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The Indian Journal of Medical Research Apr 2020Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the prominent cause of mortality and morbidity with important clinical impact across the globe. India accounts for 23 per cent of... (Review)
Review
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the prominent cause of mortality and morbidity with important clinical impact across the globe. India accounts for 23 per cent of global pneumonia burden with case fatality rates between 14 and 30 per cent, and Streptococcus pneumoniae is considered a major bacterial aetiology. Emerging pathogens like Burkholderia pseudomallei is increasingly recognized as an important cause of CAP in Southeast Asian countries. Initial management in the primary care depends on clinical assessment while the hospitalized patients require combinations of clinical scores, chest radiography and various microbiological and biomarker assays. This comprehensive diagnostic approach together with additional sampling and molecular tests in selected high-risk patients should be practiced. Inappropriate therapy in CAP in hospitalized patients lengthens hospital stay and increases cost and mortality. In addition, emergence of multidrug-resistant organisms poses tough challenges in deciding empirical as well as definitive therapy. Developing local evidence on the cause and management should be a priority to improve health outcomes in CAP.
Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Community-Acquired Infections; Humans; India; Pneumonia; Pneumonia, Bacterial; Streptococcus pneumoniae
PubMed: 32461392
DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_1678_19 -
Primary Care Sep 2018Pneumonia is a common cause of respiratory infection, accounting for more than 800,000 hospitalizations in the United States annually. Presenting symptoms of pneumonia... (Review)
Review
Pneumonia is a common cause of respiratory infection, accounting for more than 800,000 hospitalizations in the United States annually. Presenting symptoms of pneumonia are typically cough, pleuritic chest pain, fever, fatigue, and loss of appetite. Children and the elderly have different presenting features of pneumonia, which include headache, nausea, abdominal pain, and absence of one or more of the prototypical symptoms. Knowledge of local bacterial pathogens and their antibiotic susceptibility and resistance profiles is the key for effective pharmacologic selection and treatment of pneumonia.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Humans; Pneumonia, Bacterial; Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Travel
PubMed: 30115336
DOI: 10.1016/j.pop.2018.04.001 -
Infectious Disease Clinics of North... Dec 2017The incidence of pneumonia increases with age, and is particularly high in patients who reside in long-term care facilities (LTCFs). Mortality rates for pneumonia in... (Review)
Review
The incidence of pneumonia increases with age, and is particularly high in patients who reside in long-term care facilities (LTCFs). Mortality rates for pneumonia in older adults are high and have not decreased in the last decade. Atypical symptoms and exacerbation of underlying illnesses should trigger clinical suspicion of pneumonia. Risk factors for multidrug-resistant organisms are more common in older adults, particularly among LTCF residents, and should be considered when making empiric treatment decisions. Monitoring of clinical stability and underlying comorbid conditions, potential drug-drug interactions, and drug-related adverse events are important factors in managing elderly patients with pneumonia.
Topics: Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Community-Acquired Infections; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans; Middle Aged; Nursing Homes; Pneumonia, Bacterial; Risk Factors
PubMed: 28916385
DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2017.07.015 -
The Veterinary Clinics of North... Mar 2020Bacterial pneumonia is a common clinical diagnosis in dogs but seems to occur less often in cats. Underlying causes include viral infection, aspiration injury, foreign... (Review)
Review
Bacterial pneumonia is a common clinical diagnosis in dogs but seems to occur less often in cats. Underlying causes include viral infection, aspiration injury, foreign body inhalation, and defects in clearance of respiratory secretions. Identification of the specific organisms involved in disease, appropriate use of antibiotics and adjunct therapy, and control of risk factors for pneumonia improve management.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cat Diseases; Cats; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Male; Pneumonia, Bacterial; Prognosis; Risk Factors
PubMed: 31813555
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.10.007 -
European Journal of Pediatrics Mar 2024Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a common disease in children, and its aetiological and clinical diagnosis are challenging for physicians in both private practice... (Review)
Review
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a common disease in children, and its aetiological and clinical diagnosis are challenging for physicians in both private practice and hospitals. Over the past three decades, conjugate vaccines have successfully reduced the burden of the former main causes of CAP, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b. Today, viruses are by far the most commonly detected pathogens in children with CAP. Conclusion: New insights into the aetiology and treatment of CAP in children in recent years have influenced management and are the focus of this review. In addition to reducing diagnostic uncertainty, there is an urgent need to reduce antibiotic overuse and antimicrobial resistance in children with CAP. What is Known: • Conjugate vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b have shifted the epidemiology of childhood CAP to predominantly viral pathogens and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. • Clinical, laboratory, and radiological criteria cannot reliably distinguish between bacterial and viral aetiology in children with CAP. What is New: • Test results and epidemiological data must be carefully interpreted, as no single diagnostic method applied to non-pulmonary specimens has both high sensitivity and high specificity for determining pneumonia aetiology in childhood CAP. • This review provides a simple and pragmatic management algorithm for children with CAP to aid physicians in providing optimal and safe care and reducing antibiotic prescribing.
Topics: Child; Humans; Pneumonia, Bacterial; Pneumonia; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Bacteria; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Vaccines; Community-Acquired Infections
PubMed: 38112800
DOI: 10.1007/s00431-023-05366-6 -
Clinics in Chest Medicine Mar 2017Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) has multiple causes and is associated with illness that requires admission to the hospital and mortality. The causes of atypical CAP... (Review)
Review
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) has multiple causes and is associated with illness that requires admission to the hospital and mortality. The causes of atypical CAP include Legionella species, Chlamydophila, and Mycoplasma. Atypical CAP remains a diagnostic challenge and, therefore, likely is undertreated. This article reviews the advancements in the evaluation and treatment of patients and discusses current conflicts and controversies of atypical CAP.
Topics: Chlamydophila; Community-Acquired Infections; Humans; Legionella; Pneumonia, Bacterial; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma
PubMed: 28159161
DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2016.11.011 -
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Dec 2022All modern advances notwithstanding, pneumonia remains a common infection with substantial morbidity and mortality. Understanding of the etiology of pneumonia continues... (Review)
Review
All modern advances notwithstanding, pneumonia remains a common infection with substantial morbidity and mortality. Understanding of the etiology of pneumonia continues to evolve as new techniques enable identification of already known organisms and as new organisms emerge. We now review the etiology of pneumonia (at present often called "community-acquired pneumonia") beginning with classic bacteriologic techniques, which identified Streptococcus pneumoniae as the overwhelmingly common cause, to more modern bacteriologic studies, which emphasize Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, Moraxella catarrhalis, , Pseudomonas, and normal respiratory flora. Urine antigen detection is useful in identifying and pneumococcus. The low yield of bacteria in recent studies is due to the failure to obtain valid sputum samples before antibiotics are administered. The use of high-quality sputum specimens enables identification of recognized ("typical") bacterial pathogens as well as a role for commensal bacteria ("normal respiratory flora"). Nucleic acid amplification technology for viruses has revolutionized diagnosis, showing the importance of viral pneumonia leading to hospitalization with or without coinfecting bacterial organisms. Quantitative PCR study of sputum is in its early stages of application, but regular detection of high counts of bacterial DNA from organisms that are not seen on Gram stain or grown in quantitative culture presents a therapeutic dilemma. This finding may reflect the host microbiome of the respiratory tract, in which case treatment may not need to be given for them. Finally, host transcriptional signatures might enable clinicians to distinguish between viral and bacterial pneumonia, an important practical consideration.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Bacteriology; Pneumonia, Bacterial; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Pneumonia, Viral; Bacteria; Community-Acquired Infections
PubMed: 36165783
DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00015-22 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2020The incidence and number of deaths from non-tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) disease have been steadily increasing globally. These lesser known "cousins" of (TB) were... (Review)
Review
The incidence and number of deaths from non-tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) disease have been steadily increasing globally. These lesser known "cousins" of (TB) were once thought to be harmless environmental saprophytics and only dangerous to individuals with defective lung structure or the immunosuppressed. However, NTM are now commonly infecting seemingly immune competent children and adults at increasing rates through pulmonary infection. This is of concern as the pathology of NTM is difficult to treat. Indeed, NTM have become extremely antibiotic resistant, and now have been found to be internationally dispersed through person-to-person contact. The reasons behind this NTM increase are only beginning to be elucidated. Solutions to the problem are needed given NTM disease is more common in the tropics. Importantly, 40% of the world's population live in the tropics and due to climate change, the Tropics are expanding which will increase NTM infection regions. This review catalogs the global and economic disease burden, at risk populations, treatment options, host-bacterial interaction, immune dynamics, recent developments and research priorities for NTM disease.
Topics: Age Distribution; Climate Change; Cost of Illness; Global Health; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Opportunistic Infections; Pneumonia, Bacterial; Research; Risk; Sex Distribution; Tropical Climate; Water Microbiology
PubMed: 32194556
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00303 -
Clinical Infectious Diseases : An... Mar 2007
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Community-Acquired Infections; Diagnosis, Differential; Health Workforce; Humans; Pneumonia, Bacterial; Societies, Medical; Streptococcus pneumoniae; United States; Vaccination
PubMed: 17278083
DOI: 10.1086/511159 -
Clinical Medicine (London, England) Feb 2012Influenza-related pneumonia encompasses both primary viral pneumonia and secondary bacterial pneumonia, which may be difficult to differentiate clinically. A high index... (Review)
Review
Influenza-related pneumonia encompasses both primary viral pneumonia and secondary bacterial pneumonia, which may be difficult to differentiate clinically. A high index of suspicion, prompt initiation of antiviral and antibiotic therapy, and appropriate escalation to secondary/critical care are key to improving outcome.
Topics: Humans; Influenza, Human; Pneumonia, Bacterial; Pneumonia, Viral
PubMed: 22372228
DOI: 10.7861/clinmedicine.12-1-67