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Journal of Bacteriology May 2023Next to Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis is the most studied and best understood organism that also serves as a model for many important pathogens. Due to its ability... (Review)
Review
Next to Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis is the most studied and best understood organism that also serves as a model for many important pathogens. Due to its ability to form heat-resistant spores that can germinate even after very long periods of time, B. subtilis has attracted much scientific interest. Another feature of B. subtilis is its genetic competence, a developmental state in which B. subtilis actively takes up exogenous DNA. This makes B. subtilis amenable to genetic manipulation and investigation. The bacterium was one of the first with a fully sequenced genome, and it has been subject to a wide variety of genome- and proteome-wide studies that give important insights into many aspects of the biology of B. subtilis. Due to its ability to secrete large amounts of proteins and to produce a wide range of commercially interesting compounds, B. subtilis has become a major workhorse in biotechnology. Here, we review the development of important aspects of the research on B. subtilis with a specific focus on its cell biology and biotechnological and practical applications from vitamin production to concrete healing. The intriguing complexity of the developmental programs of B. subtilis, paired with the availability of sophisticated tools for genetic manipulation, positions it at the leading edge for discovering new biological concepts and deepening our understanding of the organization of bacterial cells.
Topics: Bacillus subtilis; Biotechnology; Spores, Bacterial
PubMed: 37140386
DOI: 10.1128/jb.00102-23 -
Nutrients Sep 2023Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common gastrointestinal disease. The efficacy of different probiotics in treating IBS remains controversial. This network... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common gastrointestinal disease. The efficacy of different probiotics in treating IBS remains controversial. This network meta-analysis aimed to compare and rank the outcome-specific efficacy of different probiotic strains or combinations in adults with IBS. We searched the literature up to June 2023. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated the efficacy of probiotics in IBS were included. A frequentist framework was used to perform this study. In total, 9253 participants from 81 RCTs were included in the study. Four probiotic strains and five mixtures were significantly superior to placebo in improving IBS Symptom Severity Scale, among which DDS-1 ranked first (surface under the cumulative ranking, SUCRA, 92.9%). A mixture containing five probiotics (SUCRA, 100%) ranked first in improving the IBS-Quality of life. MTCC 5856 (SUCRA, 96.9%) and Unique IS2 (SUCRA, 92.6%) were among the most effective probiotics for improving abdominal pain. Three probiotic strains and two mixtures were effective in alleviating abdominal bloating. Four probiotic strains and a mixture were significantly superior to placebo in reducing the bowel movement frequency in diarrhea-predominant IBS (IBS-D). MTCC 5856 (SUCRA, 99.6%) and CNCM I-3856 (SUCRA, 89.7%) were among the most effective probiotics for improving the Bristol stool form scale of IBS-D. Only some probiotics are effective for particular outcomes in IBS patients. This study provided the first ranking of outcome-specific efficacy of different probiotic strains and combinations in IBS. Further studies are needed to confirm these results.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Irritable Bowel Syndrome; Network Meta-Analysis; Abdominal Pain; Bacillus coagulans; Probiotics; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
PubMed: 37686889
DOI: 10.3390/nu15173856 -
Trends in Microbiology Aug 2023Bacillus and Pseudomonas ubiquitously occur in natural environments and are two of the most intensively studied bacterial genera in the soil. They are often coisolated... (Review)
Review
Bacillus and Pseudomonas ubiquitously occur in natural environments and are two of the most intensively studied bacterial genera in the soil. They are often coisolated from environmental samples, and as a result, several studies have experimentally cocultured bacilli and pseudomonads to obtain emergent properties. Even so, the general interaction between members of these genera is virtually unknown. In the past decade, data on interspecies interactions between natural isolates of Bacillus and Pseudomonas has become more detailed, and now, molecular studies permit mapping of the mechanisms behind their pairwise ecology. This review addresses the current knowledge about microbe-microbe interactions between strains of Bacillus and Pseudomonas and discusses how we can attempt to generalize the interaction on a taxonomic and molecular level.
Topics: Pseudomonas; Bacillus; Soil; Soil Microbiology; Bacteria
PubMed: 36878770
DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.02.003 -
FEMS Microbiology Reviews Mar 2024Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the deadliest infectious diseases in human history, prevailing even in the 21st century. The causative agents of TB are represented by a... (Review)
Review
Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the deadliest infectious diseases in human history, prevailing even in the 21st century. The causative agents of TB are represented by a group of closely related bacteria belonging to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), which can be subdivided into several lineages of human- and animal-adapted strains, thought to have shared a last common ancestor emerged by clonal expansion from a pool of recombinogenic Mycobacterium canettii-like tubercle bacilli. A better understanding of how MTBC populations evolved from less virulent mycobacteria may allow for discovering improved TB control strategies and future epidemiologic trends. In this review, we highlight new insights into the evolution of mycobacteria at the genus level, describing different milestones in the evolution of mycobacteria, with a focus on the genomic events that have likely enabled the emergence and the dominance of the MTBC. We also review the recent literature describing the various MTBC lineages and highlight their particularities and differences with a focus on host preferences and geographic distribution. Finally, we discuss on putative mechanisms driving the evolution of tubercle bacilli and mycobacteria in general, by taking the mycobacteria-specific distributive conjugal transfer as an example.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Bacillus; Genomics
PubMed: 38365982
DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuae006 -
Neurology India 2023
Topics: Humans; Bacillus cereus; Meningoencephalitis
PubMed: 37635561
DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.383861 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2023Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) appear to be a sensible competitor to conventional fertilization, including mineral fertilizers and chemical plant protection... (Review)
Review
Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) appear to be a sensible competitor to conventional fertilization, including mineral fertilizers and chemical plant protection products. Undoubtedly, one of the most interesting bacteria exhibiting plant-stimulating traits is, more widely known as a pathogen, . To date, several environmentally safe strains of have been isolated and described, including WSE01, MEN8, YL6, SA1, ALT1, ERBP, GGBSTD1, AK1, AR156, C1L, and T4S. These strains have been studied under growth chamber, greenhouse, and field conditions and have shown many significant traits, including indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase production or phosphate solubilization, which allows direct plant growth promotion. It includes an increase in biometrics traits, chemical element content (e.g., N, P, and K), and biologically active substances content or activity, e.g., antioxidant enzymes and total soluble sugar. Hence, has supported the growth of plant species such as soybean, maize, rice, and wheat. Importantly, some strains can also promote plant growth under abiotic stresses, including drought, salinity, and heavy metal pollution. In addition, strains produced extracellular enzymes and antibiotic lipopeptides or triggered induced systemic resistance, which allows indirect stimulation of plant growth. As far as biocontrol is concerned, these PGPB can suppress the development of agriculturally important phytopathogens, including bacterial phytopathogens (e.g., , , and ), fungal phytopathogens (e.g., , , and ), and other phytopathogenic organisms (e.g., (Nematoda) and (Protozoa)). In conclusion, it should be noted that there are still few studies on the effectiveness of under field conditions, particularly, there is a lack of comprehensive analyses comparing the PGP effects of and mineral fertilizers, which should be reduced in favor of decreasing the use of mineral fertilizers. It is also worth mentioning that there are still very few studies on the impact of on the indigenous microbiota and its persistence after application to soil. Further studies would help to understand the interactions between and indigenous microbiota, subsequently contributing to increasing its effectiveness in promoting plant growth.
Topics: Bacillus cereus; Fertilizers; Plant Development; Phosphates
PubMed: 37298706
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119759 -
Biomolecules Oct 2023This comprehensive review examines iturin, a cyclic lipopeptide originating from and related bacteria. These compounds are structurally diverse and possess potent... (Review)
Review
This comprehensive review examines iturin, a cyclic lipopeptide originating from and related bacteria. These compounds are structurally diverse and possess potent inhibitory effects against plant disease-causing bacteria and fungi. Notably, Iturin A exhibits strong antifungal properties and low toxicity, making it valuable for bio-pesticides and mycosis treatment. Emerging research reveals additional capabilities, including anticancer and hemolytic features. Iturin finds applications across industries. In food, iturin as a biosurfactant serves beyond surface tension reduction, enhancing emulsions and texture. Biosurfactants are significant in soil remediation, agriculture, wound healing, and sustainability. They also show promise in Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR) in the petroleum industry. The pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries recognize iturin's diverse properties, such as antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anticancer, and anti-obesity effects. Cosmetic applications span emulsification, anti-wrinkle, and antibacterial use. Understanding iturin's structure, synthesis, and applications gains importance as biosurfactant and lipopeptide research advances. This review focuses on emphasizing iturin's structural characteristics, production methods, biological effects, and applications across industries. It probes iturin's antibacterial, antifungal potential, antiviral efficacy, and cancer treatment capabilities. It explores diverse applications in food, petroleum, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics, considering recent developments, challenges, and prospects.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Bacillus subtilis; Lipopeptides; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antiviral Agents
PubMed: 37892197
DOI: 10.3390/biom13101515 -
PloS One 2023L-asparaginase (L-ASNase) is a versatile anticancer and acrylamide reduction enzyme predominantly used in medical and food industries. However, the high specificity of...
L-asparaginase (L-ASNase) is a versatile anticancer and acrylamide reduction enzyme predominantly used in medical and food industries. However, the high specificity of L-asparaginase formulations for glutamine, low thermostability, and blood clearance are the major disadvantages. Present study describes production, characterization, and applications of glutaminase free extracellular L-asparaginase from indigenous Bacillus halotolerans ASN9 isolated from soil sample. L-asparaginase production was optimized in M9 medium (containing 0.2% sucrose and 1% L-asparagine) that yielded maximum L-ASNase with a specific activity of 256 U mg-1 at pH 6 and 37°C. L-asparaginase was purified through acetone precipitation and Sephadex G-100 column, yielding 48.9 and 24% recovery, respectively. Enzyme kinetics revealed a Vmax of 466 mM min-1 and Km of 0.097 mM. Purified L-ASNase showed no activity against glutamine. The purified glutaminase free L-ASNase has a molecular mass of 60 kDa and an optimum specific activity of 3083 U mg-1 at pH 7 and 37°C. The enzyme retains its activity and stability over a wide range of pH and temperature, in the presence of selected protein inhibitors (SDS, β-mercaptoethanol), CoCl2, KCl, and NaCl. The enzyme also exhibited antioxidant activity against DPPH radical (IC50 value 70.7 μg mL-1) and anticancer activity against U87 human malignant glioma (IC50 55 μg mL-1) and Huh7 human hepatocellular carcinoma (IC50 37 μg mL-1) cell lines. Normal human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293) had greater than 80% cell viability with purified L-ASNase indicating its least cytotoxicity against normal cells. The present work identified potent glutaminase free L-ASNase from B. halotolerans ASN9 that performs well in a wide range of environmental conditions indicating its suitability for various commercial applications.
Topics: Humans; Asparaginase; Glutamine; HEK293 Cells; Bacillus; Antineoplastic Agents
PubMed: 38015853
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288620 -
Journal of Advanced Research Jul 2023Nitrogen sources play an essential role in maintaining the physiological and biochemical activity of bacteria. Nitrogen metabolism, which is the core of microorganism... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Nitrogen sources play an essential role in maintaining the physiological and biochemical activity of bacteria. Nitrogen metabolism, which is the core of microorganism metabolism, makes bacteria able to autonomously respond to different external nitrogen environments by exercising complex internal regulatory networks to help them stay in an ideal state. Although various studies have been put forth to better understand this regulation in Bacillus, and many valuable viewpoints have been obtained, these views need to be presented systematically and their possible applications need to be specified.
AIM OF REVIEW
The intention is to provide a deep and comprehensive understanding of nitrogen metabolism in Bacillus, an important industrial microorganism, and thereby apply this regulatory logic to synthetic biology to improve biosynthesis competitiveness. In addition, the potential researches in the future are also discussed.
KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPT OF REVIEW
Understanding the meticulous regulation process of nitrogen metabolism in Bacillus not only could facilitate research on metabolic engineering but also could provide constructive insights and inspiration for studies of other microorganisms.
Topics: Bacillus; Synthetic Biology; Nitrogen; Metabolic Engineering; Bacteria
PubMed: 36103961
DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.09.003 -
Nature Communications Oct 2023Cytosolic metalloenzymes acquire metals from buffered intracellular pools. How exported metalloenzymes are appropriately metalated is less clear. We provide evidence...
Cytosolic metalloenzymes acquire metals from buffered intracellular pools. How exported metalloenzymes are appropriately metalated is less clear. We provide evidence that TerC family proteins function in metalation of enzymes during export through the general secretion (Sec-dependent) pathway. Bacillus subtilis strains lacking MeeF(YceF) and MeeY(YkoY) have a reduced capacity for protein export and a greatly reduced level of manganese (Mn) in the secreted proteome. MeeF and MeeY copurify with proteins of the general secretory pathway, and in their absence the FtsH membrane protease is essential for viability. MeeF and MeeY are also required for efficient function of the Mn-dependent lipoteichoic acid synthase (LtaS), a membrane-localized enzyme with an extracytoplasmic active site. Thus, MeeF and MeeY, representative of the widely conserved TerC family of membrane transporters, function in the co-translocational metalation of Mn-dependent membrane and extracellular enzymes.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Protein Transport; Bacillus subtilis; Secretory Pathway; Metalloproteins
PubMed: 37794032
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41896-1