-
Cell Biology and Toxicology Aug 2023Awareness is growing that, besides several neurotoxic effects, cholinomimetic drugs able to interfere the cholinergic neurotransmitter system may exert a teratogen...
Awareness is growing that, besides several neurotoxic effects, cholinomimetic drugs able to interfere the cholinergic neurotransmitter system may exert a teratogen effect in developing embryos of vertebrate and invertebrate organisms. Cholinomimetic substances exert their toxic activity on organisms as they inhibit the functionality of the cholinergic system by completely or partially replacing the ACh molecule both at the level of the AChE active site and at the level of acetylcholine receptors. In this work, we focused the attention on the effects of muscarinic antagonist (atropine) and agonist (carbachol) drugs during the early development and ontogenesis of chick embryos. An unsteady-state mathematical model of the drug release and fate was developed, to synchronize exposure to a gradient of drug concentrations with the different developmental events. Since concentration measures in time and space cannot be taken without damaging the embryo itself, the diffusion model was the only way to establish at each time-step the exact concentration of drug at the different points of the embryo body (considered two-dimensional up to the 50 h stage). This concentration depends on the distance and position of the embryo with respect to the releasing source. The exposure to carbachol generally enhanced dimensions and stages of the embryos, while atropine mainly caused delay in development and small size of the embryos. Both the drugs were able to cause developmental anomalies, depending on the moment of development, in a time- and dose-dependent way, regardless the expression of genes driving each event. 1. Early chick embryos were exposed to muscarinic drugs in a spatial-temporal context. 2. Effects were stage-(time) dependent, according to distance and position of the source. 3. Atropine inhibited growth, mainly interfering with the cephalic process formation and heart differentiation; carbachol increased growth reducing differentiation. 4. Interferences may be exerted by alteration of calcium responses to naturally occurring morphogen-driven mechanisms.
Topics: Animals; Chick Embryo; Carbachol; Receptors, Muscarinic; Cholinergic Agents; Atropine; Models, Theoretical
PubMed: 36098822
DOI: 10.1007/s10565-022-09770-w -
British Medical Journal Jun 1978
Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Atropine; Humans; Isoproterenol
PubMed: 26449
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.6127.1623-c -
PloS One 2021The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused many children to stay indoors. Increased near work and insufficient outdoor activities are considered...
PURPOSE
The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused many children to stay indoors. Increased near work and insufficient outdoor activities are considered important risk factors for myopic progression. This study aimed to compare the changes in myopic progression before and after COVID-19 in children treated with low-concentration atropine.
METHODS
The records of 103 eyes of 103 children who were treated with low-concentration atropine eye drops were retrospectively reviewed. We classified children according to the concentration of atropine eye drops and children's age. The beginning of the pre-COVID-19 period was set from January 2019 to May 2019, and the endpoint was set in March 2020. The beginning of the post-COVID-19 period was set in March 2020, and the endpoint was set from January 2021 to March 2021. We evaluated the questionnaires administered to children's parents.
RESULTS
A significant myopic progression was observed in the post-COVID-19 period compared to the pre-COVID-19 period in the 0.05% and 0.025% atropine groups (P < 0.001 and P = 0.020, respectively). For children aged 5 to 7 and 8 to 10 years, the axial elongations were significantly faster in the post-COVID-19 period than in the pre-COVID-19 period (P = 0.022 and P = 0.005, respectively). However, the rates of axial elongation and myopic progression were not significantly different between pre- and post-COVID-19 in children aged 11 to 15 years (P = 0.065 and P = 0.792, respectively). The average time spent using computers and smartphones and reading time were significantly increased, and the times of physical and outdoor activity were significantly decreased in the post-COVID-19 period compared to the pre-COVID-19 period.
CONCLUSIONS
The rates of myopic progression have increased substantially after the spread of COVID-19 with an increase in the home confinement of children. Therefore, it is necessary to control the environmental risk factors for myopia, even in children undergoing treatment for the inhibition of myopic progression.
Topics: Adolescent; Atropine; COVID-19; Child; Communicable Disease Control; Computers; Humans; Myopia; Ophthalmic Solutions; Pandemics; Republic of Korea; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Smartphone
PubMed: 34520481
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257480 -
The Journal of Family Planning and... Jan 2011
Topics: Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Atropine; Bradycardia; Clinical Competence; Female; Humans; Intrauterine Devices; Pain
PubMed: 21367713
DOI: 10.1136/jfprhc.2010.0029 -
The Journal of Family Planning and... Apr 2011
Topics: Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Atropine; Bradycardia; Clinical Competence; Emergency Medical Services; Female; Humans; Intrauterine Devices; Practice Guidelines as Topic
PubMed: 21454273
DOI: 10.1136/jfprhc.2011.0086 -
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1991The authors investigated the cardiovascular effects of low doses of nitroprusside, dobutamine, and phenylephrine and a beta-adrenergic blocking dose of propranolol in...
The authors investigated the cardiovascular effects of low doses of nitroprusside, dobutamine, and phenylephrine and a beta-adrenergic blocking dose of propranolol in conscious, healthy horses with and without prior atropine administration. A parasympathetic blocking dose of atropine produced significant increases in heart rate and arterial pressures, and decreased stroke volume, ejection fraction, pulse pressure, and right-ventricular end-diastolic pressure and volume. Cardiac output was not changed by atropine administration. Nitroprusside reduced arterial pressures to a greater extent in atropinized horses but increased heart rate in both atropinized and non-atropinized horses. Dobutamine increased mean arterial pressure in both non-atropinized and atropinized horses but increased heart rate, diastolic arterial pressure, and systemic vascular resistance only in atropinized horses. Propranolol did not affect any of the hemodynamic variables that were measured. Phenylephrine, in the presence of beta-adrenergic blockade, increased mean arterial pressure and reduced cardiac output. This study showed that low doses of nitroprusside, dobutamine, and phenylephrine produce significant hemodynamic effects in conscious, healthy horses and that these effects are modified by prevailing parasympathetic tone.
Topics: Animals; Atropine; Blood Pressure; Cardiac Output; Cardiovascular Agents; Dobutamine; Female; Heart Rate; Hemodynamics; Horses; Nitroprusside; Phenylephrine; Propranolol; Stroke Volume; Vascular Resistance
PubMed: 2061869
DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1991.tb00936.x -
Medicine Jun 2022Orthokeratology (OK) has a significant effect on the control of myopia progression, and has been accepted by doctors and patients. A small number of studies have shown...
BACKGROUND
Orthokeratology (OK) has a significant effect on the control of myopia progression, and has been accepted by doctors and patients. A small number of studies have shown that the combination of OK and atropine can enhance myopia control. However, owing to individual differences, research groups, drug concentrations, and research design differences, the safety and effectiveness of the combined treatment still need to be verified. Therefore, the present meta-analysis aimed to determine the effect of 0.01% atropine on ocular axial elongation in myopic children.
METHODS
We searched the PubMed, Cochrane Library, and CBM databases from inception to March 1, 2022. Meta-analysis will be conducted using STATA version 14.0 and Review Manager version 5.3 softwares. We calculated the weighted mean differences (WMD) to analyze the change in ocular axial length (AL) between orthokeratology combined with 0.01% atropine (OKA) and OK alone. Cochran's Q-statistic and I2 test were used to evaluate the potential heterogeneity between studies. A sensitivity analysis was performed to evaluate the influence of single studies on the overall estimate. We will also perform subgroup and meta-regression analyses to investigate potential sources of heterogeneity. We will conduct Begger's funnel plots and Egger's linear regression tests to investigate the publication bias.
RESULTS
This systematic review aimed to determine the effect of 0.01% atropine on ocular axial elongation in children with myopia.
CONCLUSIONS
These findings provide helpful evidence for the effect of 0.01% atropine on ocular axial elongation in myopic children.
Topics: Atropine; Axial Length, Eye; Child; Ear Diseases; Humans; Meta-Analysis as Topic; Myopia; Orthokeratologic Procedures; Refraction, Ocular; Systematic Reviews as Topic
PubMed: 35665735
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000029409 -
Anesthesiology Jun 1976
Review
Topics: Acute Disease; Animals; Arrhythmia, Sinus; Atropine; Bradycardia; Chemoreceptor Cells; Coronary Disease; Electrolytes; Heart; Heart Conduction System; Hemodynamics; Humans; Mechanoreceptors; Myocardial Infarction; Pressoreceptors; Purkinje Fibers; Reflex; Vagus Nerve
PubMed: 776042
DOI: 10.1097/00000542-197606000-00008 -
Vision Research Oct 2015
Topics: Amblyopia; Atropine; Humans; Mydriatics; Patient Compliance; Sensory Deprivation
PubMed: 26319949
DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2015.08.002 -
Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology... Jan 2006It has been shown that mortality risk in patients after myocardial infarction could be estimated by heart rate turbulence (HRT), a short-term change in heart rate after...
BACKGROUND
It has been shown that mortality risk in patients after myocardial infarction could be estimated by heart rate turbulence (HRT), a short-term change in heart rate after ventricular premature beat (VPB), presumably caused by baroreceptor mechanism. We sought to determine whether pharmacological blockade with atropine, or augmentation of vagal tone with pirenzepine given in small doses would influence HRT.
METHODS
In 30 patients with normal echocardiogram, and without signs or symptoms of coronary artery disease, after electrophysiologic examination or radiofrequency ablation for supraventricular arrhythmias was completed, turbulence onset (TO) and turbulence slope (TS) in basal state, after 1.3 mg IV pirenzepine and finally, after atropine in dose of 0.04 mg/kg of body weight were compared.
RESULTS
As assessed by Friedman ANOVA test both pirenzepine and atropine caused a significant change in both TO (P < 0.01) and TS (P < 0.01). The mean basal TO of -3.6 +/- 2.9%, changed after pirenzepine to -5.99 +/- 5.6% (P < 0.01), and after atropine it changed to -3.3 +/- 18.1% (P < 0.01). The mean basal TS of 18.6 +/- 10.1 ms/R-R interval increased after pirenzepine to 26.8 +/- 19.9 ms/R-R interval (P < 0.05), and decreased after atropine to 1.2 +/- 0.8 ms/R-R interval (P < 0.01). Mean cycle length increased after pirenzepine from 706.8 +/- 106.8 to 830 +/- 151.9 ms (P < 0.01), and decreased after atropine to 454.2 +/- 58.1 ms (P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION
A conclusion could be drawn that vagomymetic manipulation with intravenous pirenzepine increases HRT; vagal blockade with atropine decreases HRT. This finding suggests that a normal vagal innervation of heart is a prerequisite for the phenomenon of HRT.
Topics: Analysis of Variance; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Atropine; Female; Heart Conduction System; Heart Rate; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Middle Aged; Muscarinic Antagonists; Pirenzepine; Statistics, Nonparametric; Ventricular Premature Complexes
PubMed: 16472280
DOI: 10.1111/j.1542-474X.2006.00079.x