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Canadian Medical Association Journal Feb 1964
Topics: Atropine; Humans; Hypoxia
PubMed: 14118697
DOI: No ID Found -
Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology...The purpose of this study was to assess the dose-response effects of low-dose atropine on myopia progression and safety in pediatric subjects with mild-to-moderate... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to assess the dose-response effects of low-dose atropine on myopia progression and safety in pediatric subjects with mild-to-moderate myopia.
METHODS
This phase II, randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled study compared the efficacy and safety of atropine 0.0025%, 0.005%, and 0.01% with placebo in 99 children, aged 6-11 years, with mild-to-moderate myopia. Subjects received 1 drop in each eye at bedtime. The primary efficacy endpoint was change in spherical equivalent (SE), while secondary endpoints included changes in axial length (AL) and near logMAR (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution) visual acuity and adverse effects.
RESULTS
The mean±SD changes in SE from baseline to 12 months in the placebo and atropine 0.0025%, 0.005%, and 0.01% groups were -0.55±0.471, -0.55±0.337, -0.33±0.473, and -0.39±0.519 D, respectively. The least squares mean differences (atropine-placebo) in the atropine 0.0025%, 0.005%, and 0.01% groups were 0.11 D ( P =0.246), 0.23 D ( P =0.009), and 0.25 D ( P =0.006), respectively. Compared with placebo, the mean change in AL was significantly greater for atropine 0.005% (-0.09 mm, P =0.012) and 0.01% (-0.10 mm, P =0.003). There were no significant changes in near visual acuity in any of the treatment groups. The most common ocular adverse events were pruritus and blurred vision, each occurring in 4 (5.5%) atropine-treated children. Changes in mean pupil size and amplitude of accommodation were minimal.
CONCLUSIONS
Atropine doses of 0.005% and 0.01% effectively reduced myopia progression in children but no effect was noted with 0.0025%. All doses of atropine were safe and well tolerated.
Topics: Humans; Child; Administration, Topical; Ophthalmic Solutions; Atropine; Myopia; Refraction, Ocular; Axial Length, Eye; Disease Progression
PubMed: 37523428
DOI: 10.1097/APO.0000000000000609 -
Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia Mar 2023To determine if the administration of atropine would reduce the measured minimum anaesthetic concentration of isoflurane (MAC) in freshwater turtles - the yellow-bellied...
OBJECTIVE
To determine if the administration of atropine would reduce the measured minimum anaesthetic concentration of isoflurane (MAC) in freshwater turtles - the yellow-bellied slider (Trachemys scripta scripta).
STUDY DESIGN
Paired, blinded, randomized, prospective studies of 1) the effect of atropine in isoflurane anaesthetized freshwater turtles (T. scripta scripta) and 2) the effect of atropine in yellow-bellied sliders in which anaesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane.
ANIMALS
T. scripta scripta (n = 8), female, adult.
METHODS
Atropine (2 mg kg) or an isovolumetric control injection of saline was administered intraperitoneally 15 minutes prior to induction of anaesthesia with isoflurane. Individual MAC was then determined by end-tidal gas analysis in a bracketing design by an experimenter blinded to the administered drug, with a 2 week washout period. The experiment was repeated, with atropine (2 mg kg) or saline administered intravascularly in combination with propofol for anaesthetic induction. Linear mixed modelling was used to determine the effects of atropine and propofol on the individual MAC. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation.
RESULTS
Premedication with atropine significantly reduced MAC (p = 0.0039). In isoflurane-induced T. scripta scripta, MAC decreased from 4.2 ± 0.4% to 3.3 ± 0.8% when atropine had been administered. Propofol as an induction agent had a MAC-sparing effect (p < 0.001) such that MAC following propofol and a control injection of saline was 2.3 ± 1.0%, which decreased further to 1.5 ± 0.8% when propofol was combined with atropine.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Atropine, presumably by inhibiting parasympathetically mediated pulmonary artery constriction, decreases right-to-left cardiac shunting and the MAC in yellow-bellied sliders, and thereby may facilitate control of inhalant anaesthesia. Propofol can be used for induction of anaesthesia and reduces the required concentration of inhaled anaesthesia assessed 1.5 hours following induction.
Topics: Animals; Female; Anesthetics; Atropine; Fresh Water; Isoflurane; Propofol; Prospective Studies; Turtles
PubMed: 36739261
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2021.10.008 -
Eye (London, England) Feb 2014Myopia has been increasing in prevalence throughout the world, reaching over 90% in some East Asian populations. There is increasing evidence that whereas genetics... (Review)
Review
Myopia has been increasing in prevalence throughout the world, reaching over 90% in some East Asian populations. There is increasing evidence that whereas genetics clearly have an important role, the type of visual environment to which one is exposed to likely influences the onset, progression, and cessation of myopia. Consequently, attempts to either modify the environment or to reduce the exposure of the eye to various environmental stimuli to eye growth through the use of various optical devices are well under way at research centers around the globe. The most promising of current treatments include low-percentage atropine, bifocal soft contact lenses, orthokeratology, and multifocal spectacles. These methods are discussed briefly and are then categorized in terms of their expected degree of myopia progression control. A clinical strategy is presented for selecting the most effective treatment for the appropriate type of patient at the optimal stage of refractive development to achieve the maximum control of myopia progression.
Topics: Atropine; Contact Lenses; Disease Progression; Humans; Mydriatics; Myopia; Orthokeratologic Procedures
PubMed: 24357844
DOI: 10.1038/eye.2013.259 -
Journal of AAPOS : the Official... Apr 2021Atropine and patching are standard treatments for amblyopia, but the prevalence of atropine therapy in the United States is unknown. This study used the OptumLabs Data...
Atropine and patching are standard treatments for amblyopia, but the prevalence of atropine therapy in the United States is unknown. This study used the OptumLabs Data Warehouse to evaluate pharmacy claims for topical atropine to evaluate the frequency of its treatment for amblyopia and to compare demographic factors in cohorts of amblyopic children who were and were not prescribed atropine. Overall, 55.2% of amblyopic children were prescribed atropine more than once. The children who were prescribed atropine had a higher likelihood of living in geographic regions in the South or Midwest.
Topics: Amblyopia; Atropine; Child; Data Warehousing; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Mydriatics; Sensory Deprivation; Treatment Outcome; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 33348039
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2020.11.003 -
British Journal of Anaesthesia Dec 1981The effects of glycopyrrolate 10 microgram kg-1 i.v. given at induction of anaesthesia were compared with those of atropine 20 microgram kg-1 i.v. given at induction and... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial Comparative Study Randomized Controlled Trial
The effects of glycopyrrolate 10 microgram kg-1 i.v. given at induction of anaesthesia were compared with those of atropine 20 microgram kg-1 i.v. given at induction and oral atropine 30 microgram kg-1 given 90 min before operation. Antisialagogue effect, changes in axillary temperature, heart rate, frequency of cardiac arrhythmia and postoperative restlessness were determined. Patients who had received oral atropine had more pharyngeal secretions, a lower heart rate and a greater frequency of cardiac arrhythmia than when either atropine or glycopyrrolate was given i.v. Secretions were significantly less during operation when i.v. glycopyrrolate was used.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Atropine; Body Temperature; Child; Child, Preschool; Depression, Chemical; Glycopyrrolate; Heart Rate; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Preanesthetic Medication; Pyrrolidines; Salivation
PubMed: 7317246
DOI: 10.1093/bja/53.12.1273 -
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Nov 2023The muscarinic cholinergic antagonist atropine is the most widely used pharmacological treatment for the visual disorder myopia (short-sightedness), the leading cause of...
The muscarinic cholinergic antagonist atropine is the most widely used pharmacological treatment for the visual disorder myopia (short-sightedness), the leading cause of low-vision worldwide. This study sought to better define the mechanism by which atropine inhibits myopic growth. Although classified as a muscarinic-cholinergic antagonist, atropine has been found to bind and modulate the activity of several non-cholinergic systems (e.g., serotonin). Thus, this study investigated whether the serotonergic system could underly atropine's anti-myopic effects. Using a chick model of myopia, we report that atropine's growth-inhibitory effects can be attenuated by pharmacological stimulation of the serotonin system. This may suggest that atropine can slow the development of myopia through inhibiting serotonergic receptor activity. We also observed that pharmacological antagonism of serotonergic receptors inhibits the development of experimental myopia in a dose-dependent manner, further demonstrating that modulation of serotonergic receptor activity can alter ocular growth rates. Finally, we found that neither experimental myopia, nor atropine treatment, induced a significant change in retinal serotonergic output (i.e., synthesis, transport, release and catabolism). This may suggest that, although myopic growth can be inhibited through modulation of serotonergic receptor activity (by atropine or serotonergic antagonists), this does not require a change in serotonin levels. These findings regarding a serotonergic mechanism for atropine may have significant ramifications for the treatment of human myopia. This includes assessing the use of atropine in patients who are also undergoing treatment to upregulate serotonergic signaling (e.g., serotonergic anti-depressants).
Topics: Humans; Serotonin; Myopia; Muscarinic Antagonists; Atropine; Retina
PubMed: 37742601
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115542 -
Biomedical Journal Dec 2015The treatment of amblyopia, particularly anisometropic (difference in refractive correction) and/or strabismic (turn of one eye) amblyopia has long been a challenge for... (Review)
Review
The treatment of amblyopia, particularly anisometropic (difference in refractive correction) and/or strabismic (turn of one eye) amblyopia has long been a challenge for many clinicians. Achieving optimum outcomes, where the amblyopic eye reaches a visual acuity similar to the fellow eye, is often impossible in many patients. Part of this challenge has resulted from a previous lack of scientific evidence for amblyopia treatment that was highlight by a systematic review by Snowdon et al. in 1998. Since this review, a number of publications have revealed new findings in the treatment of amblyopia. This includes the finding that less intensive occlusion treatments can be successful in treating amblyopia. A relationship between adherence to treatment and visual acuity has also been established and has been shown to be influenced by the use of intervention material. In addition, there is growing evidence of that a period of glasses wearing only can significantly improve visual acuity alone without any other modes of treatment. This review article reports findings since the Snowdon's report.
Topics: Acupuncture Therapy; Amblyopia; Atropine; Humans; Refractometry; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 27013450
DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2015.06.001 -
Scientific Reports Dec 2022Myopia is a leading cause of visual impairment in young people worldwide. It sometimes increases the risk of blindness and reduces life quality. Previous reports have...
Myopia is a leading cause of visual impairment in young people worldwide. It sometimes increases the risk of blindness and reduces life quality. Previous reports have revealed the treatment effects of defocus-incorporated multiple segments (DIMS) and topical atropine (ATP) on myopia control. However, no study has evaluated these two interventions together. In this retrospective study, we aimed to determine whether the combination of DIMS lenses and 0.01% ATP can slow the progression of myopia compared with DIMS lenses or single vision (SV) lenses alone. We included 107 children with myopia who were treated with DIMS and 0.01% ATP combination (DIMS + ATP group), DIMS monotherapy (DIMS group), or a control group (SV group). We compared treatment effects among three groups in axial length and myopia progression. After a 1-year follow-up, the DIMS + ATP group showed a smaller change in axial length and myopia progression than the DIMS and SV groups (P < 0.05). Hence, combination treatment with DIMS and 0.01% ATP might be a better choice for children with myopia.
Topics: Child; Humans; Adolescent; Atropine; Retrospective Studies; Refraction, Ocular; Myopia; Eyeglasses; Adenosine Triphosphate; Disease Progression
PubMed: 36566245
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25599-z -
BMC Ophthalmology Mar 2023The effectiveness of cycloplegia in delaying the progression of myopia and its application in refractive examination in children have been extensively studied, but there... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
BACKGROUND
The effectiveness of cycloplegia in delaying the progression of myopia and its application in refractive examination in children have been extensively studied, but there are still few studies on the effects of atropine/tropicamide on ocular biological parameters. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the effects of atropine/tropicamide on children's ocular biological parameters in different age groups and the differences between them.
METHODS
This was a prospective observational study in which all school children were examined for dioptres and ocular biological parameters in the outpatient clinic, and 1% atropine or tropicamide was used for treatment. After examination, we enrolled the patients grouped by age (age from 2 to 12 years treated by atropine, 55 cases; age from 2 to 10 years treated by tropicamide, 70 cases; age from 14 to 17 years treated by tropicamide, 70 cases). The ocular biological parameters of each patient before and after cycloplegia were measured, and the difference and its absolute value were calculated for statistical analysis using an independent-samples t test.
RESULTS
We compared the value and the absolute value of the differences in ocular biological parameters before and after cycloplegia in the same age group, and we found that the differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). There were significant differences in the corresponding values of AL, K1 and ACD among the different age groups (P < 0.05). Before cycloplegia, there were significant differences in AL, K, K1, K2 and ACD in different age groups (P < 0.05). However, the differences in AL, K, K1, K2 and ACD among different age groups disappeared after cycloplegia (P > 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
This study demonstrated that atropine/tropicamide have different effects on cycloplegia in children of different ages. The effects of atropine/tropicamide on ocular biological parameters should be fully considered when evaluating the refractive state before refractive surgery or mydriasis optometry for children of different ages.
Topics: Humans; Child; Child, Preschool; Adolescent; Tropicamide; Atropine; Mydriatics; Refraction, Ocular; Ciliary Body; Presbyopia
PubMed: 36915059
DOI: 10.1186/s12886-023-02840-5