-
Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory... 2006Bullous skin diseases represent a group of organ-specific autoimmune disorders characterised by binding of circulating autoantibodies to adhesion molecules of the... (Review)
Review
Bullous skin diseases represent a group of organ-specific autoimmune disorders characterised by binding of circulating autoantibodies to adhesion molecules of the epidermis and the dermo-epidermal basement membrane zone. Binding of these autoantibodies to their antigenic targets results in loss of adhesion between epidermal keratinocytes and at the level of the basement membrane zone. Chronic blisters and secondary painful erosions are the clinical hallmark of autoimmune bullous disorders. Histopathology reveals the location of blister formation and helps to classify the subtype of the bullous skin disorder. Immunofluorescence is crucial for diagnosing autoimmune bullous skin disorders. Tissue-bound autoantibodies are detected by direct immunofluorescence of perilesional skin. Circulating autoantibodies can be visualised by indirect immunofluorescence using tissue substrates such as monkey oesophagus and sodium chloride-split human skin. Most of the autoantigens are available as recombinant proteins, which allows for autoantibody screening by ELISA or immunoblot analysis to confirm the primary diagnosis and, importantly, for immunoserological follow-up of patients.
Topics: Autoantibodies; Autoimmune Diseases; Diagnosis, Differential; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Humans; Skin Diseases, Vesiculobullous
PubMed: 16475898
DOI: 10.1515/CCLM.2006.027 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2019Autoimmune bullous dermatoses (AIBD) encompass a variety of organ-specific autoimmune diseases that manifest with cutaneous and/or mucosal blisters and erosions. They... (Review)
Review
Autoimmune bullous dermatoses (AIBD) encompass a variety of organ-specific autoimmune diseases that manifest with cutaneous and/or mucosal blisters and erosions. They are characterized by autoantibodies targeting structural proteins of the skin, which are responsible for the intercellular contact between epidermal keratinocytes and for adhesion of the basal keratinocytes to the dermis. The autoantibodies disrupt the adhesive functions, leading to splitting and blister formation. In pemphigus diseases, blisters form intraepidermally, whereas in all other disease types they occur subepidermally. Early identification of autoimmune bullous dermatoses is crucial for both treatment and prognosis, particularly as regards tumor-associated disease entities. The diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms, histopathology, direct immunofluorescence to detect antibody/complement deposits, and the determination of circulating autoantibodies. The identification of various target antigens has paved the way for the recent development of numerous specific autoantibody tests. In particular, optimized designer antigens and multiplex test formats for indirect immunofluorescence and ELISA have enhanced and refined the laboratory analysis, enabling highly efficient serodiagnosis and follow-up. This review elaborates on the current standards in the serological diagnostics for autoimmune bullous dermatoses.
Topics: Autoantibodies; Autoimmune Diseases; Humans; Serologic Tests; Skin Diseases, Vesiculobullous
PubMed: 31552014
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01974 -
Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases Oct 2023The rheumatic diseases are a diverse group of conditions that can display autoantibody production, functional immune disturbances and systemic disease manifestations.... (Review)
Review
The rheumatic diseases are a diverse group of conditions that can display autoantibody production, functional immune disturbances and systemic disease manifestations. These autoantibodies can serve as markers for classification, diagnosis, prognosis and disease activity. Among specificities prominently expressed by patients, those directed to nuclear antigens (antinuclear antibodies or ANAs) are markers for specific rheumatic diseases. ANAs can bind to DNA, RNA and complexes of proteins with nucleic acids. Other autoantibodies expressed in the rheumatic diseases are directed to proteins, including IgG, post-translational modifications of proteins and soluble mediators such as cytokines. While autoantibodies have been investigated for over 50 years, recent studies published in the ) have provided an exciting perspective on the mechanisms of autoantibody production and the power of new technologies to identify novel autoantibody targets to elucidate aetiology and underpin patient evaluation. Furthermore, in-depth serological studies have demonstrated a phenomenon known as clustering; clustering defines sets of autoantibodies that are commonly expressed together in patients with a given rheumatic disease. Other research reported in has used B cell phenotyping and genotypic analysis to subtype patients, and has explored the relationship of autoantibodies, complement activation and patterns of gene expression as exemplified by the interferon gene signature. Together, these studies provide important new insights into disease mechanisms as well as actionable information to facilitate personalised patient care.
Topics: Humans; Autoantibodies; Antibodies, Antinuclear; Rheumatic Diseases; Biomarkers; Prognosis
PubMed: 37580110
DOI: 10.1136/ard-2023-224692 -
The Israel Medical Association Journal... Jul 2014Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is considered to be a T cell-dependent disease. Autoantibodies have not consistently been found in GCA. The exception is antiphospholipid... (Review)
Review
Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is considered to be a T cell-dependent disease. Autoantibodies have not consistently been found in GCA. The exception is antiphospholipid antibodies (APLA), which were found in 30-80% of GCA cases. Recently, efforts have been made to seek autoantibodies in GCA using newer methods of detection: serological identification of antigens by recombinant cDNA expression cloning, and a proteomic approach. In these studies, lamin C (a nuclear envelope antigen) was recognized by antibodies in 32% of GCA sera and none of the controls. Other autoantigenic proteins were also identified: lamin A, vinculin (a cytoskeleton antigen), and annexin 5 (an endothelial protein). In a recent study, 92% of 36 patients with GCA and/or polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) had autoantibodies to a human ferritin peptide (the heavy chain N-terminal); 89% had antibodies to bacterial ferritin peptide of Staphylococcus epidermidis. The significance of these findings needs to be studied further. GCA may be a part of the newly described ASIA syndrome (autoimmune syndrome induced by adjuvants). A recent study from Italy reported 10 cases of GCA/PMR within 3 months of influenza vaccination. These comprised 50% of all cases of GCA/PMR diagnosed during the 6 year period of the study. Another 11 cases of GCA following influenza vaccinations were reported. GCA pathogenesis involves all branches of the immune system, including antigen-presenting cells, T cells and B cells, and autoantibody formation is not uncommon. GCA etiology remains unknown, but may be associated with exposure to bacterial or viral antigens.
Topics: Autoantibodies; Giant Cell Arteritis; Humans; Risk Factors
PubMed: 25167695
DOI: No ID Found -
Cell Reports. Medicine Oct 2022The gut microbiota is crucial in the regulation of bile acid (BA) metabolism. However, not much is known about the regulation of BAs during progression to type 1...
The gut microbiota is crucial in the regulation of bile acid (BA) metabolism. However, not much is known about the regulation of BAs during progression to type 1 diabetes (T1D). Here, we analyzed serum and stool BAs in longitudinal samples collected at 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 36 months of age from children who developed a single islet autoantibody (AAb) (P1Ab; n = 23) or multiple islet AAbs (P2Ab; n = 13) and controls (CTRs; n = 38) who remained AAb negative. We also analyzed the stool microbiome in a subgroup of these children. Factor analysis showed that age had the strongest impact on both BA and microbiome profiles. We found that at an early age, systemic BAs and microbial secondary BA pathways were altered in the P2Ab group compared with the P1Ab and CTR groups. Our findings thus suggest that dysregulated BA metabolism in early life may contribute to the risk and pathogenesis of T1D.
Topics: Child; Humans; Autoimmunity; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Islets of Langerhans; Autoantibodies; Bile Acids and Salts
PubMed: 36195095
DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100762 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide and is a substantial public health problem. Screening for breast cancer mainly relies on mammography, which... (Review)
Review
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide and is a substantial public health problem. Screening for breast cancer mainly relies on mammography, which leads to false positives and missed diagnoses and is especially non-sensitive for patients with small tumors and dense breasts. The prognosis of breast cancer is mainly classified by tumor, node, and metastasis (TNM) staging, but this method does not consider the molecular characteristics of the tumor. As the product of the immune response to tumor-associated antigens, autoantibodies can be detected in peripheral blood and can be used as noninvasive, presymptomatic, and low-cost biomarkers. Therefore, autoantibodies can provide a possible supplementary method for breast cancer screening and prognosis classification. This article introduces the methods used to detect peripheral blood autoantibodies and the research progress in the screening and prognosis of breast cancer made in recent years to provide a potential direction for the examination and treatment of breast cancer.
Topics: Humans; Female; Breast Neoplasms; Autoantibodies; Prognosis; Biomarkers; Public Health
PubMed: 36451832
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1035402 -
Biosensors Jul 2018Breast cancer is a major cause of mortality in women; however, technologies for early stage screening and diagnosis (e.g., mammography and other imaging technologies)... (Review)
Review
Breast cancer is a major cause of mortality in women; however, technologies for early stage screening and diagnosis (e.g., mammography and other imaging technologies) are not optimal for the accurate detection of cancer. This creates demand for a more effective diagnostic means to replace or be complementary to existing technologies for early discovery of breast cancer. Cancer neoantigens could reflect tumorigenesis, but they are hardly detectable at the early stage. Autoantibodies, however, are biologically amplified and hence may be measurable early on, making them promising biomarkers to discriminate breast cancer from healthy tissue accurately. In this review, we summarized the recent findings of breast cancer specific antigens and autoantibodies, which may be useful in early detection, disease stratification, and monitoring of treatment responses of breast cancer.
Topics: Autoantibodies; Biomarkers, Tumor; Biosensing Techniques; Breast Neoplasms; Early Detection of Cancer; Female; Humans; Immunoassay; Proteome
PubMed: 30011807
DOI: 10.3390/bios8030067 -
Discovery Medicine May 2011Stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and spinal cord injury (SCI) cause irreversible damage to the nervous system. Although these are neurological disorders, pathology... (Review)
Review
Stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and spinal cord injury (SCI) cause irreversible damage to the nervous system. Although these are neurological disorders, pathology and loss of function also occur outside the nervous system and are often not easily explained by paralysis or impaired neural function. Emerging data indicate that much of the pathological sequelae that accompanies CNS trauma has characteristics of a self-directed immunological disease. Here, we outline those data, describing basic mechanisms of B cell activation and autoantibody synthesis after CNS injury. A summary of the anti-CNS autoantibodies that have been identified in humans and animals is provided along with a discussion of how autoantibodies may affect survival of neuronal and non-neuronal tissues and whether autoimmune reactions are feasible therapeutic targets after CNS trauma.
Topics: Animals; Autoantibodies; B-Lymphocytes; Central Nervous System; Humans; Lymphocyte Activation; Prognosis; Trauma, Nervous System
PubMed: 21616038
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. :... Sep 2007Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-induced hypertensive disorder that causes substantial maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Despite being a leading cause of maternal... (Review)
Review
Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-induced hypertensive disorder that causes substantial maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Despite being a leading cause of maternal death and a major contributor to maternal and perinatal morbidity, the mechanisms responsible for the pathogenesis of preeclampsia are poorly understood. Recent studies indicate that women with preeclampsia have autoantibodies that activate the angiotensin receptor, AT1, and that autoantibody-mediated receptor activation contributes to pathophysiology associated with preeclampsia. The research reviewed here raises the intriguing possibility that preeclampsia may be a pregnancy-induced autoimmune disease.
Topics: Animals; Autoantibodies; Autoimmune Diseases; Female; Humans; Pre-Eclampsia; Pregnancy; Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1
PubMed: 17785770
DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.6.3391 -
Neuron Oct 2006Ion channels are crucial elements in neuronal signaling and synaptic transmission, and defects in their function are known to underlie rare genetic disorders, including... (Review)
Review
Ion channels are crucial elements in neuronal signaling and synaptic transmission, and defects in their function are known to underlie rare genetic disorders, including some forms of epilepsy. A second class of channelopathies, characterized by autoantibodies against ligand- and voltage-gated ion channels, cause a variety of defects in peripheral neuromuscular and ganglionic transmission. There is also emerging evidence for autoantibody-mediated mechanisms in subgroups of patients with central nervous system disorders, particularly those involving defects in cognition or sleep and often associated with epilepsy. In all autoimmune channelopathies, the relationship between autoantibody specificity and clinical phenotype is complex. But with this new information, autoimmune channelopathies are detected and treated with increasing success, and future research promises new insights into the mechanisms of dysfunction at neuronal synapses and the determinants of clinical phenotype.
Topics: Animals; Autoantibodies; Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Ion Channels; Models, Neurological; Nervous System Diseases; Neuromuscular Junction
PubMed: 17015231
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.09.024