-
Oral Diseases Jan 2023Periodontitis is a chronic non-communicable disease caused by a dysbiotic microbiota. Pathogens can spread to the bloodstream, colonize other tissues or organs, and... (Review)
Review
Periodontitis is a chronic non-communicable disease caused by a dysbiotic microbiota. Pathogens can spread to the bloodstream, colonize other tissues or organs, and favor the onset of other pathologies, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Pathogens could permanently or transiently colonize the brain and induce an immune response. Thus, we analyzed the evidence combining oral bacteria's detection in the brain, both in animals and humans affected with AD. This systematic review was carried out following the PRISMA guideline. Studies that detected oral bacteria at the brain level were selected. The search was carried out in the Medline, Latindex, SciELO, and Cochrane Library databases. SYRCLE tool and Newcastle-Ottawa Scale were used for the risk of bias assessment. 23 studies were selected according to the eligibility criteria. Infection with oral pathogens in animals was related to developing neuropathological characteristics of AD and bacteria detection in the brain. In patients with AD, oral bacteria were detected in brain tissues, and increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were also detected. There is evidence of a microbiological susceptibility to develop AD when the most dysbiosis-associated oral bacteria are present. The presence of bacteria in the brain is related to AD's pathological characteristics, suggesting an etiological oral-brain axis.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Alzheimer Disease; Periodontitis; Bacteria; Microbiota; Brain; Dysbiosis
PubMed: 34698406
DOI: 10.1111/odi.14054 -
Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews Aug 2018A respiratory infection caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria can be life-threatening. In recent years, there has been tremendous effort put towards therapeutic... (Review)
Review
A respiratory infection caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria can be life-threatening. In recent years, there has been tremendous effort put towards therapeutic application of bacteriophages (phages) as an alternative or supplementary treatment option over conventional antibiotics. Phages are natural parasitic viruses of bacteria that can kill the bacterial host, including antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Inhaled phage therapy involves the development of stable phage formulations suitable for inhalation delivery followed by preclinical and clinical studies for assessment of efficacy, pharmacokinetics and safety. We presented an overview of recent advances in phage formulation for inhalation delivery and their efficacy in acute and chronic rodent respiratory infection models. We have reviewed and presented on the prospects of inhaled phage therapy as a complementary treatment option with current antibiotics and as a preventative means. Inhaled phage therapy has the potential to transform the prevention and treatment of bacterial respiratory infections, including those caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
Topics: Administration, Inhalation; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Bacteriophages; Humans; Lung Diseases; Phage Therapy
PubMed: 30096336
DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.08.001 -
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Dec 2022All modern advances notwithstanding, pneumonia remains a common infection with substantial morbidity and mortality. Understanding of the etiology of pneumonia continues... (Review)
Review
All modern advances notwithstanding, pneumonia remains a common infection with substantial morbidity and mortality. Understanding of the etiology of pneumonia continues to evolve as new techniques enable identification of already known organisms and as new organisms emerge. We now review the etiology of pneumonia (at present often called "community-acquired pneumonia") beginning with classic bacteriologic techniques, which identified Streptococcus pneumoniae as the overwhelmingly common cause, to more modern bacteriologic studies, which emphasize Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, Moraxella catarrhalis, , Pseudomonas, and normal respiratory flora. Urine antigen detection is useful in identifying and pneumococcus. The low yield of bacteria in recent studies is due to the failure to obtain valid sputum samples before antibiotics are administered. The use of high-quality sputum specimens enables identification of recognized ("typical") bacterial pathogens as well as a role for commensal bacteria ("normal respiratory flora"). Nucleic acid amplification technology for viruses has revolutionized diagnosis, showing the importance of viral pneumonia leading to hospitalization with or without coinfecting bacterial organisms. Quantitative PCR study of sputum is in its early stages of application, but regular detection of high counts of bacterial DNA from organisms that are not seen on Gram stain or grown in quantitative culture presents a therapeutic dilemma. This finding may reflect the host microbiome of the respiratory tract, in which case treatment may not need to be given for them. Finally, host transcriptional signatures might enable clinicians to distinguish between viral and bacterial pneumonia, an important practical consideration.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Bacteriology; Pneumonia, Bacterial; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Pneumonia, Viral; Bacteria; Community-Acquired Infections
PubMed: 36165783
DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00015-22 -
Lancet (London, England) Jun 1984Biopsy specimens were taken from intact areas of antral mucosa in 100 consecutive consenting patients presenting for gastroscopy. Spiral or curved bacilli were...
Biopsy specimens were taken from intact areas of antral mucosa in 100 consecutive consenting patients presenting for gastroscopy. Spiral or curved bacilli were demonstrated in specimens from 58 patients. Bacilli cultured from 11 of these biopsies were gram-negative, flagellate, and microaerophilic and appeared to be a new species related to the genus Campylobacter. The bacteria were present in almost all patients with active chronic gastritis, duodenal ulcer, or gastric ulcer and thus may be an important factor in the aetiology of these diseases.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Bacteria; Campylobacter; Female; Gastric Mucosa; Gastritis; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Peptic Ulcer
PubMed: 6145023
DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(84)91816-6 -
Small (Weinheim An Der Bergstrasse,... May 2022Considerable research efforts into the promises of electrogenic bacteria and the commercial opportunities they present are attempting to identify potential feasible... (Review)
Review
Considerable research efforts into the promises of electrogenic bacteria and the commercial opportunities they present are attempting to identify potential feasible applications. Metabolic electrons from the bacteria enable electricity generation sufficient to power portable or small-scale applications, while the quantifiable electric signal in a miniaturized device platform can be sensitive enough to monitor and respond to changes in environmental conditions. Nanomaterials produced by the electrogenic bacteria can offer an innovative bottom-up biosynthetic approach to synergize bacterial electron transfer and create an effective coupling at the cell-electrode interface. Furthermore, electrogenic bacteria can revolutionize the field of bioelectronics by effectively interfacing electronics with microbes through extracellular electron transfer. Here, these new directions for the electrogenic bacteria and their recent integration with micro- and nanosystems are comprehensively discussed with specific attention toward distinct applications in the field of powering, sensing, and synthesizing. Furthermore, challenges of individual applications and strategies toward potential solutions are provided to offer valuable guidelines for practical implementation. Finally, the perspective and view on how the use of electrogenic bacteria can hold immeasurable promise for the development of future electronics and their applications are presented.
Topics: Bacteria; Bioelectric Energy Sources; Electricity; Electrodes; Electron Transport; Electrons
PubMed: 35119203
DOI: 10.1002/smll.202107902 -
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 2017It is known that sponge-associated bacteria are an attractive source of new bioactive substances with biotechnological potential. These include antimicrobials, enzymes... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
It is known that sponge-associated bacteria are an attractive source of new bioactive substances with biotechnological potential. These include antimicrobials, enzymes and surfactants. However, the potential of these microorganisms remains little investigated due to the difficulty of isolating new bacterial groups that produce original bioactive metabolites and enzymes.
METHODS
Cultivation methods are still playing crucial functions in many studies involving bacteria isolated from sponges, and in the traditional approach for biodiscovery by screening culture collections.
RESULTS
For instance, culture media which are rich in nutrients favor the fast cultivation in comparison with slower growing bacteria, and diluted and/or poor culture media increase the possibility of growing previously uncultured bacteria. The ability to grow bacteria in culture and to characterize their secondary metabolites is a crucial approach to new biotechnology products of potential value. Many microbial biotechnology compounds used nowadays were extracted from cultured bacteria.
CONCLUSION
This review presents and discusses some strategies to isolate and culture bacteria from sponges for biotechnological exploration. Finally, whole genome sequencing of sponge-associated bacteria is proposed as a novel strategy for biodiscovery.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Biotechnology; Porifera; Temperature
PubMed: 29595106
DOI: 10.2174/1389201019666180329111327 -
Clinical Microbiology and Infection :... Dec 2020Bacterial co-pathogens are commonly identified in viral respiratory infections and are important causes of morbidity and mortality. The prevalence of bacterial infection... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Bacterial co-pathogens are commonly identified in viral respiratory infections and are important causes of morbidity and mortality. The prevalence of bacterial infection in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 is not well understood.
AIMS
To determine the prevalence of bacterial co-infection (at presentation) and secondary infection (after presentation) in patients with COVID-19.
SOURCES
We performed a systematic search of MEDLINE, OVID Epub and EMBASE databases for English language literature from 2019 to April 16, 2020. Studies were included if they (a) evaluated patients with confirmed COVID-19 and (b) reported the prevalence of acute bacterial infection.
CONTENT
Data were extracted by a single reviewer and cross-checked by a second reviewer. The main outcome was the proportion of COVID-19 patients with an acute bacterial infection. Any bacteria detected from non-respiratory-tract or non-bloodstream sources were excluded. Of 1308 studies screened, 24 were eligible and included in the rapid review representing 3338 patients with COVID-19 evaluated for acute bacterial infection. In the meta-analysis, bacterial co-infection (estimated on presentation) was identified in 3.5% of patients (95%CI 0.4-6.7%) and secondary bacterial infection in 14.3% of patients (95%CI 9.6-18.9%). The overall proportion of COVID-19 patients with bacterial infection was 6.9% (95%CI 4.3-9.5%). Bacterial infection was more common in critically ill patients (8.1%, 95%CI 2.3-13.8%). The majority of patients with COVID-19 received antibiotics (71.9%, 95%CI 56.1 to 87.7%).
IMPLICATIONS
Bacterial co-infection is relatively infrequent in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. The majority of these patients may not require empirical antibacterial treatment.
Topics: Asia; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; COVID-19; Coinfection; Critical Illness; Data Management; Female; Humans; Male; Pandemics; Prevalence; Respiratory Tract Infections; United States
PubMed: 32711058
DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.07.016 -
Brazilian Journal of Microbiology :... Jun 2015The occurrence of psychrotrophic bacteria in raw milk is studied worldwide due to the difficulties associated with controlling their growth during cold storage and the... (Review)
Review
The occurrence of psychrotrophic bacteria in raw milk is studied worldwide due to the difficulties associated with controlling their growth during cold storage and the consequent negative effects upon fluid milk or dairy products. Among the psychrotrophic bacteria, the genus Pseudomonas (represented primarily by P. fluorescens) has been highlighted as the cause of numerous defects in dairy products. In light of its perceived predominance, this species has frequently been chosen as a model organism to assess the effects of psychrotrophic bacteria on milk or to evaluate the efficacy of control measures. However, recent findings derived from the application of molecular biological techniques have exposed a number of deficiencies in our knowledge of the biology of milk-associated psychrotrophs. Furthermore, it has been revealed that microbe to microbe communication plays a significant role in determining both the identities and the extent to which different groups of microbes develop during cold storage. The application of molecular identification methods has exposed errors in the classification of members of the genus Pseudomonas isolated from cold stored milk and has stimulated a reevaluation of the presumed status of P. fluorescens as the predominant milk-associated psychrotrophic species. This article presents a succinct review of data from studies on psychrotrophic bacteria in milk, some of which contest established theories in relation to the microbiology of cold stored raw milk, and poses the question: how much do we really know?
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Biodiversity; Cold Temperature; Milk
PubMed: 26273245
DOI: 10.1590/S1517-838246220130963 -
Annual Review of Food Science and... 2016Cheese production is a global biotechnological practice that is reliant on robust and technologically appropriate starter and adjunct starter cultures to acidify the... (Review)
Review
Cheese production is a global biotechnological practice that is reliant on robust and technologically appropriate starter and adjunct starter cultures to acidify the milk and impart particular flavor and textural properties to specific cheeses. To this end, lactic acid bacteria, including Lactococcus lactis, Streptococcus thermophilus, and Lactobacillus and Leuconostoc spp., are routinely employed. However, these bacteria are susceptible to infection by (bacterio)phages. Over the past decade in particular, significant advances have been achieved in defining the receptor molecules presented by lactococcal host bacteria and in the structural analysis of corresponding phage-encoded receptor-binding proteins. These lactococcal model systems are expanding toward understanding phage-host interactions of other LAB species. Ultimately, such scientific efforts will uncover the mechanistic (dis)similarities among these phages and define how these phages recognize and infect their hosts. This review presents the current status of the LAB-phage interactome, highlighting the most recent and significant developments in this active research field.
Topics: Bacteriophages; Cheese; Food Handling; Lactobacillales; Lactobacillus; Lactococcus lactis; Leuconostoc; Polysaccharides, Bacterial; Streptococcus thermophilus
PubMed: 26735798
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-041715-033322 -
Anaerobe Feb 2022Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most frequently diagnosed cancer in both males and females in the Unites States. Colonoscopy is considered a safe method for... (Review)
Review
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most frequently diagnosed cancer in both males and females in the Unites States. Colonoscopy is considered a safe method for screening this disorder; however, it can be challenging for patients. As research on microbiota, especially anaerobic microbiota, has expanded substantially, new links have been determined between anaerobic bacteria and CRC progression. These associations can be useful in screening CRC in the near future. This review discusses current research investigating the presence of anaerobic bacteria, including Bacteroides fragilis, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, Clostridium septicum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Parvimonas micra in CRC and presents an overview about their mechanisms of action. We also discuss the current anaerobic probiotics used for the treatment and prevention of CRC.
Topics: Bacteria, Anaerobic; Bacteroides fragilis; Colorectal Neoplasms; Female; Fusobacterium nucleatum; Humans; Male
PubMed: 34906686
DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2021.102501