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Medical Science Educator Jun 2019There is strong evidence that dishonesty occurs amongst medical students, and other allied health students and growing evidence that it occurs amongst medical academics....
There is strong evidence that dishonesty occurs amongst medical students, and other allied health students and growing evidence that it occurs amongst medical academics. We believe that accidental dishonesty (or not knowing about the rules of regulations governing academic integrity) is a common attribution describing engagement in dishonesty; however, we believe that dishonest action is more often influenced and determined according to circumstance. In this paper, we aim to work through the literature that frames dishonest action with a focus on medical education, research and publication. We argue that the implications for medical education are far reaching and the root causes of many instances of dishonesty need to be more fully understood so that comprehensive, case-by-case ameliorative strategies can be developed.
PubMed: 34457515
DOI: 10.1007/s40670-019-00710-8 -
Social Cognitive and Affective... Jun 2010A fundamental challenge facing social perceivers is identifying the cause underlying other people's behavior. Evidence indicates that East Asian perceivers are more... (Review)
Review
A fundamental challenge facing social perceivers is identifying the cause underlying other people's behavior. Evidence indicates that East Asian perceivers are more likely than Western perceivers to reference the social context when attributing a cause to a target person's actions. One outstanding question is whether this reflects a culture's influence on automatic or on controlled components of causal attribution. After reviewing behavioral evidence that culture can shape automatic mental processes as well as controlled reasoning, we discuss the evidence in favor of cultural differences in automatic and controlled components of causal attribution more specifically. We contend that insights emerging from social cognitive neuroscience research can inform this debate. After introducing an attribution framework popular among social neuroscientists, we consider findings relevant to the automaticity of attribution, before speculating how one could use a social neuroscience approach to clarify whether culture affects automatic, controlled or both types of attribution processes.
Topics: Brain; Brain Mapping; Cognition; Culture; Humans; Neurosciences; Prefrontal Cortex; Psychology, Social; Social Perception
PubMed: 20460302
DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsq034 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2023Visceral adipose tissue plays a central role in obesity and metabolic syndrome and is an independent risk factor for both cardiovascular and metabolic disorders.... (Review)
Review
Visceral adipose tissue plays a central role in obesity and metabolic syndrome and is an independent risk factor for both cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. Increased visceral adipose tissue promotes adipokine dysregulation and insulin resistance, leading to several health issues, including systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Moreover, an increase in adipose tissue directly and indirectly affects the kidneys by increasing renal sodium reabsorption, causing glomerular hyperfiltration and hypertrophy, which leads to increased proteinuria and kidney fibrosis/dysfunction. Although the interest in the adverse effects of obesity on renal diseases has grown exponentially in recent years, the relationship between obesity and renal prognosis remains controversial. This may be attributed to the long clinical course of obesity, numerous obesity-related metabolic complications, and patients' attributes. Multiple individual attributes influencing the pathophysiology of fat accumulation make it difficult to understand obesity. In such cases, it may be effective to elucidate the pathophysiology by conducting research tailored to individual attributes from the perspective of attribute-based medicine/personalized medicine. We consider the appropriate use of clinical indicators necessary, according to attributes such as chronic kidney disease stage, level of visceral adipose tissue accumulation, age, and sex. Selecting treatments and clinical indicators based on individual attributes will allow for advancements in the clinical management of patients with obesity and chronic kidney disease. In the clinical setting of obesity-related nephropathy, it is first necessary to accumulate attribute-based studies resulting from the accurate evaluation of visceral fat accumulation to establish evidence for promoting personalized medicine.
Topics: Humans; Intra-Abdominal Fat; Obesity; Metabolic Syndrome; Kidney; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
PubMed: 36843595
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1097596 -
Psychological Bulletin Sep 2014Conventional wisdom and survey data indicate that alcohol is a social lubricant and is consumed for its social effects. In contrast, the experimental literature... (Review)
Review
Conventional wisdom and survey data indicate that alcohol is a social lubricant and is consumed for its social effects. In contrast, the experimental literature examining alcohol's effects within a social context reveals that alcohol does not consistently enhance social-emotional experience. We identify a methodological factor that might explain inconsistent alcohol-administration findings, distinguishing between studies featuring unscripted interactions among naïve participants (k = 18) and those featuring scripted social interactions with individuals identified as study confederates (k = 18). While 89% of naïve-participant studies find positive effects of alcohol on mood (d = 0.5), only 11% of confederate studies find evidence of significant alcohol-related mood enhancement (d = -0.01). The naïve-participant versus confederate distinction remains robust after controlling for various moderators including stress manipulations, gender, group size, anxiety outcome measure, and within-group consistency of beverage assignment. Based on the findings of our review, we propose a multidimensional, social-attributional framework for understanding alcohol-related reward. Borrowing organizing principles from attribution theory, the social-attributional approach predicts that alcohol will enhance mood when negative outcomes are perceived to be unstable and/or self-relevant. Our framework proposes that alcohol's effects within a social context are largely explained by its tendency to free individuals from preoccupation with social rejection, allowing them to access social rewards. The social-attributional approach represents a novel framework for integrating distinct, well-validated concepts derived from several theories of alcohol's effects. It further presents promising lines of inquiry for future research examining the role of social factors in alcohol reward and addiction susceptibility.
Topics: Alcohol Drinking; Emotions; Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Perception; Social Environment; Social Perception
PubMed: 25180806
DOI: 10.1037/a0037563 -
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... Jul 2023This issue addresses the multifaceted problems of understanding biodiversity change to meet emerging international development and conservation goals, national economic...
This issue addresses the multifaceted problems of understanding biodiversity change to meet emerging international development and conservation goals, national economic accounting and diverse community needs. Recent international agreements highlight the need to establish monitoring and assessment programmes at national and regional levels. We identify an opportunity for the research community to develop the methods for robust detection and attribution of biodiversity change that will contribute to national assessments and guide conservation action. The 16 contributions of this issue address six major aspects of biodiversity assessment: connecting policy to science, establishing observation, improving statistical estimation, detecting change, attributing causes and projecting the future. These studies are led by experts in Indigenous studies, economics, ecology, conservation, statistics, and computer science, with representations from Asia, Africa, South America, North America and Europe. The results place biodiversity science in the context of policy needs and provide an updated roadmap for how to observe biodiversity change in a way that supports conservation action via robust detection and attribution science. This article is part of the theme issue 'Detecting and attributing the causes of biodiversity change: needs, gaps and solutions'.
Topics: Conservation of Natural Resources; Ecology; Biodiversity; Africa; Policy
PubMed: 37246389
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0181 -
Psychology Research and Behavior... 2022Drawing upon attribution theory, this study investigates the mediating role of supervisor-attributed motives in the relationship between employees' job crafting and...
PURPOSE
Drawing upon attribution theory, this study investigates the mediating role of supervisor-attributed motives in the relationship between employees' job crafting and supervisory support, as well as the moderating effect of crafter credibility on leaders' attributional process, which in turn determines leaders' willingness to support.
METHODS
A total of 264 employees and 61 supervising managers participated in the two-wave dyadic survey. To test our hypotheses, we performed the hierarchical regression and conducted bootstrapping analyses using Hayes PROCESS Model.
RESULTS
Findings indicated that approach (avoidance) job crafting has a positive (negative) indirect relationship with supervisory via the supervisor's prosocial motives (egoistic intentions) attribution. In addition, the crafter credibility strengthens (weakens) leaders' positive (negative) attribution and support for approach (avoidance) job crafting, revealing a significant moderated mediation.
CONCLUSION
In summary, the present research advances our understanding of the social consequences of individual job crafting and explains the potential risks and rewards of individual job crafting by identifying supervisors' differential attributions for this working behavior. In addition, it enhances the knowledge of the contingency of managers' responses to employees' job crafting by examining the moderating role of crafter credibility.
PubMed: 35923165
DOI: 10.2147/PRBM.S372639 -
National Science Review Mar 2022China's climate has been warming since the 1950s, with surface air temperature increasing at a rate higher than the global average. Changes in climate have exerted...
China's climate has been warming since the 1950s, with surface air temperature increasing at a rate higher than the global average. Changes in climate have exerted substantial impacts on water resources, agriculture, ecosystems and human health. Attributing past changes to causes provides a scientific foundation for national and international climate policies. Here, we review recent progress in attributing the observed climate changes over past decades in China. Anthropogenic forcings, dominated by greenhouse gas emissions, are the main drivers for observed increases in mean and extreme temperatures. Evidence of the effect of anthropogenic forcings on precipitation is emerging. Human influence has increased the probability of extreme heat events, and has likely changed the occurrence probabilities for some heavy precipitation events. The way a specific attribution question is posed and the conditions under which the question is addressed present persistent challenges for appropriately communicating attribution results to non-specialists.
PubMed: 35265337
DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwab113 -
Foodborne Pathogens and Disease May 2009Foodborne diseases are an important cause of human illness worldwide. Humans acquire these infections from a variety of sources and routes of transmission. Many efforts... (Review)
Review
Foodborne diseases are an important cause of human illness worldwide. Humans acquire these infections from a variety of sources and routes of transmission. Many efforts have been made in the last decades to prevent and control foodborne diseases, particularly foodborne zoonoses. However, information on the impact of these interventions is limited. To identify and prioritize successful food safety interventions, it is important to attribute the burden of human illness to the specific sources. Defining scientific concepts and harmonizing terminology for "source attribution" is essential for understanding and improving attribution methodologies and for sharing knowledge within the scientific community. We propose harmonized nomenclature, and describe the various approaches for human illness source attribution and their usefulness to address specific public health questions.
Topics: Animals; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.; Consumer Product Safety; Cost of Illness; Disease Reservoirs; Food Chain; Food Contamination; Food Microbiology; Foodborne Diseases; Humans; Public Health; Quality-Adjusted Life Years; United States; Zoonoses
PubMed: 19415971
DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2008.0208 -
Journal of Cheminformatics Jan 2023Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) methods have shown increasing applicability in chemistry. In this context, visualization techniques can highlight regions of a...
BACKGROUND
Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) methods have shown increasing applicability in chemistry. In this context, visualization techniques can highlight regions of a molecule to reveal their influence over a predicted property. For this purpose, some XAI techniques calculate attribution scores associated with tokens of SMILES strings or with atoms of a molecule. While an association of a score with an atom can be directly visually represented on a molecule diagram, scores computed for SMILES non-atom tokens cannot. For instance, a substring [N+] contains 3 non-atom tokens, i.e., [, [Formula: see text], and ], and their attributions, depending on the model, are not necessarily revealing an influence of the nitrogen atom over the predicted property; for that reason, it is not possible to represent the scores on a molecule diagram. Moreover, SMILES's notation is complex, foregrounding the need for techniques to facilitate the analysis of explanations associated with their tokens.
RESULTS
We propose XSMILES, an interactive visualization technique, to explore explainable artificial intelligence attributions scores and support the interpretation of SMILES. Users can input any type of score attributed to atom and non-atom tokens and visualize them on top of a 2D molecule diagram coordinated with a bar chart that represents a SMILES string. We demonstrate how attributions calculated for SMILES strings can be evaluated and better interpreted through interactivity with two use cases.
CONCLUSIONS
Data scientists can use XSMILES to understand their models' behavior and compare multiple modeling approaches. The tool provides a set of parameters to adapt the visualization to users' needs and it can be integrated into different platforms. We believe XSMILES can support data scientists to develop, improve, and communicate their models by making it easier to identify patterns and compare attributions through interactive exploratory visualization.
PubMed: 36609340
DOI: 10.1186/s13321-022-00673-w -
Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence 2021Literary narratives regularly contain passages that different readers attribute to different speakers: a character, the narrator, or the author. Since literary...
Literary narratives regularly contain passages that different readers attribute to different speakers: a character, the narrator, or the author. Since literary narratives are highly ambiguous constructs, it is often impossible to decide between diverging attributions of a specific passage by hermeneutic means. Instead, we hypothesise that attribution decisions are often influenced by annotator bias, in particular an annotator's literary preferences and beliefs. We present first results on the correlation between the literary attitudes of an annotator and their attribution choices. In a second set of experiments, we present a neural classifier that is capable of imitating individual annotators as well as a common-sense annotator, and reaches accuracies of up to 88% (which improves the majority baseline by 23%).
PubMed: 35187471
DOI: 10.3389/frai.2021.725321