavage of proanthocyanidins (PAs) has been known for decades but has yet to be optimized. Therefore, we optimized this process in...
The chemical mechanism of the acid cleavage of proanthocyanidins (PAs) has been known for decades but has yet to be optimized. Therefore, we optimized this process in Byrsonima crassifolia, Euterpe oleracea and Inga edulis extracts using the response surface methodology and assessed the effect of hydrochloric acid concentration (0.3−3.7 N), time (39−291 min), and temperature (56−98 °C) on the following response variables: PAs reduction, astringency reduction, antioxidant capacity/total polyphenols (TEAC/TP) ratio, and cyanidin content. The response variables were maximized when cleavage was performed with 3 N HCl at 88 °C for 165 min. Under these conditions, the mean PAs value and astringency in the three extracts decreased by 91% and 75%, respectively, the TEAC/TP ratio remained unchanged after treatment (p > 0.05), and the increase in cyanidin confirmed the occurrence of cleavage. Thus, the results suggest that acid cleavage efficiently minimizes undesirable technological PAs characteristics, expanding the industrial applications.
Topics: Polyphenols; Proanthocyanidins; Euterpe; Antioxidants; Plant Extracts
PubMed: 36615261
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010066 -
BMC Plant Biology Jan 2015microRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to play key roles in regulating gene expression at post-transcriptional level, but miRNAs associated with natural deastringency of...
BACKGROUND
microRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to play key roles in regulating gene expression at post-transcriptional level, but miRNAs associated with natural deastringency of Chinese pollination-constant nonastringent persimmon (CPCNA) have never been identified.
RESULTS
In this study, two small RNA libraries established using 'Eshi No. 1' persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.; CPCNA) fruits collected at 15 and 20 weeks after flowering (WAF) were sequenced through Solexa platform in order to identify miRNAs involved in deastringency of persimmon. A total of 6,258,487 and 7,634,169 reads were generated for the libraries at 15 and 20 WAF, respectively. Based on sequence similarity and hairpin structure prediction, 236 known miRNAs belonging to 65 miRNA families and 33 novel miRNAs were identified using persimmon transcriptome data. Sixty one of the characterized miRNAs exhibited pronounced difference in the expression levels between 15 and 20 WAF, 17 up-regulated and 44 down-regulated. Expression profiles of 12 conserved and 10 novel miRNAs were validated by stem loop qRT-PCR. A total of 198 target genes were predicted for the differentially expressed miRNAs, including several genes that have been reported to be implicated in proanthocyanidins (PAs, or called tannin) accumulation. In addition, two transcription factors, a GRF and a bHLH, were experimentally confirmed as the targets of dka-miR396 and dka-miR395, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
Taken together, the present data unraveled several important miRNAs in persimmon. Among them, miR395p-3p and miR858b may regulate bHLH and MYB, respectively, which are influenced by SPL under the control of miR156j-5p and in turn regulate the structural genes involved in PA biosynthesis. In addition, dka-miR396g and miR2911a may regulate their target genes associated with glucosylation and insolubilization of tannin precursors. All of these miRNAs might play key roles in the regulation of (de)astringency in persimmon fruits under normal development conditions.
Topics: Base Sequence; Diospyros; Flowers; Fruit; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Gene Library; Gene Ontology; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; MicroRNAs; Molecular Sequence Annotation; Molecular Sequence Data; Nucleic Acid Conformation; Pollination; Proanthocyanidins; RNA, Plant; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Reproducibility of Results; Time Factors
PubMed: 25604351
DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0400-6 -
Plants (Basel, Switzerland) May 2023This study investigated the genetic diversity and population structure of a persimmon ( Thunb., 2n = 6x = 90) collection in South Korea by evaluating 9751 genome-wide...
This study investigated the genetic diversity and population structure of a persimmon ( Thunb., 2n = 6x = 90) collection in South Korea by evaluating 9751 genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) detected using genotyping-by-sequencing in 93 cultivars. The results of neighbor-joining clustering, principal component analysis, and STRUCTURE analysis based on SNPs indicated clear separation between cultivar groups (pollination-constant nonastringent (PCNA, 40 cultivars), pollination-constant astringent (PCA, 19), pollination-variant nonastringent (PVNA, 23), and the pollination-variant astringent type (PVA, 9)) based on the astringency types, while separation between PVA and PVNA-type cultivars was unclear. Population genetic diversity based on SNPs showed that the proportions of polymorphic SNPs within each group ranged from 99.01% (PVNA) to 94.08% (PVA), and the PVNA group exhibited the highest genetic diversity (He = 3.86 and uHe = 0.397). (fixation index) values were low ranging from -0.024 (PVA) to 0.176 (PCA) with an average of 0.089, indicating a deficiency of heterozygosity. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and st among cultivar groups indicated that variation within individuals was higher than that among the groups. Pairwise st values among the groups ranged from 0.01566 (between PVA and PVNA) to 0.09416 (between PCA and PCNA), indicating a low level of cultivar type differentiation. These findings highlight the potential application of biallelic SNPs in population genetics studies of allopolyploids species and provide valuable insights that may have significant implications for breeding and cultivar identification in persimmon.
PubMed: 37299077
DOI: 10.3390/plants12112097 -
Journal of Food Science May 2021The taste-modifying properties of nanofibrillar cellulose (NFC) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) are compared for the first time. The samples were prepared in the form... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The taste-modifying properties of nanofibrillar cellulose (NFC) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) are compared for the first time. The samples were prepared in the form of gels, with and without added sweet and bitter taste components. As viscosity itself is known to affect taste perception, the viscosities of NFC and CMC samples were set to the same level as shear rates commonly found in the oral cavity. A trained panel of 10 assessors evaluated the bitterness and sweetness of the samples. Further, the assessors were given an opportunity to describe the samples in free words. The taste-modifying capacities of the thickening agents were at the same level when sweet compounds were added. However, CMC was better able to reduce the bitterness of quinine hydrochloride than NFC, which did not show any bitterness-reduction ability with the compound. This was unexpected, as our previous studies of NFC showed fairly high binding capacity with quinine. The open-ended responses revealed that the NFC-containing samples had an astringent sensation, while certain assessors observed a sensation of saltiness in the CMC samples. This may explain the inability of NFC to mask the bitterness of quinine hydrochloride, as astringency may act as a bitterness enhancer, while saltiness may suppress it. Both thickening agents were perceived as slightly bitter. Our study reveals the need for further assessment of the orosensory properties of NFC, particularly the magnitude and origin of its astringency, before it can be fully utilized in food industry applications.
Topics: Adult; Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium; Cellulose; Female; Humans; Male; Nanofibers; Quinine; Sensation; Taste; Taste Perception; Viscosity
PubMed: 33942317
DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15711 -
Food Chemistry: X Oct 2023Despite the importance of fixation in determining green tea quality, its role in reducing the bitter and astringent taste of this beverage remains largely unknown....
Despite the importance of fixation in determining green tea quality, its role in reducing the bitter and astringent taste of this beverage remains largely unknown. Herein, an electromagnetic roller-hot-air-steam triple-coupled fixation (ERHSF) device was developed, and its operating parameters were optimized (steam volume: 20 kg/h; hot-air temperature: 90 °C; hot-air blower speed: 1200 r/min). Compared with conventional fixation treated samples, the ratio of tea polyphenols to free amino acids and ester-catechins to simple-catechins in ERHSF-treated samples was reduced by 11.0% and 3.2%, reducing bitterness and astringency of green tea; amino acids, soluble sugars, and chlorophyll contents were significantly increased, enhancing the freshness, sweetness, and greenness; the color indexes, such as value of brightness and - value of greenness, were also improved, and ERHSF-treated samples had the highest sensory scores. These results provided theoretical support and technical guidance for precise quality improvement of summer-autumn green tea.
PubMed: 37780241
DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100844 -
Cardiovascular Research Feb 2021Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is the most common heart valve disease in the Western world. It has been reported that zinc is accumulated in calcified human aortic... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
AIMS
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is the most common heart valve disease in the Western world. It has been reported that zinc is accumulated in calcified human aortic valves. However, whether zinc directly regulates CAVD is yet to be elucidated. The present study sought to determine the potential role of zinc in the pathogenesis of CAVD.
METHODS AND RESULTS
Using a combination of a human valve interstitial cell (hVIC) calcification model, human aortic valve tissues, and blood samples, we report that 20 μM zinc supplementation attenuates hVIC in vitro calcification, and that this is mediated through inhibition of apoptosis and osteogenic differentiation via the zinc-sensing receptor GPR39-dependent ERK1/2 signalling pathway. Furthermore, we report that GPR39 protein expression is dramatically reduced in calcified human aortic valves, and there is a significant reduction in zinc serum levels in patients with CAVD. Moreover, we reveal that 20 μM zinc treatment prevents the reduction of GPR39 observed in calcified hVICs. We also show that the zinc transporter ZIP13 and ZIP14 are significantly increased in hVICs in response to zinc treatment. Knockdown of ZIP13 or ZIP14 significantly inhibited hVIC in vitro calcification and osteogenic differentiation.
CONCLUSIONS
Together, these findings suggest that zinc is a novel inhibitor of CAVD, and report that zinc transporter ZIP13 and ZIP14 are important regulators of hVIC in vitro calcification and osteogenic differentiation. Zinc supplementation may offer a potential therapeutic strategy for CAVD.
Topics: Aortic Valve; Apoptosis; Calcinosis; Case-Control Studies; Cation Transport Proteins; Cells, Cultured; Female; Heart Valve Diseases; Humans; Male; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; Osteogenesis; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; Signal Transduction; Zinc Sulfate
PubMed: 32259211
DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa090 -
Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and... Feb 2020The zinc content in the blood and tumor tissues of patients with osteosarcoma and the underlying regulation and molecular mechanism of zinc have not been reported.
BACKGROUND
The zinc content in the blood and tumor tissues of patients with osteosarcoma and the underlying regulation and molecular mechanism of zinc have not been reported.
METHODS AND RESULTS
This study showed that the zinc content in the blood and tumor tissues of patients with osteosarcoma significantly reduced. CCK-8 and Transwell chamber assays revealed that zinc treatment significantly inhibited the proliferation and invasion abilities of osteosarcoma cells. Western blot analysis indicated that the expression levels of caspase-3 and caspase-9 were significantly increased, suggesting that zinc inhibited the growth and promoted the apoptosis of osteosarcoma cells. In addition, the expression levels of Wnt-3a and β-catenin, the marker proteins of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways, were significantly increased in osteosarcoma cells after zinc intervention, which demonstrated that the pathway was clearly activated. However, the effect of zinc on the apoptosis, proliferation, and invasion abilities of osteosarcoma cells was reversed when the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways was inhibited by XAV939 (Wnt antagonist) treatment.
CONCLUSIONS
This study is the first to report the changes in zinc levels in the blood and tumor tissues of patients with osteosarcoma and to preliminarily verify that zinc inhibits the proliferation and invasion and promote the apoptosis of osteosarcoma cells by inducing the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, which ultimately inhibit cancer growth.
Topics: Adolescent; Apoptosis; Bone Neoplasms; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Survival; Child; Female; Humans; Male; Osteosarcoma; Wnt Signaling Pathway; Young Adult; Zinc; Zinc Sulfate
PubMed: 32075661
DOI: 10.1186/s13018-020-01585-x -
Archives of Dermatological Research Jul 2023Immunotherapy represents a promising therapeutic option for treatment of warts. Different concentrations of Candida antigen (1/100 and 1/1000) and zinc sulfate 2% were... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Immunotherapy represents a promising therapeutic option for treatment of warts. Different concentrations of Candida antigen (1/100 and 1/1000) and zinc sulfate 2% were not previously compared regarding their efficacy in treatment of cutaneous warts. The present study compared the safety and efficacy of intralesional candida antigen versus intralesional 2% zinc sulfate for treatment of cutaneous warts. This prospective controlled clinical trial included one hundred and five patients presented with common, plantar, and plane warts. Patients were divided randomly into three groups, each group included 35 patients. Group 1 were treated with intralesional candida antigen (Ag) 1/100, Group 2 were treated with intralesional candida Ag 1/1000, and Group 3 were treated with intralesional zinc sulfate 2%. This study found that target warts of group 1 displayed higher rate of complete clearance compared to group 2 and group 3 (94.3%, 77.1, 74.2%), respectively. The present study concluded that intralesional immunotherapy with Candida antigen was more effective than Intralesional 2% zinc sulfate in treatment of cutaneous warts and less painful. Clinical trial registration number is (Clinical Trials.gov Identifier: NCT03158168).
Topics: Humans; Candida albicans; Zinc Sulfate; Treatment Outcome; Prospective Studies; Injections, Intralesional; Warts; Immunotherapy; Antigens, Fungal; Papillomaviridae
PubMed: 36567351
DOI: 10.1007/s00403-022-02499-w -
Frontiers in Pharmacology 2022Ayurveda, the indigenous medical system of India, has chemosensory property () as one of its major pharmacological metric. Medicinal plants have been classified in...
Ayurveda, the indigenous medical system of India, has chemosensory property () as one of its major pharmacological metric. Medicinal plants have been classified in Ayurveda under six /tastes-sweet, sour, saline, pungent, bitter and astringent. This study has explored for the first time, the use of Electronic tongue for studies of -based classification of medicinal plants. Seventy-eight medicinal plants, belonging to five taste categories (sweet, sour, pungent, bitter, astringent) were studied along with the reference taste standards (citric acid, hydrochloric acid, caffeine, quinine, L-alanine, glycine, β-glucose, sucrose, D-galactose, cellobiose, arabinose, maltose, mannose, lactose, xylose). The studies were carried out with the potentiometry-based Electronic tongue and the data was analysed using Principle Component Analysis, Discriminant Function Analysis, Taste Discrimination Analysis and Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy. Chemosensory similarities were observed between taste standards and the plant samples-citric acid with sour group plants, sweet category plants with sucrose, glycine, β-glucose and D-galactose. The multivariate analyses could discriminate the sweet and sour, sweet and bitter, sweet and pungent, sour and pungent plant groups. Chemosensory category of plant (classified as unknown) could also be identified. This preliminary study has indicated the possibility of fingerprinting the chemosensory-based ayurvedic classification of medicinal plants using E-tongue coupled with multivariate statistical analysis.
PubMed: 36532778
DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1025591 -
Folia Biologica 2010The aim of this study was to evaluate the dynamics of the cytotoxicity of gingival margin retraction astringents based on aluminium chloride, aluminium sulphate, and...
The aim of this study was to evaluate the dynamics of the cytotoxicity of gingival margin retraction astringents based on aluminium chloride, aluminium sulphate, and ferric sulphate (solutions and gels) in human fibroblasts isolated from gingiva. The cytocompatibility of ten astringent-based chemical retraction agents: Gingiva Liquid, Alustin, Racestypine, Orbat sensitive, Astringedent®, Alustat, Hemostat, Racécord, Gel cord and ViscoStat®, in dilutions of 1 : 10 and 1 : 20, with human gingival fibroblasts was investigated. The MTT assay was performed to determine oxidoreductive mitochondrial function after 3, 5, 10 min and 24 h of incubation. Cell viability was determined according to the chemical group, concentration, exposure time, and the clinical form of the gingival retraction agents. Ferric sulphate- based agents were the most cytotoxic, followed by aluminium chloride and aluminium sulphate. The form of the astrigents influenced cell viability. The evaluated astringents may have cytotoxic potential for gingival margin tissues under clinical conditions.
Topics: Alum Compounds; Aluminum Chloride; Aluminum Compounds; Astringents; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Chlorides; Coloring Agents; Ferric Compounds; Fibroblasts; Gingiva; Humans; Oxidation-Reduction; Tetrazolium Salts; Thiazoles
PubMed: 21324268
DOI: No ID Found