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Environmental Science and Pollution... Aug 2021This study is on photocatalytic degradation of pharmaceutical residues of atenolol (ATL) and acetaminophen (ACT) present in secondary effluent under visible light...
This study is on photocatalytic degradation of pharmaceutical residues of atenolol (ATL) and acetaminophen (ACT) present in secondary effluent under visible light irradiation stimulated by Ag doped ZnO (Ag-ZnO) photocatalyst. Lawsonia inermis leaf extract was used for reduction of Zinc sulphate to ZnO nanoparticles (NPs). Further, ZnO NPs were doped with Ag and characterized by XRD, FT-IR, SEM-EDX, surface area analyzer, UV-Vis, and photoluminescence spectrometry to analyze the structure, morphology, chemical composition, and optical property. FT-IR analysis revealed major functional groups such as OH, C=O, and SEM analysis depicted the polyhedron shape of the NPs with size range of 100 nm. Ag-ZnO NPs were used in the photocatalytic degradation of ATL and ACT, and its removal was evaluated by varying initial contaminant concentration, catalyst dosage, and initial pH. Findings indicate that Ag-ZnO NPs demonstrated relative narrow bandgap and efficient charge separation that resulted in enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible light illumination. The photocatalytic degradation of ATL and ACT fitted well with pseudo-first-order kinetic model. Further, it was found that under optimal conditions of 5 mg/L of contaminants, pH of 8.5, and catalyst dose of 1 g/L, degradation efficiency of 70.2% (ATL) and 90.8% (ACT) was achieved for a reaction time of 120 min. More than 60% reduction in TOC was observed for both contaminants and OH• pathway was found to be the major removal process. Ag-ZnO photocatalyst showed good recycling performance, and these findings indicate that it could be cost effectively employed for removing emerging contaminants under visible light radiation.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Atenolol; Catalysis; Light; Silver; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Zinc Oxide
PubMed: 33763832
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13532-2 -
Molecular Pharmaceutics Feb 2020The mechanisms of drug clearance from the aqueous humor are poorly defined. In this study, a cocktail approach was used to simultaneously determine the pharmacokinetics...
The mechanisms of drug clearance from the aqueous humor are poorly defined. In this study, a cocktail approach was used to simultaneously determine the pharmacokinetics of three β-blocker agents after intracameral (ic) injection into the rabbit eyes. Aqueous humor samples were collected and analyzed using LC-MS/MS to determine drug concentrations. Pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained using a compartmental fitting approach, and the estimated clearance, volume of distribution, and half-life values were the following: atenolol (6.44 μL/min, 687 μL, and 73.87 min), timolol (19.30 μL/min, 937 μL, and 33.64 min), and betaxolol (32.20 μL/min, 1421 μL, and 30.58 min). Increased compound lipophilicity (atenolol < timolol < betaxolol) resulted in higher clearance and volume of distributions in the aqueous humor. Clearance of timolol and betaxolol is about 10 times higher than the aqueous humor outflow, demonstrating the importance of other elimination routes (e.g., uptake to iris and ciliary body and subsequent elimination via blood flow).
Topics: Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Antagonists; Animals; Aqueous Humor; Atenolol; Betaxolol; Chromatography, Liquid; Drug Combinations; Half-Life; Injections, Intraocular; Intraocular Pressure; Male; Metabolic Clearance Rate; Rabbits; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Timolol; Tissue Distribution
PubMed: 31794668
DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b01024 -
Acta Pharmaceutica (Zagreb, Croatia) Sep 2008Multi-drug tablets of amlodipine besylate and atenolol were prepared as either mono-layer (mixed matrix) or bilayer tablets containing each drug in a separate layer by... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Multi-drug tablets of amlodipine besylate and atenolol were prepared as either mono-layer (mixed matrix) or bilayer tablets containing each drug in a separate layer by using similar excipients and processing. Each tablet batch was packed in strip and blister packs and kept under accelerated temperature and humidity conditions. The stability of two tablet and packaging types was compared by HPLC analysis after 0, 1, 3 and 4.5 months and expressed as the content of intact amlodipine and atenolol. The content of atenolol did not decline regardless of tablet and packaging type. Amlodipine content in bi-layer tablets decreased to about 95 and 88% when packed in strips and blisters, respectively. When prepared as mono-layer tablets, the content decreased to 72 and 32%, respectively.The study revealed that the bi-layer tablet formulation was more stable than the mono-layer type. Further, the stability was increased when the tablets were packed in aluminium strips as compared to PVC blisters.
Topics: Aluminum; Amlodipine; Atenolol; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Drug Compounding; Drug Packaging; Drug Stability; Excipients; Humidity; Polyvinyl Chloride; Reproducibility of Results; Tablets; Technology, Pharmaceutical; Temperature
PubMed: 19103566
DOI: 10.2478/v10007-008-0012-5 -
Clinical Journal of the American... Apr 2015Whether improvements in arterial compliance with BP lowering are because of BP reduction alone or if pleiotropic effects of antihypertensive agents contribute remains... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Whether improvements in arterial compliance with BP lowering are because of BP reduction alone or if pleiotropic effects of antihypertensive agents contribute remains unclear. It was hypothesized that, among patients on hemodialysis, compared with a β-blocker (atenolol), a lisinopril-based therapy will better reduce arterial stiffness.
DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS
Among 200 participants of the Hypertension in Hemodialysis Patients Treated with Atenolol or Lisinopril Trial, 179 patients with valid assessment of aortic pulse wave velocity at baseline (89 patients randomly assigned to open-label lisinopril and 90 patients randomly assigned to atenolol three times a week after dialysis) were included in the secondary analysis. Among them, 109 patients had a valid pulse wave velocity measurement at 6 months. Monthly measured home BP was targeted to <140/90 mmHg by addition of antihypertensive drugs and dry weight adjustment. The difference between drugs in percentage change of aortic pulse wave velocity from baseline to 6 months was analyzed.
RESULTS
Contrary to the hypothesis, atenolol-based treatment induced greater reduction in aortic pulse wave velocity relative to lisinopril (between drug difference, 14.8%; 95% confidence interval, 1.5% to 28.5%; P=0.03). Reduction in 44-hour ambulatory systolic and diastolic BP was no different between groups (median [25th, 75th percentile]; atenolol: -21.5 [-37.7, -7.6] versus lisinopril: -15.8 [-28.8, -1.5] mmHg; P=0.27 for systolic BP; -14.1 [-22.6, -5.3] versus -10.9 [-18.4, -0.9] mmHg, respectively; P=0.30 for diastolic BP). Between-drug difference in change of aortic pulse wave velocity persisted after adjustments for age, sex, race, other cardiovascular risk factors, and baseline ambulatory systolic BP but disappeared after adjustment for change in ambulatory systolic BP (11.8%; 95% confidence interval, -2.3% to 25.9%; P=0.10).
CONCLUSIONS
Among patients on dialysis, atenolol was superior in improving arterial stiffness. However, differences between atenolol and lisinopril in improving aortic stiffness among patients on hemodialysis may be explained by BP-lowering effects of drugs.
Topics: Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Antagonists; Adult; Aged; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Antihypertensive Agents; Atenolol; Blood Pressure; Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory; Female; Humans; Indiana; Kidney Diseases; Lisinopril; Male; Middle Aged; Pulse Wave Analysis; Renal Dialysis; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome; Vascular Stiffness
PubMed: 25784174
DOI: 10.2215/CJN.09981014 -
British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Oct 1997Tedisamil is a new blocker of K+ currents in cardiac tissues, exerts bradycardic effects and has shown clinical efficacy in angina pectoris. Theoretically, when... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial Comparative Study Randomized Controlled Trial
AIMS
Tedisamil is a new blocker of K+ currents in cardiac tissues, exerts bradycardic effects and has shown clinical efficacy in angina pectoris. Theoretically, when coadministered with a beta-adrenoceptor blocker the tedisamil combination could induce dangerous bradycardia and QT interval prolongation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of tedisamil and atenolol alone and in combination, on heart rate and QT interval duration at rest and during exercise tests.
METHODS
The effects of tedisamil (100 mg twice daily) and atenolol (50 mg twice daily) on heart rate and QT interval duration were analysed in a three-period crossover study in healthy male volunteers.
RESULTS
This study showed that tedisamil exerted a significant (P<0.05) bradycardic action at rest (-10 beats min(-1); 95% CI: -6 to -15 beats min(-1)) similar to atenolol (-14 beats min(-1); -11 to -17) and drug combination (-9 beats min(-1); -6 to -12). During exercise, at the highest comparable workload, heart rate did not decrease significantly with tedisamil but decreased significantly with atenolol (-42 beats min(-1); -37 to -47) and combination (-47 beats min(-1); -41 to 52). Atenolol did not modify QT interval duration. Tedisamil alone and in combination with atenolol increased QT interval duration by 12% (95% CI: 7 to 17%) and 12% (8 to 16) respectively at RR=1000 ms, but not at RR<700 ms (combination). Tedisamil alone and in combination induced a reverse rate-dependent QT interval prolongation.
CONCLUSIONS
These results indicate that the combination of tedisamil and atenolol is not associated with excessive bradycardia or excessive QT interval prolongation in healthy subjects.
Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Adult; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Area Under Curve; Atenolol; Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic; Cyclopropanes; Diarrhea; Drug Combinations; Electrocardiography; Exercise Test; Half-Life; Heart Rate; Humans; Male; Metabolic Clearance Rate
PubMed: 9354317
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2125.1997.t01-1-00603.x -
Daru : Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy,... Dec 2022Affordable access to quality medicines is a critical target of global efforts to achieve universal health coverage. The aim of this study is to measure the affordability...
PURPOSE
Affordable access to quality medicines is a critical target of global efforts to achieve universal health coverage. The aim of this study is to measure the affordability and accessibility of cardiovascular medicines in the city of Herat, Afghanistan.
METHODS
The price, affordability, and availability data for 18 most sold generic (MSG) and lowest priced generic (LPG) products were collected from public and private pharmacies located in Herat city in Afghanistan in 2020, which in each area, six pharmacies were randomly selected from a combination of public and private ones based on the standardized methodology developed by WHO/HAI. According to this methodology on Medicine Prices, Accessibility, and Affordability, the minimum daily wage of an unskilled governmental worker, and the price of each type of cardiovascular medicines for one-month use were calculated separately. If the cost of the treatment was more than the minimum daily wage, the medicine was considered unaffordable.
RESULTS
The mean availability score for lowest price generic (LPG) in public and private pharmacies and based on the countries of origin including Iran, Pakistan, and India was 60%, 46%, and 31%, respectively. Of the 18 medicines surveyed, just Atenolol (Iranian brand) was found in all 30 pharmacies on the day of data collection. All Indian- brand medicines were less than fifty percent available in any of the surveyed public and private pharmacies. Among the medicines exported to Afghanistan, the population of Herat used more medicines made by Pakistan compared to India and Iran (MSG). Indian medicines were the most expensive ones and the Iranian medicines were the cheapest. A wage of less than one day was enough to afford one-month supply of generic medicines at the lowest price.
CONCLUSION
Access of patients to cardiovascular medicines in Afghanistan was 46% in this study which is regarded as low access. Most of available cardiovascular medicines in the market of this country were made in Iran, Pakistan and India. Although the Iranian ones were the cheapest, but people used more Pakistani medicines. LPG products were affordable to the studied population.
Topics: Humans; Afghanistan; Atenolol; Costs and Cost Analysis; Iran
PubMed: 36385235
DOI: 10.1007/s40199-022-00454-8 -
British Medical Journal Oct 1975The effect of atenolol, a new beta-1-adrenergic receptor blocking agent, was studied in a double-blind cross-over trial in 24 carefully selected hypertensive... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial Randomized Controlled Trial
The effect of atenolol, a new beta-1-adrenergic receptor blocking agent, was studied in a double-blind cross-over trial in 24 carefully selected hypertensive outpatients. After a four-week run-in period on matching placebo each patient received atenolol 200 mg/day, atenolol 400 mg/day, a combination of atenolol 200/mg day with bendrofluazide 5 mg/day, and bendrofluazide 5 mg/day alone, according to a random sequence. Atenolol at either dose produced a significantly greater reduction in all blood pressure levels except standing systolic pressure than bendrofluazide alone. There was no statistically significant difference between the effects of the two atenolol doses on either blood pressure or pulse rate. The addition of bendrofluazide to atenolol resulted in a further significant lowering of the blood pressure. A significant effect of thiazide on weight was noted. The study shows that atenolol, a cardioselective beta-blocker of similar potency to propranolol in animals but without membrane-stabilizing or partial agonist acitivity, is an effective and well-tolerated hypotensive agent.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Atenolol; Bendroflumethiazide; Body Weight; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Evaluation; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Middle Aged; Placebos; Propanolamines
PubMed: 1104047
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.4.5989.133 -
European Stroke Journal Mar 2023Hypertension is the leading modifiable risk factor for cerebral small vessel diseases (SVDs). Yet, it is unknown whether antihypertensive drug classes differentially...
The EffecTs of Amlodipine and other Blood PREssure Lowering Agents on Microvascular FuncTion in Small Vessel Diseases (TREAT-SVDs) trial: Study protocol for a randomised crossover trial.
BACKGROUND
Hypertension is the leading modifiable risk factor for cerebral small vessel diseases (SVDs). Yet, it is unknown whether antihypertensive drug classes differentially affect microvascular function in SVDs.
AIMS
To test whether amlodipine has a beneficial effect on microvascular function when compared to either losartan or atenolol, and whether losartan has a beneficial effect when compared to atenolol in patients with symptomatic SVDs.
DESIGN
TREAT-SVDs is an investigator-led, prospective, open-label, randomised crossover trial with blinded endpoint assessment (PROBE design) conducted at five study sites across Europe. Patients aged 18 years or older with symptomatic SVD who have an indication for antihypertensive treatment and are suffering from either sporadic SVD and a history of lacunar stroke or vascular cognitive impairment (group A) or CADASIL (group B) are randomly allocated 1:1:1 to one of three sequences of antihypertensive treatment. Patients stop their regular antihypertensive medication for a 2-week run-in period followed by 4-week periods of monotherapy with amlodipine, losartan and atenolol in random order as open-label medication in standard dose.
OUTCOMES
The primary outcome measure is cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) as determined by blood oxygen level dependent brain MRI signal response to hypercapnic challenge with change in CVR in normal appearing white matter as primary endpoint. Secondary outcome measures are mean systolic blood pressure (BP) and BP variability (BPv).
DISCUSSION
TREAT-SVDs will provide insights into the effects of different antihypertensive drugs on CVR, BP, and BPv in patients with symptomatic sporadic and hereditary SVDs.
FUNDING
European Union's Horizon 2020 programme.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
NCT03082014.
Topics: Humans; Amlodipine; Antihypertensive Agents; Blood Pressure; Atenolol; Losartan; Cross-Over Studies; Prospective Studies; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 37021189
DOI: 10.1177/23969873221143570 -
Medicine Jun 2016Propranolol, a lipophilic nonselective β-blocker, has recently been reported to be the treatment of choice for select types of infantile hemangiomas (IHs). Atenolol is...
Propranolol, a lipophilic nonselective β-blocker, has recently been reported to be the treatment of choice for select types of infantile hemangiomas (IHs). Atenolol is a hydrophilic, selective β1-blocker and therefore may be not associated with side effects attributable to β2-adrenergic receptor blockade and lipophilicity. However, the efficacy and safety of atenolol in the treatment of IH are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of atenolol in the treatment of proliferating IHs.A study of 76 infants between the ages of 5 to 20 weeks with superficial or mixed IH was conducted between August 2013 and March 2015. Oral atenolol was administered in a progressive schedule to 1 mg/kg per day in a single dose. Efficacy was assessed using the Hemangioma Activity Score (HAS) at weeks 0, 1, 4, 12, and 24. Safety was evaluated at weeks 0, 1, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24.In total, 70 patients completed 24 weeks of treatment. IH growth abruptly stopped for 93.4% of patients within the fourth week of treatment with atenolol. In ulcerated IHs, complete healing of the ulcerations occurred in an average treatment time of 5.5 weeks. Atenolol treatment promoted dramatic decreases in HAS scores after week 1. An "excellent" treatment response (compete or nearly complete resolution of the IH) was observed in 56.5% of patients at week 24. No significant hypoglycemia, bronchospasm, bradycardia, or hypotension occurred. The most common adverse event was diarrhea, followed by agitation and sleep disturbance.This study demonstrated that atenolol was effective and safe at a dose of 1 mg/kg per day for 24 weeks in the treatment of proliferating IHs.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Antagonists; Atenolol; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Hemangioma, Capillary; Humans; Infant; Male; Neoplastic Syndromes, Hereditary; Prospective Studies; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 27310994
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000003908 -
Journal of the American College of... Oct 2018
Topics: Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; Atenolol; Dilatation; Humans; Losartan; Marfan Syndrome
PubMed: 30261964
DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.07.051